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Open Access Article

1 - The Impressibility of Sa’di from Firdausi based on the Theory of Transtextualite
زينب نوروزي وحید علی بیگی سرهالی

The works of Sa’di are among the best masterpieces of classic Persian texts who is the full-fledged representative of Persian Culture and Literature. He had been under effect of old texts and there is an obvious relation between Sa’di prosaic works and older works befor More

The works of Sa’di are among the best masterpieces of classic Persian texts who is the full-fledged representative of Persian Culture and Literature. He had been under effect of old texts and there is an obvious relation between Sa’di prosaic works and older works before him. One of these works is Shahname by Firdausi. The aim of this study is to show and prove this textual relation between Sa’di works and Shahnameh of Firdausi which is based on the Theory of Transtextualite by Gérard Genette which is a perfect theory regarding the intertextual relations; we reviewed all links between Sa’di and Firdausi works in all aspects and came to this conclusion that Sa’di works are a complete sample of Transtextualite which is proved by providing evidences, analytic-descriptive method and their explanations and interpretations; so the full presence of Transtextualite in Sa’di works is proved in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Serivili; The Captive of Twofold Contrasts (Reviewing Twofold Contrasts in The Poem of "Khanehy-e Serivili" (Serivili's Home) composed by Nima Yushij)
siavash haghjou مرضیه حقیقی

Twofold contrast is the most important basis of Structuralism that its theorists had applied it in different areas like linguistics, narratology, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Claude Lévi-Strauss used twofold contrasts to know general struc More

Twofold contrast is the most important basis of Structuralism that its theorists had applied it in different areas like linguistics, narratology, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Claude Lévi-Strauss used twofold contrasts to know general structure of human mind behind myths and different cultural actions and believed that these contrasts were the first human effort to understand his/her surrounding environment and the human existence were involved in these unavoidable twofolds. The study applied Lévi-Strauss thoughts in reading “Serivili's Home” of Nima Yushij. Serivili, the poet, is in contrast with an evil in this poem that is in opposition with all his thoughts. Oppositions like village/city, nature/culture, modernity/tradition, and in general consciousness and unconsciousness are depicted as oppositions between the poet and evil. Serivili is involved with tensions and oppositions that are resulted from conversation with evil and this continuous tension continues to the end of poem. Disobedient mind of Nima used twofold contrasts to express his most important intellectual differences, contrasts, and oppositions with owners of political power whose thoughts come to one’s conscious mind with evil symbols. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Relation of Temporality and Actors in Short Story of "Morde-Keshan Jozan" by Abolqasem Payande
مولود طلائي

The study reviewed time and its application in “Morde-Keshan Jozan” short story by Abolqasem Payande. This basic element has specific manifests in this story. Narration process is linear that narrates present time looking to past and childhood mementoes. There is a di More

The study reviewed time and its application in “Morde-Keshan Jozan” short story by Abolqasem Payande. This basic element has specific manifests in this story. Narration process is linear that narrates present time looking to past and childhood mementoes. There is a direct relation between the frequency of page numbers and actors’ descriptions. When author intends to highlights morality inferiorities of his contemporary era, time would get circumlocution specifically and actors would emerge more than ever; but time summarization prevents author from this opportunity; then, it seems that actors’ descriptions would be summarized simultaneously with time. Authors of the study tried to critic the temporality of narration of this story based on “Gérard Genette” theory. The relation of its actors is expressed based on “Grimas” theory in final section and then the relation of these two elements is explained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Analytic Review of Black Romanticism in Nosrat Rahmani Compositions
مینو محمدی نجمه نظری

Political, social, and cultural situation of every era has direct effects on poets’ views. Black and pessimist Romantic literature as a literary genre has emerged in Iran’s society after one decade of mobility and tension in different social and political areas; it was More

Political, social, and cultural situation of every era has direct effects on poets’ views. Black and pessimist Romantic literature as a literary genre has emerged in Iran’s society after one decade of mobility and tension in different social and political areas; it was indeed a kind of Protest against destructive consequences of coup d'etat 1332 (1953) which suddenly sunk many social and cultural activities in complete stagnation. Poets, in this era, expressed their Protests in various kinds, sometimes semi-obvious and sometimes indirectly, though there were severe censorship and strangulation. Symbolism was one the invisible methods of fighting against censorship; however, black and romantic literature was an obvious and hidden and somehow negative battle against political blockage that reflected poet’s rebellion and Protest focusing on destructive consequences caused by coup d'etat in political, social and cultural areas. It is tried in this article to review some reasons of emergence of this literary genre and its reflection in “Nosrat Rahmani” poet as a poet of Black Poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Criticism of politicization in Contemporary Novels (Case Study of a Political Novel: My Homeland’s Secrets)1
ُseyyed ali seraj mostafa gorji

