Narration

Open Access Article

1 - The Status of Musicianship and Tradition of Verbal Narration in Old Persian Literature and Reviewing Historical Evolution of Composer-Narrators in the Process of Rhyming Heroic Narrations

One of the main areas whose historical evolution was highly affected by composers and narrators from ancient time to Islamic era is Shahname-composing and verbal epics. Composing hymns and forming narrations and epic stories via combining and quoting broadcasting of the More

One of the main areas whose historical evolution was highly affected by composers and narrators from ancient time to Islamic era is Shahname-composing and verbal epics. Composing hymns and forming narrations and epic stories via combining and quoting broadcasting of these narrations had made many epic stories. Ancient kinds of narrators like musicians, singers and minstrels were replaced by later narrators of later eras like narrator-nightingales and storytellers; forming written literature based on oral (i.e. unwritten) literature is the most important feature in this area. This article dealt with the status of oral narration tradition in ancient Iran and continuing of literary traditions related to this in Shahname-composing and forming oral Persian epics in Islamic Era Literature and reviewed the role of these narrator-composers in process of rhyming epic narrations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Beihqi and Narration “Based on Historical Norms”
ابراهیم محمدی محمدحسن الهی‌زاده

Ancient history texts, including Behaqi’s History, are close to literature because of their narrative structure. Though historical in content, they considerably show characteristics of the language used in poetry. Post-modern scholars, like Hayden White and Paul Ricoeur More

Ancient history texts, including Behaqi’s History, are close to literature because of their narrative structure. Though historical in content, they considerably show characteristics of the language used in poetry. Post-modern scholars, like Hayden White and Paul Ricoeur, make prominent another aspect of the essential links between historical and literary teats texts while stressing their narrative character. What seems worth more study is the type of narration in the both two text types. If we consider narration as the sequence of events, both literary and historical texts are narration based. However the rules of narration is different, and despite some similarities, there are fundamental differences in narrative modes. The present article studies Behaqi’s History using the theory of “Narrative History”, and narratology. Analyzing narration, we stress the fact that Behaqi’s History, as the title is indicative, is a text in the field of history, where there exist some poetic features, as well. So, poetic attractions of the text should not distract the reader from its historical bases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A Critical Study of Spacement Poetry Based on Narratology of Yadollah Royaee’s Poems
غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده Farzad Karimi قدرت‌ الله طاهري

Royaee invented and introduced a style in Persian poetry which he named Spacement Poetry. His poetry renewed debate about the relative value of form and context in modern Persian Poetry. The present article is a semiotic study of narration in his poem named “Sokoot Dast More

Royaee invented and introduced a style in Persian poetry which he named Spacement Poetry. His poetry renewed debate about the relative value of form and context in modern Persian Poetry. The present article is a semiotic study of narration in his poem named “Sokoot Daste Gol-I Bood” (Silence seemed a bouquet of flower in my larynx), from his Sea Poems. The findings of the research show that he has employed an implied narration; narration occurs using repetitive spacements in short lines, without using any explicit narrative elements. This differentiated his poetry from the prevailed poetry of the time- symbolism, and romanticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Functions of Communicative Silence in Reading Literary Texts
لیلا صادقی

The purpose of the present article is to examine the different functions of silence as a part of linguistic communication as well as the absence of any kind of linguistic element. Based on the Organon-Model by Karl Buhler, Roman Jacobson (1956) distinguishes six communi More

The purpose of the present article is to examine the different functions of silence as a part of linguistic communication as well as the absence of any kind of linguistic element. Based on the Organon-Model by Karl Buhler, Roman Jacobson (1956) distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension of the communication process. Michael Ephratt (2008) has revised the same model, considering (Eloquent) silence as a linguistic sign which conveys information in the referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic functions. To shed light on the issue, we study several literary texts to show how communicational silence, which is a new issue in literary linguistics, and its functions are applied to transferring a message or narrating a story. It can be considered as a narrative technique in order to say something through blank, absent or deferred elements. The question of the article is how six communication functions of silence could apply to expressing something. The result of the study showed that silence has a significant role in activating reader's role in reading a text. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Survey to the Narrative Time in the Play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man"
مهدی نیک‌منش سونا سلیمیان

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genett More

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genette, has posed an autonomous theory on "the parameter of time and its function and place in narration". According to him, timing arrangement in a narration is got through order, duration, and frequency. Studying and contrasting them against real time, one can determine the place of time in the process of story. Studying narrative time of in the play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man" by Chista Yaserbi shows that Yasrebi, avoiding the usual time sequence, and moving from chronological time to the text time, has made different selections and provided flashback and futurist narratives. Such selections and their especial timing plays a significant role in arranging the components of the plot, as well as suspense. Moerover, studying duration and frequency of the events narrated in this play, shows that the events enjoy an appropriate beat and speed according to the author's purpose. Regarding principles of narratology, there is a direct and significant correlation between content of the play and the speed of narrating the events, their repetition and frequency. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Artistic Quotation in Hafez' Poetry
عليرضا فولادي

