War

Open Access Article

1 - National and Religious Mythological Symbols in Holy Defense Poetry
Mohammad قربانی

Myth had inspired poets and authors in all cultures and they had applied it based on their contemporary circumstances and up to an acceptable level. Due to this, Myths were sometimes respected and sometimes disrespected and despicable. One of these periods is the perio More

Myth had inspired poets and authors in all cultures and they had applied it based on their contemporary circumstances and up to an acceptable level. Due to this, Myths were sometimes respected and sometimes disrespected and despicable. One of these periods is the period which is often called Holy Defense Period and or War Literature. Poets and writers of this period had used national and religious myths to awaken resistance and persistence morale against enemy. Symbols and myths were like a media in this period. Motivating audience to participate in war fields is indebted to these symbols and myths. The current article is to discuss about national and religious myths in Holy Defense Poetry and their view toward Myths and attempts to clarify how much these mythical names were effective in motivating audiences to war against enemy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Linguistic, Poetic, and Content Study and Analysis of the Verses in Khamsa (the Poetry) by Nizami Ganjavi Praising the Prophet
زينب نوروزي

Praising the majesty of the holy prophet, relying on Qur’an and Ahaadeeth (the sayings of Moslem saints), is what Nizami does at the beginning of his lyric poems. To express admiration to Muhammad (pbuh) is a familiar discourse throughout the Persian poetry after Islam. More

Praising the majesty of the holy prophet, relying on Qur’an and Ahaadeeth (the sayings of Moslem saints), is what Nizami does at the beginning of his lyric poems. To express admiration to Muhammad (pbuh) is a familiar discourse throughout the Persian poetry after Islam. An analysis of Nizami’s poetry and his views about Prophet Mohammad can help us develop an accurate understanding of eulogy in Persian poetry. To study the coexistence of religious thoughts and romantic thoughts in lyrics is the main focus of the present paper. The author tries to show the content of Nizami’s eulogy; however, since it has been employed in a poetic discourse, he will also focus on the poetic features of Nizami’s eulogy. Nizami has a unique style in writing eulogy; he uses poetic elements, like imagery, figures of speech to praise the Prophet in line with his lyrics. Of course, it is not just a means of decorating his poetry, but a canal to convey his (non)/verbal views on the character and manner of the Prophet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Contrastive Study of Two Stories of Bon-bast (deadlock) and Samfoni -e Mordegan (the Symphony of the Dead) with Focus on Brothercide in Literature
mostafa gorji

Brothercide as a religious and historic myth, and originating from its archetype in the murder of Abel by his brother Cain, has always been associated with human’s triple concerns about ‘death’, ‘sin’, and ‘feeling of emptiness’. In classical Persian literature it has b More

Brothercide as a religious and historic myth, and originating from its archetype in the murder of Abel by his brother Cain, has always been associated with human’s triple concerns about ‘death’, ‘sin’, and ‘feeling of emptiness’. In classical Persian literature it has been expressed in different forms according to the prevail discourse of the time. In the present Article, the author tries to provide a contrastive analysis of Bon-Bast (a short war story by Mahmoud Dehghan), and Samfoni -e Mordegan, (a bestseller by Abbas Ma’roufi). First, an analysis of Bon-Bast is given; focusing the theme of brothercide, then it will be contrasted with Samfoni -e Mordegan. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Analysis of Suhrawardi’s Resalatuttayr Based on Narratology
غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده فاطمه جعفری قدرت‌ الله طاهري

Sheikh Shahab-Al-Din Yahya Suhrawardi is considered as one of the greatest Iranian thinkers who are mainly famous in the field of Islamic philosophy and Kalam. His works, specially his Persian treaties, which are allegorical and of symbolic expression, have not been stu More

