List of Research in Iranian classical literature subject articles

Open Access Article

1 - The Process of Shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi
بهروز محمودی بختیاری Faeghe Shahhoseini

Shortening Proper Nouns is so current and common among Iranian and different kinds of processes are involved in this process. The article describes this process and reviews the role of gender in this process and phonological limitations in shortened nouns. Our approach More

Shortening Proper Nouns is so current and common among Iranian and different kinds of processes are involved in this process. The article describes this process and reviews the role of gender in this process and phonological limitations in shortened nouns. Our approach toward shortening nouns can be an example of interaction of two sciences of Inflection and Sociolinguistics. The samples of study were chosen from 790 Farsi Proper nouns among which 330 are boy names and 460 are girl names. The selected samples were extracted from the official website of National Organization for Civil Registration. The standard for selecting samples includes high frequency and being one-part nouns; so we did not use rare and low-used names and those with more than two parts which involves two or more separate nouns. The applied theoretical framework is the Optimality Theory. Shortened nouns were reviewed and analyzed based on this theory. The results show that shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi is rarely predictable against the common belief Iranian may have. The other considerable result worth noting is that although shortening is an inflectional process, it involves phonological units more than inflectional units. Removed parts in this process are so varied in size and status and words that are created in shortening processes of Farsi inflection are usually phonologically ungrammatical. Moreover, the analysis of data shows that gender is also an effective variable on shortening Proper Nouns in Farsi. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A Corpus-based Approach toward Modal Verbs of Six Texts from 6th Century
اشرف شیبانی اقدم راحله غلامی

The usage of modal verbs are reviewed in corpus of six texts from 6th Hegira (Atbat-al Katba, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkerat-al Ulia, Maqamat-e Hamidi, Kelileh and Demneh and Rahat-al Sudur). The results show that the usage amount of these verbs is considerable among other k More

The usage of modal verbs are reviewed in corpus of six texts from 6th Hegira (Atbat-al Katba, Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkerat-al Ulia, Maqamat-e Hamidi, Kelileh and Demneh and Rahat-al Sudur). The results show that the usage amount of these verbs is considerable among other kinds of verbs. In modal constructs, modal adjectives and adverbs help enrich the meaning of necessity, possibility, capability and wanting in addition to modal verbs. Regarding the contextual and functional meaning, the concepts of commitment, necessity and … are more considerable in a work like Atbat-al Katba. Political, narrative and mystical insights, character, social power and status are among the factors the affect their amount of application and degree of modal elements. The study shows that the difference of genres brings about even little differences. The depiction of general features of a period style and personal experiences of every author are related to a subject which is dealt with in this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The co-education of Khorshid Shah and Ridak: the Comparison of Education in Two Texts of Khosrow Ghobadan and Ridaki (Pre-Islamic) and Samak Ayyar (6th Century Hegira)
Mohammad تمدن Abdolhossein Farzad

Some scholars believe that the history of “Samak Ayyar” story roots in pre-Islamic era and possibly in Parthia era. The comparative article is a comparison on educations provided and skills taught for “Khorshid Shah”, one the main heroes of “Samak Ayyar” book (written i More

Some scholars believe that the history of “Samak Ayyar” story roots in pre-Islamic era and possibly in Parthia era. The comparative article is a comparison on educations provided and skills taught for “Khorshid Shah”, one the main heroes of “Samak Ayyar” book (written in 585 Hegira) and “well-ambitious Ridak”, one of the Sassanid noblemen (The Pahlavi Text of Khosrow Ghobadan and Ridaki);. There are many similarities between their educations that can strengthen this possibility that Samak Ayyar is a pre-Islamic story. Research Method is a Library one and based on evidences from these two texts and attempts to prove abovementioned point. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Repetition and its Rhetorical Values in Farrokhi Sistani Poetry
عبدالعلی اویسی کهخا mahmoodi abbasi hossein ettehadi

Repetition in level of letters and words, which is one of the methods of creating and or increasing the music of speech, can be reviewed from two perspectives: first, from musical values and second from rhetorical values. The study uses descriptive and analytic methods More

Repetition in level of letters and words, which is one of the methods of creating and or increasing the music of speech, can be reviewed from two perspectives: first, from musical values and second from rhetorical values. The study uses descriptive and analytic methods to review the different kinds and methods of letter repetition in Farrokhi Sistani poem. The findings show that Sistani orator applied all repetition methods in widespread amount in his speech. Continuous repetitions of letters, words, syllables, phrases and even hemistich with different methods filled Farrokhi poetry with Musical bunches of phones. In some cases, he created new methods of repetition which increase the musical richness of his speech. These repetitions are so valuable from rhetorical aspect that there are many evidences in Farrokhi poetry that letter repetition or word proportionate to poetry theme serve the semantic transfer and poetry content and sometimes help in inspiration of given emotion of poet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Reviewing relative features of women in Farsi Proverbs
پروین امین الرعایا شهلا شریفی محمود الیاسی

The aim of this article is to become familiar with different views toward women and their rights from gender perspective and to describe the original and common Iranian culture about women focusing on one part of Oral Literature which is Proverb. The under review corpus More

The aim of this article is to become familiar with different views toward women and their rights from gender perspective and to describe the original and common Iranian culture about women focusing on one part of Oral Literature which is Proverb. The under review corpus of the study involves 382 proverbs that are collected from valid Persian books and Proverbs dictionaries. Regarding the importance of this subject, the qualitative analysis of content is used for analyzing this corpus; and we reviewed three pivotal and general areas about women by reviewing, separating and distinguishing proverbs which were somehow related to women. First, we review the physical and psychological features of women, then their moral and emotional features and finally their family and social relations. The findings show that the structure of above proverbs does not show the real status of women and focuses mainly on highlighting the negative aspects of woman character. Moreover, the varied status of women becomes obvious in reviewing the proverbs, since she is sometimes described with respectful and scholarly language and she is in climax; and she is sometime faced with unconscionable and partial judgments that consider her as Satan. Therefore, the article shows the status of women in Persian Proverbs and public views toward women in these proverbs and how much these views are different with the current social and women condition; due to this fact that the social view toward women is more positive today, the necessary condition for improving the status of women are ready now. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Brevity and Deletion in Contemporary Poetry (Focusing on Nima Yushij, Ahmad Shamlu, Mahdi Akhavan Sales, Sohrab Sepehri, and Yad-al Allah Ro’yaei)
لیلا کردبچه

Brevity means decorating speech from additional comments and unnecessary elements, so that the most content may be stated by the lowest number of words; this method, which is also used in old literature but its special consideration is one the most significant successes More

Brevity means decorating speech from additional comments and unnecessary elements, so that the most content may be stated by the lowest number of words; this method, which is also used in old literature but its special consideration is one the most significant successes of Contemporary Poetry, changed the syntactical structures in addition to speech briefing. The focus of some contemporary poets to some of these methods is practically an approach toward old linguistic structures, but some others can be regarded as the linguistic achievements of Contemporary Literature. The article reviews the methods of achieving Brevity in two main groups of brevity and deletion methods in poems of a group of contemporary poets and compares them with deletion and brevity methods in Old Classic Literature; we aimed to show the effect of Old Classic Literature linguistic structures on some part of brevity structures and the degree of innovation in some deletion methods of Contemporary Poem, in addition to identifying these methods in Contemporary Poem. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Processes of Word Creation in Colloquial Farsi
مرضیه سادات رضوی فریبا قطره

The study of Farsi is so important due to current today differences between colloquial and written Farsi. There are many differences between these two types in many languages particularly from grammatical and lexical patterns that double the significance and necessity o More