Despite all the efforts made by the eloquent figures in the recognition of literary techniques, some of them are still unknown. This article introduces one of such technique known as "the artistic quotation" and elaborates the details in Hafez' poetry. What is an artis More

Despite all the efforts made by the eloquent figures in the recognition of literary techniques, some of them are still unknown. This article introduces one of such technique known as "the artistic quotation" and elaborates the details in Hafez' poetry. What is an artistic quotation, how does its artistic aspect occur and what are its types? This article intends to respond to the mentioned questions.Our method is the descriptive method through the structuralism approach.The overall studies lead us to conclude that Hafez' artistic quotations have generally passed a balanced path both in narration and the poetic process; which is due to his tendency for moderation. And in these two-sided aspects considering the present situation, they have been united with several elements such as; the narrator, atmosphere, time and place setting, description, character, dialogue, incident, suspense, and the ornaments of the figures of speech like; metonymy, simile, style of finding the proper equivalent, metaphore, personification, paradox, irony, pun, phonemes, harmony of adjectives, equivocation, identification, convenance, contrast and many other figures of speech to be mentioned. Also examples of this technique cover a variety of divisions in his great poetry book depending on the basis of the definition in the details. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - An Analysis of the Relationship between Moral Discourse and Method of Expression in Two Stories of GholamHossein Saedi
Zahra Hayati

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that More

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that the artistic text is based on connotations, and the meaning of the text is hidden. For this, the method of expression in literary text is of more interest than the subject. This research seeks the answer to the question that how the writer of a literary story deepens his/her own and his/her audience’s moral understanding through narrative methods. The subject of the study is Gholam-Hossein Saedi’s works. By analyzing and reviewing the researches about this writer, several conclusions can be drawn: 1. the main semantic domains to which Saedi paid attention are political, social, and psychological. In these semantic domains, the basic theme of his works is the connection of social issues with damages to individuals as well as the immorality caused by society showing traces of Marxist morality; 2. In integrating new story writing methods with political and social ideals, Saedi formed his moral discourse by aesthetic expression and narrative devices; 3. Realism is the feature of Saedi's stories’ surface structure, and integrating this feature with symbolism in the inner structure of narrative enriches the moral or immoral aspects of events; 4. In most stories, character dominates the plot, and the effect of a sick society on the immorality of a person can be depicted by tracing the characters’ actions and reactions, and visualizing their complicated minds and souls; 5. Dramatic visualization dominates rhetorical and verbal ploys, and the negative influences of an immoral action are suggested by creating an atmosphere. At the end of this article, examples of Saedi’s moral discourse and his method of expression have been presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A comparative analysis of narratives about “Rostam” and “Goshtasb” in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh (Based on the Interaction of Cyclic and Lnear Patterns of Time, in the Formation and Critical Study of the Narratives)
محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور

In Persian literature, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has been used as the resource of many researches and an interesting subject for many literary and non-literary scholars. The special multidisciplinary structure of this masterpiece and the diversity and the extent of its nar More

In Persian literature, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has been used as the resource of many researches and an interesting subject for many literary and non-literary scholars. The special multidisciplinary structure of this masterpiece and the diversity and the extent of its narratives provide an opportunity for different interpretations using methods like historicism, discourse analysis and narratology in contemporary research arena. Searching in historical origins, this article aims at studying the way of narrative building in narratives about Rostam and Goshtasb, and they interacted in epic. The use of cyclic pattern in codification and organization of historical narratives mainly leads to the formation of narratives with mythical and epical contents that limits and transubstantiate events and historical characters in the predetermined substructure patterns. As much as the historiography method under the influence of cyclic pattern of time leads to the ambiguity of historical origins of events and characters, identification, and repetition in this method of historiography, the linear transition of events with story-like narrating ploys, provides narratives about events with different historical and temporal origins that appear to be coherent since they are formed under the domination of cyclic perception of time, and they do not transfer the whole past. For this reason, and according to neo-historicism perspective, every historical narrative is a story about the past which is not equal to the past. After matching the dual patterns of time perception with epistemology schools of history, by using discourse and narratology approaches, this article displays how the cyclic and linear patterns influence the narratives related to Rostam and Goshtasb, and their permutations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - A Comparative Analysis of Five Adapted Films of Iranian Cinema and their Respective Literary Works
Siavash Golshiri Nafiseh Moradi

In this research, the literary adaptations and the adaptation techniques in the cinema of the eighties in Iran will be discussed and therefore, five cinematic films of the eighties (‘White Nights’, ‘Gav Khouni’, ‘I Saw Your Dad Last Night Aida’, ‘This is Winter’, ‘The R More