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political e More

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political events, critical discourse analysis (CDA) method is an appropriate approach in analyzing this kind of fiction. This approach focuses on form and meaning and in analyzing literary texts, it focuses also on different cultural, social, and political factors that are effective in text formation; it is for this reason that CDA theoreticians maintain that we do not deal just with lexical elements forming sentences as the main criteria for explaining meaning, that is co-text, but also beyond that, factors outside of text, i.e. situational, cultural, social and so on context. Norman Fairclough is a CDA theoretician who reviews texts in three levels, descriptive, interpretive and expressive. This method of analyzing is so useful in discovering and expressing intellectual ideas of authors and their political and social approaches. Theoretical framework of this research is based on Fairclough CDA. Research method is descriptive-analytic and it tries, based on CDA, to reflect on and reread “My Homeland's Secrets” Novel by Reza Barahini which is one the most brilliant political novels after Islamic Revolution, and reviews and analyzes main political events in Iran focusing on psychological issues like personalities and brilliant elements in it like title semiotics, images and descriptions, story’s characters (agent, passive and narrator), type of narration, design and dominant theme of story and … . Results show that this novel, as a literary text, is in interaction with Fairclough method of Discoursal action and social action and dominant hegemony and has close affinities with hegemonic discourse of three decade ago. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Study of the Status of Shams-i-Tabrizi's Qur’anic Gnostic Interpretations
محمّد خدادادي مهدی ملک‌ثابت يدالله جلالي پندري

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest theosophists in the arena of Islamic theosophy is Shams al –Din Muhammad, known as "Shams Tabrizi" the well-known Sufi mystic of the seventh century AH. Who caused a great spiritual change in Jalaluddin Mawlavi. His views on variety of More

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest theosophists in the arena of Islamic theosophy is Shams al –Din Muhammad, known as "Shams Tabrizi" the well-known Sufi mystic of the seventh century AH. Who caused a great spiritual change in Jalaluddin Mawlavi. His views on variety of mystical topics available in the only text ascribed to him, "Maqalaat-e Shams" compiled by others, are highly remarkable. He has innovative, unique views on Qur’an hermeneutics and interpretation that have not been discussed yet. Interpreting Qur’an, he reveals new layers of its which astonishes every learned researcher of Islamic mysticism. In this research we first introduce Shams’s views on interpretation in general, and the necessity of considering them, then study his views on the Qur’an hermeneutics in particular, in a systematic way. He believes that the perfect man of his time is the manifest of the Qur’an. He believes that there is no end for the layers of the Qur’an, and it is superficial to claim it has seven or seventy layers. He knows the Prophet Mohammad as the first person to interpret the Qur’an. In a general classification, we can see that Shams has used four ways to interpret Quran: 1) to interpret a word as it is used for another word or concept, 2) to interpret a verse by adding a word 3) to interpret a verse through providing the certain reason for its firs revelation, and 4) to justify some terms and expressions. Manuscript profile

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7 - Figure (Naghsh) and Banner (Derafsh): An Investigation into the Underlying Relations between Hero, Color, and Figure in the story of Rostam and Sohrab
محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور نسرین کریم‌پور

Underlying structures of literary or artistic works are shaped by implied and multilayer semantic relations among their constituents. At the surface structure, they manifest as aesthetics of the works. So, their key concepts and symbolic meanings should be sought at the More

Underlying structures of literary or artistic works are shaped by implied and multilayer semantic relations among their constituents. At the surface structure, they manifest as aesthetics of the works. So, their key concepts and symbolic meanings should be sought at the layer of deep structure. Shahnameh is a literary work having rich meaning depth, and broad underlying semantic relations. The variety and multiplicity of its constituents open it up to study from different perspectives. Focusing on two frequent structural elements in an episode in the story of 'Rostam and Sohrab', namely, 'the color of Sarapardeh' and 'the figure of Darafsh', this article reveals the their implicit relations, and sheds light on one part of the colorful and mysterious world of this masterpiece, in order to show to what extent the overall meaning and the numerous concepts of the text have been conveyed through these two elements alone. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A Survey to the Narrative Time in the Play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man"
مهدی نیک‌منش سونا سلیمیان