The study of Farsi is so important due to current today differences between colloquial and written Farsi. There are many differences between these two types in many languages particularly from grammatical and lexical patterns that double the significance and necessity of separately studying these two. Based on this, the article reviews and analyzes words that are usually applied in conversation of Farsi speakers and are never or rarely used in written Farsi; and based on Boy’s view (2007) they are the result of word creation processes but not word formation. Following Boy view, under review data were categorized and reviewed based on the kind of word formation processes like shortening, combination, innovation, comparison, loaning, metaphorical expansion and phrasal conversion into four categories of Noun, Verb, Adjective and Adverb. The findings show that Shortening have the highest frequency (32.58 %) and phrasal conversion and combination have the lowest frequency (5.62 and 4.49 % respectively) in word formation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Comparison of Epic Features of Two Epopees: Burzo -name (Old Section) and Homay-name
Hamid JafariGhariyeh Ali دکتر سید علی قاسم‌زاده علی نجمایی

The literary genre of epic has a pivotal role in the history of creating literary Persian works. Burzo-name and Homay-name are two available works from Persian epic composing current that are considerably important due to their being within the above current and their r More

The literary genre of epic has a pivotal role in the history of creating literary Persian works. Burzo-name and Homay-name are two available works from Persian epic composing current that are considerably important due to their being within the above current and their representation of dominant epic spirit on Iranian society and recognition of national Iranian identity in historical periods of 6th to 8th centuries Hegira. The study method is descriptive-analytic and attempts to investigate the values of these two works from the perspective of epic-composing, and compares and analyzes the available epic components within them and shows their adaptation with epic features. Based on the results of this study, one can consider the creation of abovementioned works as affected by the competitive atmosphere of Persian Classic Literature and innovation of Burzo-name composer in “Unexpected” and “Incompatible” shows the end of story and also innovation of Homay-name composer in “subject” shows being in such a competitive environment. Particularly, Homay-name whose epic feature is correspondent with intellectual and literary changes of Araqi Style is involved with eloquent and non-eloquent speech due to compilation with lyric and romantic themes. Therefore, in comparative valuation, the Burzo-name epopee could have shown its epic features in longitudinal and latitudinal axes of the work in comparison with Homay-name due to reasons like following tradition of national epic-composing whose heroes are selected from Rostam family, honor in race and family and national originality, and local problems and sometimes national approach toward heroic actions of the story and contrasting with foreign forces and it could have closed them toward the epic power and dominance of Firdausi. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Analysis of Alexander Journey in Darab-name of Tarsusi based on Archetype of “The Journey of Hero” by Joseph Campbell
rahman zabihi parvin paykani

The analysis of old narratives is one of the significant approaches in archetypical criticism through the “The Journey of Hero” by Joseph Campbell. One of the significant narratives of Alexander journey is the narrative of Darab-name by Tarsusi. The events of this journ More

The analysis of old narratives is one of the significant approaches in archetypical criticism through the “The Journey of Hero” by Joseph Campbell. One of the significant narratives of Alexander journey is the narrative of Darab-name by Tarsusi. The events of this journey can be analyzed using the elements of archetype of the “The Journey of Hero” by Joseph Campbell like departure, invitation, mystic help, respect, the path of test, tempter woman, final blessing, return, the hand of salvation, and so on. The most important stage of The Journey of Hero in Departure section is the invitation to journey by Aristotelis in the role of archetype of Wise Old man. Dominating on “Dara” as the guard of First Threshold, facing with Buran-Doxt in the role of tempter woman and then marrying with her and converting her to Positive Anima in Section of The Path of Test, searching alkahest as the final blessing, visiting angels, and reaching a prophet-like stage, seeing strange and extravagant matters and dominion on world are all the important steps of the Journey of Hero in the narrative of Tarsusi. The study shows the evolution of a historical event in epic and mythological frameworks. One can arrive at a new reading of this narrative within these frameworks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Criticism and Analysis of Mahan the Egyptian in Haft Peykar (“seven portraits”) of Nezami
Ahmad امیری خراسانی

Haft Peykar (“Seven portraits”) by Hakim Nezami Ganjavi, which is his fourth epopee from temporal perspective and one of its two masterpieces (along with Khosraw and Shirin) from quality perspective is the adventure of Bahram-e Gur. His story is narrated along with seve More

Haft Peykar (“Seven portraits”) by Hakim Nezami Ganjavi, which is his fourth epopee from temporal perspective and one of its two masterpieces (along with Khosraw and Shirin) from quality perspective is the adventure of Bahram-e Gur. His story is narrated along with seven girls from seven different lands. Bahram-e Gur lives every day of a week with one girl in a dome having special color and listens to strange stories from them. At Wednesday in turquoise colored dome, the girl of fifth land tells the story of a man who got to be captive of demons; the representation of Souroush (Gabriel) is so obvious in this story. Souroush is one of the Zoroastrian lords that is emerged in different kinds and forms in public belief and literary works. Souroush is often the angel and messenger of mystic world. One of the most important roles of Souroush is fighting with demons and evils. It is in this fighting that the bird concomitant with Souroush invites people to awakening and worshipping God with its groan. After noting features and characteristics of Souroush Lord and its concomitant bird, the study attempts to follow one of its most important actions within the story. It is seen that disappearing of demons is due to the presence of Souroush Lord. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Discoursive Function of Sentence Form in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi
لیلا سید قاسم حمیده نوح‌پیشه

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ More

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ interpersonal) in literature and clarifies the rate of certainty of author’s view and his/her relation with audience. Due to this, the form of sentence is one of most important subjects which will be discussed under the sections of predicate and composition. From 80th century in west that ideological and discourse analysis of literary (and non-literary) texts are paid due attention, modern critics emphasized that literature is non-personal and objective. They focused on the interactional function of language and considered form, the most important element in interactional function of language, worth investigating. We reviewed the condition of form of sentence in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi in limited and special manner (focusing on Zin and Saljuq/ Selçuk). Tarikh-e Beyhaqi is an artistic history that its author has a deliberate intention in keeping the mutual relation with his audience. In other hand, he had used the element of “Conversation” more than contemporary novelists. Due to this, the different forms of sentences have high frequency in his works. One can propose ideological and discourse analysis analyzing their qualities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Impressibility of Sa’di from Firdausi based on the Theory of Transtextualite
زينب نوروزي وحید علی بیگی سرهالی

The works of Sa’di are among the best masterpieces of classic Persian texts who is the full-fledged representative of Persian Culture and Literature. He had been under effect of old texts and there is an obvious relation between Sa’di prosaic works and older works befor More

The works of Sa’di are among the best masterpieces of classic Persian texts who is the full-fledged representative of Persian Culture and Literature. He had been under effect of old texts and there is an obvious relation between Sa’di prosaic works and older works before him. One of these works is Shahname by Firdausi. The aim of this study is to show and prove this textual relation between Sa’di works and Shahnameh of Firdausi which is based on the Theory of Transtextualite by Gérard Genette which is a perfect theory regarding the intertextual relations; we reviewed all links between Sa’di and Firdausi works in all aspects and came to this conclusion that Sa’di works are a complete sample of Transtextualite which is proved by providing evidences, analytic-descriptive method and their explanations and interpretations; so the full presence of Transtextualite in Sa’di works is proved in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Stylistic Study of Modality in Golestan of Sa’di In the Framework of Systemic Functional Grammar
Ahmad Tamimdari نیره صدری

The most part of Golestan-e Sa’di involves literary pedagogical genre in moral kind. The inclusion of “moral musts” in pedagogical works and their relation with the concept of compulsion can make a clear and commanding tone in speech and then will cause hatred in audien More