Sheikh Shahab-Al-Din Yahya Suhrawardi is considered as one of the greatest Iranian thinkers who are mainly famous in the field of Islamic philosophy and Kalam. His works, specially his Persian treaties, which are allegorical and of symbolic expression, have not been studied yet, as they deserve to. Applying new theories of literary criticism to them and the works of the rest of classics can reveal their hidden values. In this paper we have tried to study the structural and narrative coherence of Resalatuttayr (Treaties on the Birds), an allegorical story of Suhrawardi’s, adapting a narratological approach. Findings of the research show that Suhrawardi has skillfully used the first person point of view. He appears like a modern novelist in his perfect use of fictional elements, such as narrative time, creating symbolic time, and suspension. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Dissonance of Theory and Written Word (Study and Criticism of “Sparrows Sense Heaven”)
Alireza Siddiqui

Sparrows Sense Heaven, a novel, was written based on post-modernism teachings. Paying attention to chaos in narration and naturally the time of the story, super-story features, creating a false cycle using historical characters along with story characters and the presen More

Sparrows Sense Heaven, a novel, was written based on post-modernism teachings. Paying attention to chaos in narration and naturally the time of the story, super-story features, creating a false cycle using historical characters along with story characters and the presence of the writer within the story for distorting the borders between the reality and imagination are among the features and characteristics which categorize this work as a post-modern novel. Still, and at points, one can spot and observe issues which have no relation with the post-modernism teachings. The present essay first points to the post-modernism characteristics of the novel, and then criticizes the non-relevant elements. It also shows that using the methods related to this process- which claims one of its major duties to be revealing a character as a symbol and representative of the sacred defense war soldiers- is not in its right and due place; as the post-modernism attitude and insight towards man and life does not correspond with the existing attitude in this novel. Obviously despite the emphasis of all the characters on describing an ideal character in the novel, we are not even facing a multi-voiced novel either. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Conceptual Blending of War, Hunting and Love in Saadi’s Ghazals Based on Fauconnier and Turner
nasrin fahgih malek marzban

The aim of this research is to explain the conceptual blending of war and hunting, and to analyze the specific dimentions of this blending in Saadi’s Ghazals based on Fauconnier and Turner. One of the frequent cognitive concepts in Saadi’s Ghazals is war and hunting as More

The aim of this research is to explain the conceptual blending of war and hunting, and to analyze the specific dimentions of this blending in Saadi’s Ghazals based on Fauconnier and Turner. One of the frequent cognitive concepts in Saadi’s Ghazals is war and hunting as the input domain of love. The theory of conceptual blending is an effective instrument for understanding the interaction between a conceptual system with its domains. Fauconnier and Turner introduced the theory of multispace or network model. In the network model, the common concepts of two input domains create a generic space. Moreover, the interaction between these two input domains creates a blended space in which the conceptual structure can not be percieved only from the input spaces. In this research we will show that most concepts of love are related to the beloved and specific terms used to describe him/her. In the blended domain, there are some paradoxical concepts like considering death as eternal life, or captivity as freedom. After demonstrating the dimentions of conceptual blending of war and hunting , we will try to find out how the resulted paradox in the blended domain is created. The hypothesis is that this paradox is resulted from the effects of mystical concepts of love in Sufi discourse on the poet’s mental models, even if the Ghazal is categorized as a love one. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Common Discourses in Suhrawardi's Era and the Narrative Construction of "Moones Al Oshagh"
gholamreza shamsi parsa yaghoobi janbesaraei

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from More

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from “the First Intellect” or “Aghl’ e Avval”, and mixed it with the names of the characters and the events in the romantic-mystical story of Joseph and Zoleikha. The researchers under the influence of Sheikh’s illuminationist viewpoint present a philosophical-mystical analysis of this narration without getting involved in the political and social aspects hidden in the deep structure of this work. Social and political events and generally the co-text and the context of situation reinforces the assumption of the existence of political and ideological thoughts in Sheikh's works, and in this story. Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach is one of the most comprehensive methods to study the ideological attitudes of the texts. Analyzing this story by this method in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation shows that Suhrawardi has described and criticized three common discourses in his era in this story, which are manifested in mystical texts under the terms "Shariat", "Tariqat" and "Haghighat". Through selecting characters, places, collocations, opposite words and metaphoric and symbolic aspects, he enriches the discourse of the second group as the dominant discourse. The discourse of the second group is a symbol of his own ideological discourse that has been emerged through the allegorical character of love and the historical figure of Zoleikha. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A Reflection on the Grotesque Instances In Jami' Al-Tawarikh
Mahsa Masaei zohre allahdadi dastjerdi