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genett More

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genette, has posed an autonomous theory on "the parameter of time and its function and place in narration". According to him, timing arrangement in a narration is got through order, duration, and frequency. Studying and contrasting them against real time, one can determine the place of time in the process of story. Studying narrative time of in the play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man" by Chista Yaserbi shows that Yasrebi, avoiding the usual time sequence, and moving from chronological time to the text time, has made different selections and provided flashback and futurist narratives. Such selections and their especial timing plays a significant role in arranging the components of the plot, as well as suspense. Moerover, studying duration and frequency of the events narrated in this play, shows that the events enjoy an appropriate beat and speed according to the author's purpose. Regarding principles of narratology, there is a direct and significant correlation between content of the play and the speed of narrating the events, their repetition and frequency. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Criticism of the Research Approaches to the History of Iranian Play "Ta'ziyeh"
على شيخ‌‏مهدى مصطفی مختاباد

This article seeks to explain that any fundamental study about Ta'ziyeh inevitably leads to a chronological investigation of theatrical play in Iran. Therefore, this article, has reviewed the studies conducted by western and Iranian scholars in this field and the eight More

This article seeks to explain that any fundamental study about Ta'ziyeh inevitably leads to a chronological investigation of theatrical play in Iran. Therefore, this article, has reviewed the studies conducted by western and Iranian scholars in this field and the eight approaches, using documents and the library references, and employing a historical-expository methodology. Finally, it draws the conclusion that these scholars’ persistence in finding a single origin for the Iranian theatrical play of Ta'ziyeh has led them to ignore its extensive connection with other possible original sources; hence, there remains a lot to be explored about the theatre in Iran. Manuscript profile

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10 - A Study of Humanities Textbooks within the Framework of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar from the Viewpoint of Interpersonal Metafunction
مریم اعلايی فردوس آقاگلزاده Mohammad دبیرمقدم ارسلان گلفام

In his systemic-functional grammar, Halliday believes that language is primarily aimed at conveying meaning; so speakers form the text in order to communicate what they mean. This implies that in interaction, exchanging of sounds, words or sentences is not intended; wha More

In his systemic-functional grammar, Halliday believes that language is primarily aimed at conveying meaning; so speakers form the text in order to communicate what they mean. This implies that in interaction, exchanging of sounds, words or sentences is not intended; what matters is the exchange of meaning. The present article investigates the humanities textbooks published by SAMT within the framework of Halliday’s functional grammar, particularly. The method adopted here is descriptive–analytic. The result obtained from the interpersonal perspective suggests that writers, making frequent use of positive predicative sentences, merely present and bombard information in the form of monologues; the relationship between the reader and the writer consequently breaks off, and writers fails to achieve their end, to wit, communicating concepts to the reader, and reach a dead-end point. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - 'Other' and its Function in the Stories of Shahnameh
كاظم دزفوليان راد

'Other' is a concept attentions to which were attracted through the works of scholars such as Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre (in philosophy) and Bakhtin (in literature). Attention to it provided new perspectives for philosophical and literary debates. Using Bakhtin's vi More

'Other' is a concept attentions to which were attracted through the works of scholars such as Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre (in philosophy) and Bakhtin (in literature). Attention to it provided new perspectives for philosophical and literary debates. Using Bakhtin's views, and the status of the 'Other' in his thinking system, the present article reads the stories of Shahnameh where Rostam is present, and offers new horizons to the readers. Considering presence or absence of the 'Other', the stories of shahnameh can be divided into three groups: a. The stories indicating exclusion or absence of the 'Other'. b. Shahnameh mostly consists of the stories of this type c. The stories stressing on non-absence and maintainance of the 'Other'. The only instance is the story of Rostam and Esfandyar, where the two opponents – both good and mythical – never wish the other to be excluded. d. The stories intermediating a & b types, like the story of Rostam and Sohrab containing the elements of both epic and tragedy. Manuscript profile

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12 - Epistemological and Psychological Functions of Hafez's Poetry in Contemporary Human's Life
جليل مسعودي‌فرد

Contemporary human being is exposed to the Globalization Phenomenon and to both its opportunities and threats. Western civilization has yielded human rights, democracy, development on one hand, and anxiety, depression and emptiness on the other hand. Living a meaningf More