The most part of Golestan-e Sa’di involves literary pedagogical genre in moral kind. The inclusion of “moral musts” in pedagogical works and their relation with the concept of compulsion can make a clear and commanding tone in speech and then will cause hatred in audience and his speech will have no effect then. Within the grammatical category of Modality in the framework of systemic functional grammar and as a stylistic study, the article attempts to answer this question that what techniques did Sa’di use in Golestan in composing pedagogical themes so that no only his speech and work is not tiring, but also he attracted a lot of audiences along history. After stating the problem, reviewing the literature regarding modality in Iran and brief introducing of functional stylistics, the article describes the modality category from Halliday perspective. After that, some examples of stylistic analysis are provided in some selected texts like Golestan, based on the modality variable, along with the chart of data statistics and after that the analysis of data is provided and finally the results and findings are stated. The statistical results of the study show that different facilities of modality is used in the explanation of pedagogical themes in Golestan that simultaneously keeps the origin of pedagogical themes and makes the speech indirect and decreases its directness and increases the subtilty of speech tone and finally its impression. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - An Approach in Criticism and Analysis of Islamic Revolution Novels Focusing on Criticizing Novels by Reza Amir Khani
fateme shekardast fateme kouppa mostafa gorji محمدرضا سنگری

The study is a meta-analysis and a special current to arrive at the quality of presence in Persian Fictional Literature i.e. “Islamic Revolution Literature”. This meta-analysis has a functionalist direction that in triangle of bibliography, movement-graphy, and patholog More

The study is a meta-analysis and a special current to arrive at the quality of presence in Persian Fictional Literature i.e. “Islamic Revolution Literature”. This meta-analysis has a functionalist direction that in triangle of bibliography, movement-graphy, and pathology seeks to arrive at an analytic method in reviewing criticisms to access the universal perspective in domain of criticism which explains the rate of presence in a special literary current in the environment of Iran Fiction Literature. Moreover, the meta-analysis can be effective in correct identifying of criticism, monitoring its weaknesses and fortes and introducing the gaps and harms of criticism. The under review sample in this meta-analysis contain the novels of “Reza Amir Khani” as one of the most famous author of Islamic Revolution Literary Current and assesses the function of these novels through the quality and quantity perspective of critics. Introduction defines Islamic Revolution Literature, its criticism and functions and the indicatives of the criticism of the criticism. Then the author and novels are introduced and their critics (in form of research article, promotive article, special article, descriptive article and hobby article) are reviewed and analyzed; then these analyses are meta-analyzed from different perspectives and finally stated in form of tables and charts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Selection, Acceptance and Features of Ambassador (Safir) in Shahnameh of Firdausi
Mohammad فریده وجدانی

“Ambassador” has a special status in the absolute concept of intermediacy in the Great Book of Hakim-e Tous, Shahnameh of Firdausi. The article reviewed the matter of ambassadorship in allover Shahname and attempted to determine ambiguous and clear viewpoints using a de More

“Ambassador” has a special status in the absolute concept of intermediacy in the Great Book of Hakim-e Tous, Shahnameh of Firdausi. The article reviewed the matter of ambassadorship in allover Shahname and attempted to determine ambiguous and clear viewpoints using a descriptive-analytic method. It explored ambiguous stands i.e. hidden angles and neglected aspects of serious issue of ambassadorship and found new findings about the triple pillars (Sender, Ambassador, Receiver). The article highlighted less studied points regarding clear viewpoints of ambassadorship and showed that the ambassador is not always just a messenger; and since the great part of sender success depends on the selection of a competent ambassador, there were great emphasis on the moralities, and the sympathy of ambassador with the message itself and even his seeming beauty and organs’ symmetry. The findings showed that the status, position and authority limitations of ambassadors were not the same. In addition to routine duties, expert ambassadors had been delegated to make non-determined decision upon their own discretion and condition appropriateness. Ambassadors also applied punctilios based on common customs and personal skills to satisfy the needs of sender which are worth exploring. Reviewing all instances of ambassadors’ acceptance in Shahnameh of Firdausi showed that though there were some special habitudes for accepting the ambassador, the receiver were not forced to follow all habitudes and acceptance orders in all situations, but following orders and habitudes depended on variables like their friendship or hostility relations, the status of sender, the status of ambassador, the message content and so on, and regarding abovementioned issues, the receiver would select some method to encounter with ambassadors, which we will deal with in detail. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Revision of Shams-e Tabrizi Sayings from Linguistics and Modern Criticism Perspective
manzar soltani Nafiseh Moradi

There is just one work left from Shams-e Al-Din- Muhammad-e Tabrizi, great mystic of 7th Century Hegira, which is collected and written by his students from his sayings and they called it “Maqalate (the Articles of) Shams-e Tabrizi”. Since his students granted his sayin More

There is just one work left from Shams-e Al-Din- Muhammad-e Tabrizi, great mystic of 7th Century Hegira, which is collected and written by his students from his sayings and they called it “Maqalate (the Articles of) Shams-e Tabrizi”. Since his students granted his sayings a specific holiness, they exactly had written whatever he said in most cases and this caused the language of articles to be close to speech language. Reviewing text of articles and indeed reviewing the speech method of Shams, we may come to this conclusion that he had used syntactic and linguistic deconstruction and extra-linguistic facilities to create a unique work that expresses a global and human thought and is not limited within time and space; so that he himself says that its audiences may be born many years later. Shams’ techniques and methods to communicate with his audience and reconstruction of his intuitive mystic experiences are currently under hot discussions by literary critics, linguists and modern hermeneutic scholars. This article reviews the text of Maqalat and compares Shams’ comments, particularly on lexicon and meaning, and analyzed syntactic and linguistic deconstructions of Maqalat’s text and contrasts them with comments of contemporary linguists to explain this issue that Shams was an antecessor thinker and mystic in Mystical Literature who created a work beyond time and space with his literary and unique genius which can be readout in new environment of literary sciences and involves many linguistic theories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Plant Holiness Displays in Iranian Fairy Tales (Based on Dictionary of Iranian Myths: Ali Ashraf Darvishian And Reza Khandan Mahabadi
فرزانه مظفريان

Fairy Tales are a part of popular tales that are full of great and wonderment events. We can unlock thoughts and beliefs which are rooted in human unconscious and have a sublime status in nations’ cultures by reflecting on these tales. Herbal myths are among these belie More

Fairy Tales are a part of popular tales that are full of great and wonderment events. We can unlock thoughts and beliefs which are rooted in human unconscious and have a sublime status in nations’ cultures by reflecting on these tales. Herbal myths are among these beliefs. The article reviews Iran fairy tales from “Dictionary of Iranian Myths” book which are classified in magic and witchery stories No. 300 to 749 in Aarne–Thompson classification system with library method; and it also unlocks constructive elements of these tales with descriptive-analytic method; after these, we analyze the thought of plants’ holiness and presence of herbal heroes which are a various form of herbal and productivity gods. High frequency of believing in wish tree and its related stories, emergence of fairies and humans through trees and plants shows effective presence of plants’ holiness and hidden link of human and plant in Iranian fairy tales. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Hermeneutic-Intertextual Reading of a verse of Hafiz Divan Based on Intertextual Theory of “Michael Riffaterre”
دکتر سید علی قاسم‌زاده علی اکبر فخرو

This article emphasizes and focuses on this verse: “O sweet fountain! from the modesty of thy sweet lip (the stream of divine grace), Now, steeped in water and sweat (of toil of search), a piece of sugar (the illusory beloved)-- is not, that is not” to review hidden se More