In this research, the literary adaptations and the adaptation techniques in the cinema of the eighties in Iran will be discussed and therefore, five cinematic films of the eighties (‘White Nights’, ‘Gav Khouni’, ‘I Saw Your Dad Last Night Aida’, ‘This is Winter’, ‘The Reward of Silence’) have been compared with the works of the fiction which the scripts of the mentioned films are based on, respectively. These works of fiction are: ‘White Nights’, ‘Gav Khouni’, ‘Nora's Dad’, ‘Voyage’, ‘I am Your Son's Murderer’. This research is aimed to study and analyze these fictional works with their adapted cinematic films in regard to the narrative axis of the work, the manner in which a cinematic film borrows from a fictional work, the manner in which the text markers of the story are turned into the movie pictorial signs and at the same time kept loyal to the origin of the work. Furthermore, the interpretative effort in converting subjectivity to objectivity and subject to object or Vice versa in the process of changing the script to the movie, has been analyzed in order to Indicate the extent to which the mentioned works were successful in adapting their designated novel or short story. Also this paper is aimed to answer a main question which is the defining the characteristics of a successful adaptation of a work of fiction into a movie and the features that should be chosen to make the adapted movie favored. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Classical Approach of “Yaghma Magazine to the Fiction”
صفیه جمالی Habibollah Abbasi Moradali Vaezi Vaezi

A general belief about the modern story in Persian fiction is that this genre, unlike modern poetry, has never been subjected to the critique of traditionalists in its evolutionary process. The present article claims that the story has gone through similar difficulties More

A general belief about the modern story in Persian fiction is that this genre, unlike modern poetry, has never been subjected to the critique of traditionalists in its evolutionary process. The present article claims that the story has gone through similar difficulties as modern poetry. To determine the classical approach to fiction, this research has chosen Yaghma Magazine which has indisputable classical approach. Categories such as old and new genres fiction, the commentaries on storytelling and authors published in Yaghma Magazine are analyzed. The results of this research show that Yaghma considers the contemporary fiction as the sequence of its classic forms of storytelling in Persian literature. Therefore, the observance of the rules and principles of modern narrative is not required and furthermore, following the classical rhetorics is counted as an advantage. Since the mission of the story is education and entertainment, in many cases in this magazine, pseudo stories take the place of the fiction and even an ancient genre, such as the fable, occupies much of the fictional literature of this magazine. Yaghma’s stories, apart from the works of translation, is divided into two categories: Historical stories based on classical works, whose structure is inspired by classical literature and stories that have been formed by the influence of Western literature, still trying to draw closer to their Iranian identity. Another point is that Yaghma has not published a story from any of the famous and well-known persian writers other than Jamalzadeh. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Ahmad-e Jam and Tadhkira Writers in a Story in a Manuscript and "Maqamat-e Zhandeh Pil"

Changes in linguistic potentials and the expansion of vocabulary storage, and the development of syntetic and rhetoric patterns in different periods of time may result in different readings and recreation of the texts. Tadhkirah (memorandum) and biographies are no excep More

Changes in linguistic potentials and the expansion of vocabulary storage, and the development of syntetic and rhetoric patterns in different periods of time may result in different readings and recreation of the texts. Tadhkirah (memorandum) and biographies are no exceptions. Infact, each revision of literary texts creates a new picture of the previous text. In order to find the facts in the texts with real and historical basis, especially in the history of literature, comparing writings in different periods of time and the differences between narratives according to linguistic features and intellectual features of that period is very important. It shows the difference in people’s thoughts in each period and the effect of external factors on the creation of the literary works. In " Maqamat-e Zhandeh Pil" there is a narration about Ahmad-e Jam which is narrated in one of the manuscripts of Tehran University too, but in a different way. In addition to correcting this manuscript, this research aims at finding those instances that show how narrators and those who write memorandums with some subtle changes in describing his characteristics and manners through a sentence or just a word demonstrate an obscure picture of Sheikh-e Jam. Comparing these two narratives show that in addition to some linguistic and rhetoric differences, there are some changes in the setting, and description of the events and actions which indicate that the narrators have not been that loyal to the original text. However, their similarity in sentencing and narration indicates the existence of an alder narration of the story which has probably been the source of both these manuscripts. Considering contents, both writers explicitly illustrate the same historical and geographical information about the subject with no discordance. Furthermore, this story is a clear document indicating the power and state of Suffiya in that era. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Configuration of Time and Narration in Asfar-e-kateban by Aboutorab Khosravi
parvin salajegheh

Thinking about the issue of "time" and trying to make tangible the type of its passage on man, has always been the attention of scientists of various sciences, especially, thinkers in the field of humanities. However, showing the passage of this concept, especially in t More

Thinking about the issue of "time" and trying to make tangible the type of its passage on man, has always been the attention of scientists of various sciences, especially, thinkers in the field of humanities. However, showing the passage of this concept, especially in the field of understanding it in the cycle of seasons and the transition of life from youth to old age, gives a sort of understanding of the presence and impact of time on phenomena, but more than anything, its traces can be found in works of art and literature, especially in stories and novels, which depict events with the help of narration. In this regard, this article is an attempt to investigate, analyze and track the way time works in the novel "Asfar Kateban", written by Abu Torab Khosravi. By using special narrative techniques and using the discourse of history, narrative and literature, this work has succeeded in displaying a special type of structuring of time in a kind of transhistorical discourse. This article is done in two parts. The theoretical part was written based on the theories of time from scientists in this field, and the second part has analyzed the type of function of time in this novel, considering the theoretical issues. The results obtained in this study indicate the type of function of time, history and narrative in a transhistorical discourse in this novel. Manuscript profile

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