Contemporary human being is exposed to the Globalization Phenomenon and to both its opportunities and threats. Western civilization has yielded human rights, democracy, development on one hand, and anxiety, depression and emptiness on the other hand. Living a meaningful and satisfying life is a basic need from which man has already been separated. Can Persian culture and literature serve as a response to this need? Reviewing Hafez' poetry, the present article is to seek some solutions for epistemological and psychological problems of contemporary human. Hafiz' poetry is like a stream in which the modern life can purify itself. It is like a garden in which man can gain tranquility and joy. In the light of Hafez' poetry one can practice living a meaningful life. Relying on God and His grace, and treating the world as a beauty, Hafez gives meaning to the man's life. His poems, full of social and psychological messages, teach the man tranquility, friendship, tolerance, giving up hypocrisy, how to get rid of depression and disappointment. Manuscript profile

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13 - A Comparison between " Leili-o-Majnoon" of Abdi-beik Navidi and That of Nezami
Farhad Doroudgarian

Abdi-beik Navidi is among the "mostofi"-s, historians and poets of Shah-Tahmasb age. Imitating Nezami, he attempted to write "Xamse" two times in his lifetime. Despite the fact that Abdi-beik is considered as a pioneer of the movement of imitating Nezami, and in compari More

Abdi-beik Navidi is among the "mostofi"-s, historians and poets of Shah-Tahmasb age. Imitating Nezami, he attempted to write "Xamse" two times in his lifetime. Despite the fact that Abdi-beik is considered as a pioneer of the movement of imitating Nezami, and in comparison with the other poets of his time, his work has been studied less in Iran. The focus of the present article is to inquire about the poetic characteristics of Abdi-beik's " Majnoon-o-Leili", in a comparative manner. Comparing its content and structural- linguistic features, the article also studies the poet's Kalǎmi and Shi'atic points of view, his approach towards poetry, women, love, as well as his fictional and artistic aspects of his poems, such as descriptions, images, vocabulary repertoire and so on. Manuscript profile

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14 - A Research on Hayati Gilani's "Mathnavi-e Soleiman va Belqeis" and Contrasting it with some Books on History, (Quran) Interpretation and the Stories about the Prophets, accompanied by the poet's biography
یوسف اسماعیل‌زاده سیّد مهدی نوریان علی اصغر بابا صفری

The age of Gourkanian state is considered as a fruitful era for Persian language and literature. The care for the poets and writers from the literary kings and princes caused the promotion of Persian Language in the territory. Abolfazl Kamal al-Din Hayati Gilani was one More

The age of Gourkanian state is considered as a fruitful era for Persian language and literature. The care for the poets and writers from the literary kings and princes caused the promotion of Persian Language in the territory. Abolfazl Kamal al-Din Hayati Gilani was one of the famous poets of the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. He was introduced to the Gourkanian court by Abolfath Gilani. There, he acquired a lot of respect. His Mathnavi-e Soleiman va Belqeis which is a meritorious work in lyric literature, has already been ignored. In this work, Hayati focuses on Quran's abbreviation in telling the prophets' stories. This lyric- religious Mathnavi is of high value due to the poet's focus on the prophets' chastity, not including Israiiliat, referring to the resources unavailable today, and the linguistic properties, as well. The present article reviews the poet's works first, and then his Mathnavi-e Soleiman va Belqeis , contrasting it with some of the books on history, (Quran) interpretation and the prophets' stories. Manuscript profile

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15 - A Survey of Relationship between Time and Suspension in the Story of "the King and the Maid"
Zahra رجبي غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده قدرت‌ الله طاهري

The development of new narrative techniques in the past two centuries has led to the growing progress in narratology. In this field, "Time" is one important element. The French scholar, Gerard Genet, has discussed it in terms of three categories: "Order", "Continuity", More

The development of new narrative techniques in the past two centuries has led to the growing progress in narratology. In this field, "Time" is one important element. The French scholar, Gerard Genet, has discussed it in terms of three categories: "Order", "Continuity", and "Frequency". Exploring elements of narrative and the rules governing them will help to better understand their internal relations and mechanisms. The present article, in Genet's framework, shows that how in Mathnavi-I ma'navi, Mowlana as a classic narrator, uses all poetic-narrative potentials of "Time" in telling the story of "the King and the Maid". In the shift from the Real Time to the Narrative Time, Mowlana makes appropriate use of disturbing the linear order of the plot Time, and detailed, repeated description of some events. In this way, he creates a specific kind of Time that is directly and significantly related to developing a sense of suspension in the readers. Manuscript profile