This article emphasizes and focuses on this verse: “O sweet fountain! from the modesty of thy sweet lip (the stream of divine grace), Now, steeped in water and sweat (of toil of search), a piece of sugar (the illusory beloved)-- is not, that is not” to review hidden semantic layers of text based on Hermeneutic-Intertextual analysis approach of Michael Riffaterre. The basis of this Hermeneutic structuralist approach of Riffaterre is that Intertextual aspects of poem will be unlocked by help of non-grammars (literary non-normalities) passing through first layer of meaning (linear reading) to underlying and deep structure level of poem (non-linear reading). In his view, allusion or quotation is a hypogram which is activated previously in another text and current text is discovered due to the kind of reading of audience, recovery and its implications. The result of applying theoretical framework of Riffaterre is that Hafiz intellectual matrix in this verse is lyric and romantic and its hypogram is totally congruent and correspondent with criteria of this matrix. Reader uncovers hidden underlying layers of text from obvious Intertextual level of Khosru and Shirin poem of Nizami (Cliché and descriptive hypogram) with help of presuppositions and his mind meaning hypograms. It seems Hafiz wants to represent the kind of communication and love affair with his ideal beloved through deconstructing semantic substructure of text by using all capacities of meaning-creation of ambiguity and magic of lexical collocations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Satire Techniques Representations in Theme Structure of “Farhad Hasan Zade's” Stories
حسين ادهمي

Farhad Hasan Zade (Born in 1341/1962) is one of the satirists whose works are mostly within the domain of Children and Adolescent Literature. His satire stories are mainly taken from social realities enriched with social themes and a moderate criticism and represent soc More

Farhad Hasan Zade (Born in 1341/1962) is one of the satirists whose works are mostly within the domain of Children and Adolescent Literature. His satire stories are mainly taken from social realities enriched with social themes and a moderate criticism and represent social affairs and problems. He uses satire techniques in these stories which show his mastery on common methods and patterns of satire writing. The article reviews three story collections by Farhad Hasan Zade and investigates his methods in satire writing. First section of the article introduces satire techniques in these stories and second section reviews the representation and frequency of these techniques in different parts of stories’ themes. Based on findings of this article, although Hasan Zade’s satire techniques impact on story elements like space, characterization, tone, style, language and so on, the representations of these techniques are obvious in structure of stories’ themes. These techniques are located in narration flow of stories by being present in different parts of theme (start, inconstancy, expansion, climax point, problem solving and end); they are parts of story body in climax and end points. Reviewing the frequency of representation of these techniques in different parts of theme, we may come to these conclusions: “start” and “expansion” in different parts of stories’ theme have more variety and frequency than satire techniques and in “end” point of story “raid” and “satire turn” techniques have more frequencies. The article reviews these findings and explains the relation between these techniques and structure of themes in Hasan Zade stories with descriptive-analytic method in which statistical data, tables and charts were used too. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Different Kind of Self-Repairs and Their Status In Alternations of Persian Daily Conversations
حیدرعلی امینی مسیح‌اله نعمتی شهلا شریفی

Sometimes speakers pause in a part of their speech or repeat one of their saying or word in daily conversations due to some reason or even interrupt their speech. These behaviors which are a specific kind of correction are named self-repair. The study identifies diffe More

Sometimes speakers pause in a part of their speech or repeat one of their saying or word in daily conversations due to some reason or even interrupt their speech. These behaviors which are a specific kind of correction are named self-repair. The study identifies different kinds of self-repairs and their status in succession of alternations in Persian daily conversations and real occurrence frequency of every one of self-repairs and also their concomitant Lexical-initiations and Non-lexical-initiations. The study involves 254 sentences or phrases which have repairable elements and have been collected from different environments and with different subjects during one month of 1392/2013. Findings show that self-repairs and their status in Persian daily conversations are similar with results claimed by “Shegloff and colleagues” (1977) about English Language. It is also shown that the frequency of self-initiated self-repair is more than other kinds of self-repair in Persian daily conversation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Reviewing and Criticism of Research Articles on Literature in 1380 (2000) Decade
عبدالله راز Ahmad razi

Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there More

Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there were no due attention to their assessment and criticism. This article, with a descriptive-analytic method, assesses those kinds of research articles published from 1381/2001 to 1390/2011. The research expresses advantages and disadvantages of these articles and presents a picture of the status of scientific article writing in domain of literary studies. In so doing, 345 articles were selected as examples and most important subjects under focus of authors were identified and were classified in frame of text-based, context-based, author-based, reader-based, and different articles. Moreover, patterns of cooperation between authors, and quality and quantity of used resources in these articles were presented in different charts and tables. As this issue is so important and to assess the accuracy of obtained results from main sample size, another set of 345 articles were exactly reviewed in two groups of “evidence 1” and “evidence 2”. This review shows that although articles have various subjects, apply different kinds of resources, consider some interdisciplinary approaches particularly in second half of this decade relative accuracy in composing coherent articles, specialty of some journals related to literature and considerable increase of university instructors and students cooperation in publishing articles, there are lots of deficiencies in these articles, like methodology, dominance of descriptive approach, repeated contents, lack of critical view, high frequency of education-based articles, and spread of quantitative and formal criteria and so on… Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Grammatical Metaphor: A New Criterion for Distinguishing the Language of Science and Literature
حسین رضویان ساجده مبارکی

One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article revi More

One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article reviewed the degree and method of applying different kinds of grammatical metaphors in scientific and literary texts. To do so, authors selected and analyzed one scientific work titled “an Introduction to Sociology of Language” by Yahya Modarresi and one literary text named “Tangsir” by Sadeq Chubak as their samples. Their findings showed that the degree of using different kinds of grammatical metaphors is not equal in scientific and literary texts. It seems that authors of scientific texts used grammatical metaphors to enrich contents, information summarization, making texts more technical for target audiences, making contents clearer and other reasons. The author of literary text used grammatical metaphors as few as possible. Abovementioned reasons do not apply in literary texts and this justifies its less usage. Therefore, the article attempts to introduce grammatical metaphor as a new criterion for distinguishing scientific and literary texts by providing enough proofs from these two texts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Status of Musicianship and Tradition of Verbal Narration in Old Persian Literature and Reviewing Historical Evolution of Composer-Narrators in the Process of Rhyming Heroic Narrations

One of the main areas whose historical evolution was highly affected by composers and narrators from ancient time to Islamic era is Shahname-composing and verbal epics. Composing hymns and forming narrations and epic stories via combining and quoting broadcasting of the More

One of the main areas whose historical evolution was highly affected by composers and narrators from ancient time to Islamic era is Shahname-composing and verbal epics. Composing hymns and forming narrations and epic stories via combining and quoting broadcasting of these narrations had made many epic stories. Ancient kinds of narrators like musicians, singers and minstrels were replaced by later narrators of later eras like narrator-nightingales and storytellers; forming written literature based on oral (i.e. unwritten) literature is the most important feature in this area. This article dealt with the status of oral narration tradition in ancient Iran and continuing of literary traditions related to this in Shahname-composing and forming oral Persian epics in Islamic Era Literature and reviewed the role of these narrator-composers in process of rhyming epic narrations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Hermeneutic Criticism of Asiye Position (PBUH) in Mystical Texts: From 4th to the End of 7th Century
حمیرا زمردی فاطمه حکیما

Knowing religious heroes focusing on Hermeneutic and Decoding is a specific way to understanding truth and knowing existential levels. This method was used in mystical texts to approach author’s intention and uncovering hidden layers of texts. The study reviewed existen More