Grotesque is a concept and attitude in art and literature to which some features are assigned such as contradiction, horrifying, marvelous, abnormal, ridiculous and some how tasteless, grudge, disgust, and so on. A theme or subject that due to being unfamiliar, and stra More

Grotesque is a concept and attitude in art and literature to which some features are assigned such as contradiction, horrifying, marvelous, abnormal, ridiculous and some how tasteless, grudge, disgust, and so on. A theme or subject that due to being unfamiliar, and strange, or because of excessive exaggeration and amazement evokes an obscure or confusing feeling in the audience or transfer controversial concepts and feelings to the audience. The Genghis attack, the Mongol dynasty, and its consequences paved the way for the genesis of grotesque concepts and images of this era. In this research, in addition to introducing grotesque, some of its instances and evidences are studied in one of the most important historical- literary works of the Mongol era. The results show that the section on the history of Mongols and Ilkhanate in Jami' al-tawarikh includes such unreasonable, uneven narratives, and superstitious affairs about Mongols that accepting them as the history is so difficult. It seems that the author was obliged to hypocrisy, flattery and recording some extreme and unacceptable issues - which can be called grotesque. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Analysis of "Adib Saber’s Murder" based on historical reports and documentation of his poems
ali mohammadi maryam hoseini entesar parastgari

The earliest accounts, historical and literary books that have spoken of poets and incidents of the period of Sanjar and Atsez Khwarazm-Shah and have been reminiscent of Adib Saber Termazi are mostly unanimous with the statement that Atsez, the second king of Khwarazm, More

The earliest accounts, historical and literary books that have spoken of poets and incidents of the period of Sanjar and Atsez Khwarazm-Shah and have been reminiscent of Adib Saber Termazi are mostly unanimous with the statement that Atsez, the second king of Khwarazm, has sunk this great poet in Jaihoon (Amu Darya) river. Some contemporary researchers have hesitated to report the murder because he mentions aging in his poetry. The only reason for this skepticism is the poet's remarks about his old age in his poems and that reflects the fact that Saber was not murdered either by Khwarazm-Shah, or if he was, at least not in his youth and during the time he served the royal court. While, if anyone has read exactly or completely all of this great poet's body of works, there are signs of his old age telling us that Saber was not killed by Atsez Khwarazm-Shah and most likely died of natural causes in his old years. This article, based on the documented statements existed in Saber’s poems, and a brief look at the days of Adib Saber, i.e. the Seljuk period, and his patrons, proves the hypothesis that the issue of Adib Saber’s murder by Atsez Khwarazm-Shah is a historical misunderstanding. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Representation of Religious Characteristics of the Islamic Revolution Discourse in Top War Novels
hashem sadeghi manouchehr akbari

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such More

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such issues as sacrifice and martyrdom, and the attitude of warriors towards such issues as represented in Persian prominent war novels have been analyzed. The results of the study revealed that the interdiscursivity of Persian war novels is composed of religious teachings and defense strategies. Furthermore, it was found that the Islamic Revolution discourse has articulated a religious semantic system based on Islamic ideological signifiers such as Jihad, sacrifice, martyrdom etc., and that it has consolidated the meaning of discursive signifiers by modeling the ‘eventof Ashoura’ , reference to the Quran, and utilising positive comments about martyrdom and consecration of that, thus facilitating the hegemonization of this discourse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Pattern of the History of Knowledge and the Resurrection of Meaning in Shahaboddin Yahya Sohrewardi's Thought
Zahra Mahouzi Ghobadi Ahmad Pakatchi maryam آخسسثهده