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16 - Analysis of Prophet Mohammad's Ascension Position in Meiybodi's Kashf-Al-Asrar Interpretation
مجيد سرمدي محمود شيخ

Prophet Mohammad and the events of his life enjoys a particular position befor the Muslims. The Islamic scholars- whether mystic, theologist, or philosopher- have constantly made an attempt to express and reveal his character and they have spoke of his position within t More

Prophet Mohammad and the events of his life enjoys a particular position befor the Muslims. The Islamic scholars- whether mystic, theologist, or philosopher- have constantly made an attempt to express and reveal his character and they have spoke of his position within the universe and his stand compared to the other prophets. There is no doubt that initially, this attempt had affectionate roots; but then later on its theoretical aspects and dimensions overcame its passionate aspects. The purpose of this research is to identify two significant incidents in Prophets' life that express his character better considering how they are revealed in Kashf-Al-Asrar and then show the role of the Ascent in this relation as mentioned in this book. As Meiybodi had mystical tendencies himself in the interpretation and paraphrase of the Quran and in quoting the Ascent, he is more concerned about the mystical and passionate aspects. So he merely focuses on the knowledge and superiority of Prophet in the spiritual statue. Meanwhile he does not mention the borders on the theory of "perfect human" while the central issue is "the truth about Mohammad"; a discussion which later on became one of the most basic discussions for the mystics and the theoretical sophists. Manuscript profile

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17 - Anvari’s Point of View about the Origin of Poetry and the Poet’s Social-class Identity
مهدي محبّتی

The description of poetry and stating the poet's position among the social classes are the two major features in Anvari's literary point of view. Anvari succeeded to suggest and point to new and solid attitudes and views on the analysis of poetry and also the poet's c More

The description of poetry and stating the poet's position among the social classes are the two major features in Anvari's literary point of view. Anvari succeeded to suggest and point to new and solid attitudes and views on the analysis of poetry and also the poet's class-identity due to enjoying a rational education and being quite familiar with the versified word and its fields, in addition to the pure artistic experiences he himself earned during his life by creating poetry. He founded one of the most significant sources for the sociology of poetry and the poetics in the Persian Literature by both categorizing the poets' classes and the analysis of the poet's role and position in the chain of the social needs. He then compared these productions, or better to say in this field 'the creations', with the products of the other social classes. He also studied the reasons leading to the creation of a variety of poems in the poet's mentality and mind. Anvari himself created a few long and prominent poems in this specific field of study for the first time and expressed the first descriptive-rational attitudes on the nature and essence of poetry and its various kinds. This article reflects Anvari's precise and clear thoughts and ideas about poetry and the poet's class-identity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - An Introduction to the functionalist poetics
علیرضا خان‌جان Zahra میرزا

Emphasizing the necessity for changing the logical approach to the definition of the nature of poetry from Aristotle's logical dichotomy to the Fuzzy relativist logic, the present paper will first deal with three different viewpoints in the field of poetics. Attempts wi More

Emphasizing the necessity for changing the logical approach to the definition of the nature of poetry from Aristotle's logical dichotomy to the Fuzzy relativist logic, the present paper will first deal with three different viewpoints in the field of poetics. Attempts will also be made to employ the approach which does not take into consideration literature and poetry in particular, as being different from other types of communicative acts. It will thus be possible to analyze poetry within the framework of a general theory. Based on Haliday's functional systemic theory (1985, 1994) and taking into consideration the pattern proposed by Mohajer and Nabavi (1376), The present paper attempts to provide a functionalist analysis of the discourse of the poetry, as well as linguistic and paralinguistic parameters, based on Manuscript profile

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19 - Prophet Mohammad in the Paraphrasing Attitude of Shams-Eddin Mohammad Tabrizi
mostafa gorji

Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is parap More

Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is paraphrased and at the same time, their sayings are interpreted according to the author's beliefs and ideology. These Maqalat were written either on the basis of reasoning and solid proofs, and also for elaborating the author's attitude, or for blessing, rejoice, as flashes of mind or for introducing a perfect human in all aspects. In this regard, Prophet Mohammad is the high and superior example of such a human. This article discusses the Prophet's features from this perspective within Sham's Maqalat. It then shows the paradoxical points in Sham's works. The important point is that in this work, Shams has had in mind the most general topics in the domain of prophetical manners to even answers for some of the taboo questions; which are at times innovative and new. For example, there is even a comparison made between the author himself with Prophet Mohammad or other prophets and at times, he disagrees with them. The implicit comparison of Rumi with the Prophet of Islam is another one of the issues mentioned. The other matters discussed include; major features of Prophet Mohammad, Mohammad's obvious sciences, the value of the voiceless Quran versus the speaking Quran, the magnificence of the Quran for the sake of Mohammad and not for the sake of God, God's special guest, the beloved Mohammad in the cloth of the lover, Mohammad's spiritual light, Prophet Mohammad as the great starter of life in the universe, other people as wandering birds, God's need for Prophet Mohammad, the inherent knowledge imparted by God (known as "Elme-Ladonni") etc. The article surveys and interprets all the mentioned issues. Manuscript profile

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20 - Criticism and Analysis of Massnavi's Allegorical Narratives on Prophet Mohammad's Character
فاطمه كوپا

The literary language is one of the linguistic genres that speaks of a specific experimental and conceptual domain. The reason is that one can merely discover the literary language of objects within the domain of conceptual texts, and within the allusive and symbolic re More

The literary language is one of the linguistic genres that speaks of a specific experimental and conceptual domain. The reason is that one can merely discover the literary language of objects within the domain of conceptual texts, and within the allusive and symbolic relations. What is in fact considered as the pleasant and nice part of the literary word roots from these deep and internal layers of the conceptual and passionate parts of the work as reflected in the language. One of the means and functional devices of the literary word that possesses a vast potential in the symbolical expression of pictures and concepts is "allegory” which has found a considerable power in Rumi's Massnavi Ma'anavi. Apparently, the structure of the stories in Massnavi shows that the speaker has had the concealed and inner concepts of the words in mind. The order of the elements, the incidents and the phrases within the allegorical narratives in Massnavi is in a manner through which the audience will be led towards the concealed and implied concepts in the depth of the narratives; due to the coordination between the artist and the art-seeker. This research intends to respond to two questions; 1. What is the precise concept of allegory and allegorical literature? Moreover, what are its practical functioning fields and areas? 2. In what method has Rumi utilized the allegorical potential of the narratives related to Prophet Mohammad? The criteria for choosing and selecting the narratives have been the prominence of the narratives in enjoying allegory. Manuscript profile

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21 - SANAAEI AND HIS VIEWS ABOUT SATAN
faride davoudi moghadam

In the history of mysticism, some mystics for their praise of Eblis (satan) are known as defenders of satan. People like Hallaj, Aeinol-Ghozat Hamedani, Ahmand Al-Ghazali, Kharaghani and so, have defended Satan in two following ways. One, because of putting it in tr More

In the history of mysticism, some mystics for their praise of Eblis (satan) are known as defenders of satan. People like Hallaj, Aeinol-Ghozat Hamedani, Ahmand Al-Ghazali, Kharaghani and so, have defended Satan in two following ways. One, because of putting it in trial by God (ebtela) and the other, because of deep devotion and intuition of Satan. Sanaaei Ghaznavi with his following ode (ghazal) is considered to be one of those Satan defenders: با او دلم به مهر و مودت يگانه بود سيمرغ عشق را دل من آشيانه بود The aim of this research is to put light on this problem, whether we are able to consider Sanaaei as a Satan defender with referring to only an ode (Ghazal) which is attributed to him, whereas he has got many other poems against Satan. So, whether we are right to consider him as a pro-Satan or anti-Satan with referring to his texts and verses which are collected in his Masnavis, Diwan and Hadigahtol-Haghigheh. With surveying his texts, we are coming to know that Sanaaei could not be considered as Satan defender, but, on the other hand this ode also is expressed in all his manuscripts. Manuscript profile

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22 - Structural analysis of symbolic contrasts in Hafiz Shirazi Ghazaliat; by focusing on Roland Barthes theory
Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili سیده فاطمه ذبيح‌پور

The structuralists consider human thought based on bilateral contrast and believe that reviewing that will result in understanding intellectual and thinking areas of people and societies. In their view, as ideologies give meaning to opposite elements in social domain, l More