Knowing religious heroes focusing on Hermeneutic and Decoding is a specific way to understanding truth and knowing existential levels. This method was used in mystical texts to approach author’s intention and uncovering hidden layers of texts. The study reviewed existential levels and grades of Asiye, wife of Pharaoh, based on quotations of mystics from 4th century to the end of 7th century. Based on current documents, Asiye is a perfect woman determined a sample for all pious men and women by God. Mystics like Meybodi, Ein-al Qozat, Ibn Arabi and Molana assigned sublime levels like Utad, Abdal, Divine Favored Slave, Guardian, and God-Selected based on the gloss of Quran verses and hadiths, and considered her as one of Allah’s Caliph on Earth. She plots the necessary basis for Moses (PBUH) prophecy. Asiye’s (PBUH) prayer during her martyrdom was subject to mystical interpretations and showed her “Fana” (finitude) and Endiyat (Being in God’s presence). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The Review of Time Processing in Shams Ghazals: Applying Stream Of Consciousness Technique
مینا بهنام ابوالقاسم قوام Mohammad taghavi محمدرضا هاشمی

Some of Molavi’s ghazals have specific features that guide readers’ mind through intellectual basics of stream of consciousness works. The study reviewed the category of Time in Molavi’s ghazals using theoretical bases of this technique about Time. Research hypothesis i More

Some of Molavi’s ghazals have specific features that guide readers’ mind through intellectual basics of stream of consciousness works. The study reviewed the category of Time in Molavi’s ghazals using theoretical bases of this technique about Time. Research hypothesis is as follows: time warps, repetitive round trips to past and present time during every Ghazal and the importance of present time in creation moment of Molavi’s poem. We can divide time in his Ghazals, in a general categorization, to two linear-continuous and nonlinear- discontinuous kinds. Second kind of time closes Ghazals to stream of consciousness works. Measuring basis for time warps is start moment of Ghazal in the study. Molavi, based on rule of free association dominating his mental domain travels from present to past, past to present, and in some cases, travels to future reviewing past mementos and in some cases, time warps and round trips to past and present are so fast and continuous. This issue can affect language, narrative methods, kind of imagery and other cases in Ghazal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Analyzing Literary Aspects of Tarikhe Beihaqi (Beihaqi’s History) Based on Walter "Benjamin Theory"
مهدخت پورخالقی چترودی سمیّه عطاردی

“Walter Benjamin”, whose name is associated with “Frankfurt School”, is a thinker who allows a dominion superior than practical and communicative dominions and in contrast with reductionism- that reduces language to an inter-subjective tool- he deals with theorization i More

“Walter Benjamin”, whose name is associated with “Frankfurt School”, is a thinker who allows a dominion superior than practical and communicative dominions and in contrast with reductionism- that reduces language to an inter-subjective tool- he deals with theorization in this field. In Benjamin’s view, language is superior than communicative action of human and gets an existential status; if we reduce language just to its communicative and instrumental trait, we would read the lines of texts and would never understand in-between texts. He applies “Assertive act” in contrast with communicative quality of language and believes that author can produce a literary text by entering into expressive dominion of language. Tarikh-e Beihaqi as a pure artistic work has great capacities to approach a language that has surpassed communicative trait and applies an expressive quality of language to express hidden meanings behind the words. The study dealt with this issue and concluded that Beihaqi produced a literary work with high literary competence based on expressive quality of language that one can interpret it poetically as he applied highlighting tools in lexical and semantic areas of language and the essence of poetry and poem in his work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Serivili; The Captive of Twofold Contrasts (Reviewing Twofold Contrasts in The Poem of "Khanehy-e Serivili" (Serivili's Home) composed by Nima Yushij)
siavash haghjou مرضیه حقیقی

Twofold contrast is the most important basis of Structuralism that its theorists had applied it in different areas like linguistics, narratology, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Claude Lévi-Strauss used twofold contrasts to know general struc More

Twofold contrast is the most important basis of Structuralism that its theorists had applied it in different areas like linguistics, narratology, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Claude Lévi-Strauss used twofold contrasts to know general structure of human mind behind myths and different cultural actions and believed that these contrasts were the first human effort to understand his/her surrounding environment and the human existence were involved in these unavoidable twofolds. The study applied Lévi-Strauss thoughts in reading “Serivili's Home” of Nima Yushij. Serivili, the poet, is in contrast with an evil in this poem that is in opposition with all his thoughts. Oppositions like village/city, nature/culture, modernity/tradition, and in general consciousness and unconsciousness are depicted as oppositions between the poet and evil. Serivili is involved with tensions and oppositions that are resulted from conversation with evil and this continuous tension continues to the end of poem. Disobedient mind of Nima used twofold contrasts to express his most important intellectual differences, contrasts, and oppositions with owners of political power whose thoughts come to one’s conscious mind with evil symbols. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - The Relation of Temporality and Actors in Short Story of "Morde-Keshan Jozan" by Abolqasem Payande
مولود طلائي

The study reviewed time and its application in “Morde-Keshan Jozan” short story by Abolqasem Payande. This basic element has specific manifests in this story. Narration process is linear that narrates present time looking to past and childhood mementoes. There is a di More

The study reviewed time and its application in “Morde-Keshan Jozan” short story by Abolqasem Payande. This basic element has specific manifests in this story. Narration process is linear that narrates present time looking to past and childhood mementoes. There is a direct relation between the frequency of page numbers and actors’ descriptions. When author intends to highlights morality inferiorities of his contemporary era, time would get circumlocution specifically and actors would emerge more than ever; but time summarization prevents author from this opportunity; then, it seems that actors’ descriptions would be summarized simultaneously with time. Authors of the study tried to critic the temporality of narration of this story based on “Gérard Genette” theory. The relation of its actors is expressed based on “Grimas” theory in final section and then the relation of these two elements is explained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - National and Religious Mythological Symbols in Holy Defense Poetry
Mohammad قربانی

Myth had inspired poets and authors in all cultures and they had applied it based on their contemporary circumstances and up to an acceptable level. Due to this, Myths were sometimes respected and sometimes disrespected and despicable. One of these periods is the perio More

Myth had inspired poets and authors in all cultures and they had applied it based on their contemporary circumstances and up to an acceptable level. Due to this, Myths were sometimes respected and sometimes disrespected and despicable. One of these periods is the period which is often called Holy Defense Period and or War Literature. Poets and writers of this period had used national and religious myths to awaken resistance and persistence morale against enemy. Symbols and myths were like a media in this period. Motivating audience to participate in war fields is indebted to these symbols and myths. The current article is to discuss about national and religious myths in Holy Defense Poetry and their view toward Myths and attempts to clarify how much these mythical names were effective in motivating audiences to war against enemy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Reviewing Protest Current in Poetry and Cinema of Holy Defense Case Studies of “Alireza Qazve” and “Ibrahim Hatami-Kia”
ساجده تقی‌زاده Gholamreza Kafi

The Great Event of Holy Defense not only affected all life aspects of Iranians, but also it explained and determined a special value system by its entrance into literary and artistic works; and Holy Defense artists believe that their duty is to preserve and custody this More

The Great Event of Holy Defense not only affected all life aspects of Iranians, but also it explained and determined a special value system by its entrance into literary and artistic works; and Holy Defense artists believe that their duty is to preserve and custody this value system. Therefore every kind of change and transmutation in these values caused reactions of these artists and gradually made a movement named “Protest”; meanwhile, Holy Defense poetry and cinema has made “Protest” its main content. This convergence is shown in two kinds of social and political Protests in this interdisciplinary article. To review the Protest element in Holy Defense art, not only we named different famous faces in its poetry and cinema, but also we focused on works of one of the most famous Holy Defense cinema artists named “Ibrahim Hatami-Kia” and poets named “Alireza Qazve”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The Concept of Death in view of “Qeysar Aminpour” in his First Poesy
مهدی فیروزیان نسیم عظیمی‌پور

Qeysar Aminpour (1960- 2007) is one of the famous representatives of Revolution and Resistance Literature. In the first poesy of Qesar Aminpour (poems of two books named Morning Breath and Sudden Mirrors) which are composed during war years, death and its different mani More