The history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future o More

The history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future of esoteric knowledge of Islam after the Prophet. As to the fate of divine knowledge on earth, this pattern defines three stages: the era of knowledge by presence, the era of assenting meaning to the word, and the period in which metaphor is converted to symbol. Sohrewardi refers to this historical pattern and completes it by presenting a certain definition of the Divine Hakim and his role in interpreting the mysteries of the mystics. By this action, he makes a commentary on the history of knowledge. The fourth stage that Sohrewardi adds to this historical pattern is the resurrection stage of meaning to its truth, and it can be defined only by reference to the totality of Sohrewardi's intellectual system. The present article attempts to extract this historical pattern from the Sufi texts and then explains Sohrewardi's role in completing it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Rightward Scramblingin Translation (From Persian Language to English langugae)
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam Vida Shaghaghi Mojtaba Monshizadeh Seyyed Hussein Piri

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents se More

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents seem essential to improve their translation accuracy and quality. Therefore, this study which is of descriptive-analytical and corpus based aims to investigate the impact of rightward scrambling on Persian clauses and analyze their English translated equivalents. To this end, 297 Persian rightward scrambled clauses out of 5247 clauses were collected and analyzed along with their English translated equivalents within Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014). The results show that rightward scrambling makes marked themes through rearrangements of themeta-functions. However, the translators have not paid enough attention to these clauses. In addition, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014) can be efficient means of evaluating the translation accuracy of these clauses into English. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Analysis of the War in "Haras (The Pruning)" According to the Reception Theory
Nikou Ghassemi Esfahani Elmira Dadvar

20.1001.1.17351030.1402.21.68.6.6

Reception theory, places a premium on and holds the role of reader in interpreting the text in high regard. Wolfgang Iser is one of the founders of this theory, which believes a text has two artistic and aesthetic poles and relegates the role of meaning creator to the r More

Reception theory, places a premium on and holds the role of reader in interpreting the text in high regard. Wolfgang Iser is one of the founders of this theory, which believes a text has two artistic and aesthetic poles and relegates the role of meaning creator to the reader. The texts classified as War literature have always had their audiences in the Persian contemporary literature. By having a critical approach to the Iran-Iraq war, different content and a new structure, "Haras (The Pruning)"of NasimMar’ashi, has managed to change the horizon of expectation of Iranian readers concerning War literature. In this paper, the two artistic and aesthetic poles of this novel will be analyzed based on Iser’s views on the reception theory and then we will refer to the elements that have influenced the interaction between readers and the text, leading to a new perception of war. Furthermore, this article attempts to analyze how this text has managed to satisfy the curiosity of contemporary readers by using modern and original elements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The study of Trauma Caused by War in the Novel "Zamin-e Soukhteh"
Asad Abshirini Ghodrat Ghasemipour Zahra Sawaedi

Trauma is a theory in psychology referring to any psychological pressure which the human mind is unable to accept and analyze it. The wounds inflicted on a person's mind would leave a deep impact on him and may lead his life and destiny to a different direction. There a More

Trauma is a theory in psychology referring to any psychological pressure which the human mind is unable to accept and analyze it. The wounds inflicted on a person's mind would leave a deep impact on him and may lead his life and destiny to a different direction. There are different factors can cause trauma. One of them is war events which has an enduring effect on human's psyche. Therefore, due to the numerous wars that have plagued our country throughout the history, especially the eight-year imposed war, the literary narrative of trauma has found its way into the works of some Iranian writers.The present research was conducted in an analytical-descriptive way and it aims to investigate the literary expressions of this psychological damage in the novel "Zamin Soukhteh" by Ahmad Mahmoud and analyze the damage caused to the psyche of each of the characters. In this regard, first, we have discussed the theoretical issues about trauma, then we have analyzed and examined its effect on the characters of the mentioned novel. At the end, it was concluded that the reaction of each character is different from the other; In this way, due to the psychological wounds inflicted on them, the "Shahed" character is hospitalized in a mental asylum; "Nene Baran" distances herself from his previous personality; "Narges" falls into acute depression and "Golabetoon" completely loses his emotions. Obviously, in addition to the important fictional works in praise of the heroes who appeared in the holy defense, this novel can also be worth studying from the perspective of theoretical framework. Manuscript profile

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