The structuralists consider human thought based on bilateral contrast and believe that reviewing that will result in understanding intellectual and thinking areas of people and societies. In their view, as ideologies give meaning to opposite elements in social domain, linguistic contrasts are meaningful or full of signs in a value system of language too; sign is something which lead to another thing and is rooted in social beliefs. However, semiotics is an approach to text analysis. Barthes, using Saussure ideas, states two kinds of significations: One is explicit and implicit. The sign contrast in form of words/terms are mentioned in five categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and demonstratives in Hafiz Ghazaliyat. The results of this study show that sign contrast of Hafiz poems reflects the Khanqah Sufi contrast and romantic Sufi; every one of them have special signs and systems. Khanqah Sufism has two systems: one ascetic and the other prayerfully; and romantic Sufism has also two systems one is intoxication and the other is festive. Ascetic and prayerful systems focus on special signs and make a contrast between conqueror and conquered and introduce themselves as conqueror side and consider intoxication and festive as conquered side; Hafiz destroyed the signs of conqueror side and strengthened the signs of conquered side and changed the status of these two. Language and artistic methods of Hafiz makes the sign contrast of nouns extraordinarily acceptable of implicit implications. Moreover, Hafiz applied different kinds of lexical contrast like gradient, directional and complement, but implicit or deep structure implication of most of them are based on complement contrast and their aim is to reject Khanqah Sufism and prove romantic Sufism. Manuscript profile

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23 - A Reflection on the Grotesque Instances In Jami' Al-Tawarikh
Mahsa Masaei zohre allahdadi dastjerdi

Grotesque is a concept and attitude in art and literature to which some features are assigned such as contradiction, horrifying, marvelous, abnormal, ridiculous and some how tasteless, grudge, disgust, and so on. A theme or subject that due to being unfamiliar, and stra More

Grotesque is a concept and attitude in art and literature to which some features are assigned such as contradiction, horrifying, marvelous, abnormal, ridiculous and some how tasteless, grudge, disgust, and so on. A theme or subject that due to being unfamiliar, and strange, or because of excessive exaggeration and amazement evokes an obscure or confusing feeling in the audience or transfer controversial concepts and feelings to the audience. The Genghis attack, the Mongol dynasty, and its consequences paved the way for the genesis of grotesque concepts and images of this era. In this research, in addition to introducing grotesque, some of its instances and evidences are studied in one of the most important historical- literary works of the Mongol era. The results show that the section on the history of Mongols and Ilkhanate in Jami' al-tawarikh includes such unreasonable, uneven narratives, and superstitious affairs about Mongols that accepting them as the history is so difficult. It seems that the author was obliged to hypocrisy, flattery and recording some extreme and unacceptable issues - which can be called grotesque. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - A comparative critical analysis Rustam & Shaghad's story (Based on three editions of Shahnameh)
محمود حسن آبادی لیلا شیرازی

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.3.3

Shahnameh is one of the most valuable works in Iranian culture and has always been of interest to people from all walks of life. Many scribes and copywriters have reproduced it and this has produced many manuscripts.There have been many differences and discrepancies in More

Shahnameh is one of the most valuable works in Iranian culture and has always been of interest to people from all walks of life. Many scribes and copywriters have reproduced it and this has produced many manuscripts.There have been many differences and discrepancies in the writing of verses, interpretations and words between these manuscripts and, consequently, between the numerous editions of the Shahnameh. Minovy, Nooshin, Davies, Khatibi and Aidenlo have done some research on Shahnameh publications but no independent research has ever been conducted on the differences and discrepancies in those editions of the story of Rostam and Shoghad, which is one of the most important and prominent stories of Shahnameh. Regarding the importance of this issue, the authors of this paper, with the aim of examining the differences among the editions and manuscripts of Shahnameh in the story of ‘Rostam and Shoghad’, have focused on three editions of Shahnameh (I.e. the editions of Khaleghi, Moscow and Mohl) and by applying a comparative-analytical method, they have extracted, classified, analyzed and ultimately attempted to find the sources and causes of these differences and discrepancies.The results of this study indicate that the the main motivations to add verses (eleven verse) by the scribes have been the completion of the structure or characterization of the story, or to add to its semantic and emotional aspect. These additions can be identified mainly by the principle of "authenticity of the brief recording". Although there are various causes in phonetic and lexical interference, the main reason was to simplify the text and bring it to the audience's understanding. In any case, the main reason for all these interferences is the lack of copyright loyalty to the original text. It is worth noting that the results of this essay are restricted to this story and ought not to be generalized to every story of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile

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