Qeysar Aminpour (1960- 2007) is one of the famous representatives of Revolution and Resistance Literature. In the first poesy of Qesar Aminpour (poems of two books named Morning Breath and Sudden Mirrors) which are composed during war years, death and its different manifests are the most brilliant concepts in his poetry. He did not mention to natural death in this period and views war-caused deaths from two viewpoints: 1- people viewpoint: death is a disastrous event for innocent children and women and it has an abominable face which shows the brutality of enemy and the obscenity of war; 2- combatants’ viewpoint: death, i.e. martyrdom, has a sublime value and poet always tries to produce a beautiful manifest of death. After clarifying these mentioned viewpoints, we tried, in two sections of Martyrdom and Martyr, to introduce artistic methods of Qeysar Aminpour in dealing with Concept of Death from second viewpoint (Martyrdom) through Metaphor, Simile and Symbol- with mentioning to artistic beauties of his poetry- and finally we decoded some other of his poets based on these data and knowing his literary method and thinking system. Manuscript profile

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32 - From Avesta Simorgh (Roc) to Gold Simorgh (Roc)
Farideh Davoudymoghadam Zahra عسگري

According to the role of Simorgh (Roc) archetype among authors and artists, we see effective presence of Simorgh in classical Persian texts having different functions like mythical, epic, philosophical, mystical and so on roles. Among these functions, it has shapes of b More

According to the role of Simorgh (Roc) archetype among authors and artists, we see effective presence of Simorgh in classical Persian texts having different functions like mythical, epic, philosophical, mystical and so on roles. Among these functions, it has shapes of birds, human, gods, and angels and so on in early periods; and it has different forms, features, and functions due to presence of myth; while in contemporary world, Simorgh is no longer a strange and mysterious being, and it is a multi-patterned bird in literature and other forms of art. This shows that Simorgh has got to objectivity from abstraction in the historical transition to contemporary art and literature; and it has declined from its original fine status in contemporary poetry instead of improving or at least stopping in being applied in previous sublime uses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - The Conceptual Development of "Night" in Persian Poetry; From Mystical Symbol to Political Metaphor (As a Symbol of Indigenous)
مريم فيله‌كش سحر جوانمرد مهدی نجف‌زاده

Linguistic changes would be analyzed this article in social context and based on element of time. Development in word role is one of the linguistic changes whose root shall be sought in social construct. “Night” is one of the concepts whose fundamental semantic change i More

Linguistic changes would be analyzed this article in social context and based on element of time. Development in word role is one of the linguistic changes whose root shall be sought in social construct. “Night” is one of the concepts whose fundamental semantic change in literature can be regarded as signs of great social changes in Iran. Authors attempt to seek these changes by using synchrony and diachrony analysis method. We can categorize four periods of change in word “Shab” (i.e. Night), so that Night represents nature and a epical sign in classical poems. However, with a fundamental change in social context particularly in Middle Iran, Night has become a symbolic concept of Mysticism; in historical path of Iranian nation and its changing context during Constitution and emergence of Modernism, it got an indexical status and got the meaning of mishap and fate; finally, in fourth period, it is regarded as a metaphor of political authority, so it become a figural symbol along with spreading political Tyranny in the new period. Manuscript profile

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34 - “D.r Ali Sharia’ti”’s Method and Skill of Expression about Ashura in Poetic Prose
seyedreza shakeri

This article explains functional and hermeneutic aspects of “Introduction” poetic prose of in speech of “Hussein, Inheritor of Adam” in work series No. 19 of Ali Sharia’ti. Here, “Introduction” is assumed as an independent literary work and close to a drama text that b More

This article explains functional and hermeneutic aspects of “Introduction” poetic prose of in speech of “Hussein, Inheritor of Adam” in work series No. 19 of Ali Sharia’ti. Here, “Introduction” is assumed as an independent literary work and close to a drama text that based on its theme and components carries functional works into audience and causes social action in its audience. In other hand, its hermeneutic aspect signifies author’s existential problems about human and destiny and helps audience understand historical role of author despite his efficiency. Ashura is the central axis in “Introduction” that carries two aspects of efficiency and hermeneutic in position of a tragic drama. This article explains its claim based on a mixed theoretical framework came to this conclusion that “Introduction” is located below “Kaviriat” based on its method and content and also in categorized as “Islamiat and Ejtema’yiat” and in this view it can be regarded to have features of a literary text. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Analyzing the Concept of Social, Philosophical and Political Critiques In Series of Poetries of Qeysar Aminpour
هاجر آزاد mostafa gorji

Qeysar Aminpour is one of the most famous and distinctive artists of Iran’s Contemporary Literature who had tried to compose poem in different areas and poesy forms. He is a critical poet and his poems involves social criticism with philosophical background from 1980s w More

Qeysar Aminpour is one of the most famous and distinctive artists of Iran’s Contemporary Literature who had tried to compose poem in different areas and poesy forms. He is a critical poet and his poems involves social criticism with philosophical background from 1980s with “Morning Breathe” (1985) to 1990s with “Sudden Mirrors” (1994) and 2000s with “Flowers are all Sunflowers” (2001) and “Grammar of Love” (2008). Among all theses, and based on discourse and deep structure changes of Qeysar Aminpour poems in these three periods, author attempts to analyze the Protest issue which is one the mental problems of poets and authors from past to now and contemporary human is involved with it based on his/her surrounding issues in 4 sections of nature, naturology of Protest, existentialism, teleology, and moral grandeur and dignity of Protest. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - The Comparison and Analysis of Post-Colonial Manifestations in Tayeb Salih “Season of Migration to the North” and Simin Daneshvar “Savushun” Novels
Reza ناظميان maryam shokuhinia

The effect of colonialism on the Third World is always under consideration in works of worldwide authors and poets. Post-Colonial Literature attempts to fight against colonialism by offering a true picture and clarifying the truth behind the matter. One of the most cert More

The effect of colonialism on the Third World is always under consideration in works of worldwide authors and poets. Post-Colonial Literature attempts to fight against colonialism by offering a true picture and clarifying the truth behind the matter. One of the most certain purposes of Post-Colonialism theory is to understand the method of Colonialism approach in forming identities of colonialist and colonized to fight against this ideology. Iran and Sudan are among the countries that were under predominance of colonialism in some past periods. “Simin Daneshvar” and “Tayeb Salih” are among the contemporary Iranian and Sudanese authors who use Post-Colonialism novel framework to unmask and uncover historical truths about fighting against colonialists. Current study reviews and examines mentioned novels in their own time with Post-Colonialism point of view; it also examines consequences of Colonialism in Iran and Arab World using Analytic-Descriptive method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Reading Social Codes in Story Series of “The Acrid Taste of Persimmon” by Zoya Pirzad (From Social Semiotics Approach)
سهیلا فرهنگی Zahra صدیقی چهارده

Semiotics is an interdisciplinary approach that can be a guidance in reading literary texts like poetry and story. Applying social semiotics, this article tries to analyze and examine social codes of story series of “The Acrid Taste of Persimmon”. This study shows that More

Semiotics is an interdisciplinary approach that can be a guidance in reading literary texts like poetry and story. Applying social semiotics, this article tries to analyze and examine social codes of story series of “The Acrid Taste of Persimmon”. This study shows that identity and etiquette codes- which are regarded among the most important social codes- have significant status in Zoya Pirzad stories. It also shows that we can know social identity and status of characters of story and get a better understanding of social realities by recognizing lower layers of texts. Interpreting applied social codes in this story series shows Pirzad special attention to the role of women and their evolutions in social life scenes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Analyzing Some Realist Novels in Holy Defense Literature (Focusing on 3 Novels: Burnt Land, Twigs of Sour Cherry Tree and Journey to Heading 270 Degrees)
hossain hasanpouralashty Zahra مقدسی

Holy Defense Novel is one of the brilliant varieties in Persian Story Literature. Some of the committed Holy Defense authors, by following the Realist approach, have focused on presenting concrete pictures of Iran-Iraq War and producing simple and free of complexity. Re More

Holy Defense Novel is one of the brilliant varieties in Persian Story Literature. Some of the committed Holy Defense authors, by following the Realist approach, have focused on presenting concrete pictures of Iran-Iraq War and producing simple and free of complexity. Reviews show that most Realist Holy Defense authors have applied components like real characters, narrative sequence, single point of view (First Person and Third Person), plot based on cause and effect relations, tangible and real time and place to increase truthfulness and realism mode of works and communicate their message to the intended audience. Methodological approach of the current study is Descriptive-Analytic and Unit of Analysis is composed of structures of Realist novels in Holy Defense Literature, case studies of 3 novels: 1- Burnt Land (Ahmad Mahmud), 2- Twigs of Sour Cherry Tree (Akbar Khalili) and 3- Journey to heading 270 Degrees (Ahmad Dehqan) and it also focuses on fictional elements of character, narration and point of view, plot, time and place. Manuscript profile

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39 - Analyzing the Contrast of Women Approaches in Story Literature; Focusing on Holy Defense Stories
حمید رضایی jahangir safari ابراهيم ظاهري روح‌الله كريمي

Women, as composing half of society population, have significant roles in contemporary period’s social and cultural changes and their effective presence in society is manifested in many stories. Using Descriptive-phenomenological approach, this article attempts to analy More

Women, as composing half of society population, have significant roles in contemporary period’s social and cultural changes and their effective presence in society is manifested in many stories. Using Descriptive-phenomenological approach, this article attempts to analyze four groups of women, i.e. traditional women, Iranian culture-advocate women, westernized women, and wandering women in five contemporary novels. Traditional women are usually those homemakers or housekeepers paying attention just to domestic matters. Iranian culture-advocate women are those involved in social and political activities outside home and consider supporting and defensing Iranian culture ideals and doctrines as their own duties. Another group, i.e. westernized women, make claims about internal matters of country, support western culture, seek basic and fundamental reformations and protest against the current situation. Wandering women are not interested in western culture and do not follow and support Iranian domestic culture, but they are wandering in-between these two cultures. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Dissociating Identity in “Your Redness from Me” Novel
Narges Oskouie

Writing a novel and making a film based on scientific studies from worldwide has a long history; but this matter is often forgotten in story literature. Dissociative Identity Disorder (or DID) is a rare identity and personality disease. This sickness was foundation of w More

Writing a novel and making a film based on scientific studies from worldwide has a long history; but this matter is often forgotten in story literature. Dissociative Identity Disorder (or DID) is a rare identity and personality disease. This sickness was foundation of writing novels and making films. “Your redness from me” Novel is one of the rare Persian novels that is written based on features and reasons of this disease. Current article, using a psychological interdisciplinary studies method, briefly introduces this sickness and assesses its method of disease description, available symbols in story text, characterization type and match or mismatch of sick character of story with patients stricken with this disorder. Another part of the article seeks to search for simultaneous techniques of storytelling and psychoanalysis which are used in different layers of story (association, effusion of repressed memories, and …). Obtained result shows that although author had a few scientific errors, she was so successful in storytelling and using techniques like suspense, association, narrator selection, and special language appropriate for this story and describing mentioned patient. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Analyzing Polyphony Novel “Chess with Pandemonium Machine”
Behjatosadat Hejazi

“Chess with pandemonium machine” Novel is a realist philosophical novel that, along with pointing to Iran-Iraq War realities, point to philosophical and wise dialogues to provoke the audience curiosity for finding and understanding answers of questions mentally involved More

“Chess with pandemonium machine” Novel is a realist philosophical novel that, along with pointing to Iran-Iraq War realities, point to philosophical and wise dialogues to provoke the audience curiosity for finding and understanding answers of questions mentally involved with. Different functions of novel language makes the interpretability of text possible- especially when it deals with implied and implicit implications. In other hand, verbal discussions about chess and comparing it with human life scenes, internal monologues of narrator, time turns, asking and answering philosophical and verbal questions about the start of creation, determinism, and free will and environmental phenomena has produced a “Polyphony” novel. What special features do this novel have? And how are they compatible with text of “Habib Ahmad-zade” novel? Author explains different callings of intellect, time, dream and game based on “Milan Kundera” ideas in “Chess with pandemonium machine” novel with an analytical-descriptive method and also deals with the significance of nature of language of novel, functions of language of novel and semiotic implications which make Polyphony context. Manuscript profile

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42 - One step toward nativism: A critical study of the stories of Esmail Fasih A move from naturalism toward realism
Reza صادقی شهپر sima poormoradi

In literature, Naturalism believes that human deeds, tendencies and thoughts are derived from inner impulses and instinctive and natural drives and desires. Based on this belief, naturalists encompass all the phenomena and events within the circle of known facts which a More

In literature, Naturalism believes that human deeds, tendencies and thoughts are derived from inner impulses and instinctive and natural drives and desires. Based on this belief, naturalists encompass all the phenomena and events within the circle of known facts which are justifiable based on scientific principles. They emphasize such cases as heredity, environment and fate as determining factors in man’s life, and believe in an objective representation of human life and its unpleasant aspects based on direct observation and without any idealizing. They propose that as scientists of natural sciences investigate on the natural events and their relevant causes, one may do just such studies on the behavior and moods of human beings in literature. EsmailFasih is one such writer in Iranian literature in whose works traces of Naturalism can be detected. In the present dissertation, we have conducted a critical study of his major novels (KhakAshena, Sharab e Kham, Del e Koor, and AsirZaman) based on Naturalism’s percepts . Results achieved from our study have invariably proved the dominant reflection of such percepts in his works, thus proving our proposed thesis. Also of importance is the fact that heredity determinism, environment and fate are the most frequent Naturalistic parameters in Fasih’s Novels. The present study is conducted in a descriptive-analytic metod and is specially important as it is the first time that identifying naturalist parameters in the stories of Fasih hass been the subject of critical study, and he is considered as a naturalist writer. Manuscript profile

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43 - The Review and Analysis of “Hiss” Novel Focusing on Post-modern Existential Components
غلامحسین ملّازاده

Increasing evolutions, constant change in attitudes and emergence of various literary theories in this constant renewing world has affected story literature too and caused story writers – sometimes unaware and sometimes with awareness coming from a new self-consciousnes More

Increasing evolutions, constant change in attitudes and emergence of various literary theories in this constant renewing world has affected story literature too and caused story writers – sometimes unaware and sometimes with awareness coming from a new self-consciousness - to make their stories compatible with the condition of new world, by missing out fixed principle. Since applying the narrative method of “Death of Author” in Hiss Novel by Muhammad Reza Kateb is unforgettable in comparison with other main features of Post-modern work, this made the work to have necessary and appropriate capacities for this type of special postmodern reading. Authors of this article, using library and descriptive-analytic method, attempt to show that Hiss author, along with other postmodern techniques, uses this technique particularly with brilliant varieties and differences, and by so doing he could have introduced a masterpiece into the literary community. Kateb uses Death of Author intentionally in various forms and in different parts of this novel; he also produced suitable spaces for readers to enter into the story text along with freedom of action for story characters so that republicity of voices are clearer in his work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - The Reason of Composing Persian Prose Works from Their Authors' View Hussein
hossain hasanpouralashty Ahmad خلیلی

There were lots of great author along the history of Persian Language who inherited different kinds of works. From 4th Hegira up to nowadays that lots of prose texts has been composed there are few, if any, subjects in philosophical, theological, mystical, literary and More

There were lots of great author along the history of Persian Language who inherited different kinds of works. From 4th Hegira up to nowadays that lots of prose texts has been composed there are few, if any, subjects in philosophical, theological, mystical, literary and scientific that we cannot find some book(s) about. There are some information in the introduction section of these books about author and its contemporaries, general information about the work itself and so on; moreover, there would be some information about the necessity of the work composition that would explain and justify its goals and composition reason in a brief and comprehensive manner. The main question in the current study is that what is the real reason of composition of these works in their authors' view? Authors have gained some piece of data after reviewing 150 works from the most famous Persian prose works in different subjects and genres and divided them into different categories. The general result is that most of these works were written due to the order or request of someone and few, if any, works have been written due to the author's own decision and motive. This issue has often been rooted in personal, social, economic and even political reasons that this article tries to deal with and shed light on its causes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Comparative Analysis of "Book of Arda Viraf", Seir-al-Ebad, and Divine Comedy
manzar soltani کلثوم قربانی جویباری

Our purpose in this article is to criticize and analyze the fictional components (story elements) in three imaginative itineraries called "Book of Arda Viraf", "Seir-al-Ebad", and "Divine Comedy of Dante" and then we would tell the reason of excellence of every one of t More

Our purpose in this article is to criticize and analyze the fictional components (story elements) in three imaginative itineraries called "Book of Arda Viraf", "Seir-al-Ebad", and "Divine Comedy of Dante" and then we would tell the reason of excellence of every one of them over other two works. In so doing, we tried to analyze the fictional components of every one of these three and explain their brilliant differences. Mrs. "Kasreef-far" previously reviewed symbolism in abovementioned works but there is no research regarding the fictional value of these works. Therefore along with the current library method and the aim of comparison of abovementioned components we found that Seir-al-Ebad of Sanaee is superior than two other in story narrating due to the dynamism of its characters, strong theme and reasonable quarrels, fictional and surreal style of narration. Manuscript profile

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46 - Analyzing the Character of Bayazid in Shams Essays
Mehdi mohabbati

Certainly one the of most famous character in Iranian-Islamic Mysticism is Bayazid Bastami who have had a distinctive sublime and respectable status and position due to his type of viewpoint, moods, and excellent dignities and had always special respect and kindness fro More

Certainly one the of most famous character in Iranian-Islamic Mysticism is Bayazid Bastami who have had a distinctive sublime and respectable status and position due to his type of viewpoint, moods, and excellent dignities and had always special respect and kindness from Sufis and brilliant mystical characters which is proven by the existence of mass volume of quotations, anecdotes, and words in Sufi texts. However, among all of these respects and dignities, we sometimes see other types of approach toward Bayazid and his personality which are all reflectible and considerable; one of them is the varied and unique viewpoint of Shams Tabrizi. Shams saw himself involved with the existential dilemma of Bayazid from the very beginning of his appearance in cultural-mystical history of Persian Language (i.e. Meeting with Molavi) and had not forgotten it until the very end of his absence and never accepted the dominant discourse toward Bayazid; he reviewed and criticized his words, actions, and character in a brief period with precision and strong intensity and finally challenged his status heavily and disrespected it. This article is to illuminate and categorize and analyze Shams Tabrizi's views about Bayazid Bastami emphasizing on this point that Molana- despite his amorously regards to Shams Tabrizi- is not a disciple of Shams Tabrizi. Manuscript profile

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47 - Content Analysis of 20 Years Rewriting of Revision of Masnavi’ Stories for Kids and Teenage (1990-2010)

The purpose of the current research is to study rewritten stories of Masnavi for kids and juveniles, from Masnavi during 1990 to 2010 and identifying their problems based on rewriting principles. The applied method in this research is content analysis. Statistical sam More

The purpose of the current research is to study rewritten stories of Masnavi for kids and juveniles, from Masnavi during 1990 to 2010 and identifying their problems based on rewriting principles. The applied method in this research is content analysis. Statistical sample contains 63 stories from Masnavi which are all selected by systematic accidental sampling from 160 stories of Masnavi. To collect research data, I used a list that I myself have created it. The most significant problems of the rewritten stories, according to content's quality, structure and delivery, language, picture and method of presentation viewpoint, can categorized as follow: Not encouraging reader to know Masnavi, not improving curiosity to follow its stories, not determining the situation of revised rewritten story in Masnavi, not attending to main themes of stories in Masnavi context, not using Masnavi poems and verses in these stories, not observing grammatical, written, orthographic principles and laws, and important principles of artless writing, also applying difficult words and terms of old texts without any explanation and description, using uninteresting pictures, weakness in designing and using artless pictures, not having a special page for introducing Masnavi, not having a glossary for necessary and hard words and finally weak book wrapper and typography. In some books are among the most significant problems of revision from content's quality, structure and delivery, language, picture and method of presentation viewpoint. Manuscript profile

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48 - Introducing and Reviewing Thoughts of Muezzin Khorasani, Mystic and Poet of 11th Hegira
تکتم بهرامی Alireza Fouladi

"Muhammad Ali Khorasani" with a nickname and pseudonym called "muezzin" is one of the 11th Hegira mystic and is one the Aqtab-e Zahabiye who has legated a Divan of nearly 3700 verses. The sage Khorasani was born in Säbzĕvär and joined to Zahabiye sect in his youth and a More

"Muhammad Ali Khorasani" with a nickname and pseudonym called "muezzin" is one of the 11th Hegira mystic and is one the Aqtab-e Zahabiye who has legated a Divan of nearly 3700 verses. The sage Khorasani was born in Säbzĕvär and joined to Zahabiye sect in his youth and after Sheikh Hatam Zaravandi, leader of the sect on that time, was assigned to this position. Khorasani muezzin like many mystic-poets applied his mystical thoughts in poetry arena. Though he lived in 11th Hegira, his poems can be regarded as the continuation of Iraqi Mystical style poem. His poems are simple, fluent and adsorbent. There are lots of words about true love in his poems, and Sufi thoughts have deep reflection in its core and surface. His divan was not corrected and published, but the author has corrected it based on its 4 versions as his MA thesis and has used many of wise guidance of thoughtful master, Dr. Alireza Fuladi. It is tried in this essay to introduce this poet and provide an outline of his thoughts which are clearly and brilliantly obvious in his poems for readers, so that they can have at least a brief familiarity with this poet of Ahl-e Beit of Prophet and his thoughts. Manuscript profile

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49 - The Analysis of "Where is Khezr?" by Taghi Poornamdariyan based on an Intertextual Approach
همایون جمشیدیان

In this essay, "Where is Khezr?" composed by Dr. Taqi Pournamdarian, is analyzed based on an intertextual approach. The purpose of this research is to illuminate the relation of pictures in this poem with classic poem, showing the relation of components of mystical, epi More

In this essay, "Where is Khezr?" composed by Dr. Taqi Pournamdarian, is analyzed based on an intertextual approach. The purpose of this research is to illuminate the relation of pictures in this poem with classic poem, showing the relation of components of mystical, epic, lyric genres and the type of their combination in the creation of contemporary romantic poem. The word "Khezr" has mystical and epic implications. According to the feature of Khezr who is the helper of the lost, it is expected that the narrator of "Where is Khezr?" be confused and wandering in spiritual journey abstinence domains. Such implications can be observed in words and terms like "darkness", "alkahest" (i.e. water of life), "the desert of night". On the other hand, based on the content of poem, there would rise this question that how are elements of poem and its different semantic implications interrelated to each other? The results of the current research shows that this poem is lyric and it describes an earthly beloved, but there are symbols of other genres. The narrator of the poet passes difficult stages like an epic hero to reach their target, for example s/he passes darkness land. Fourfold sections of the poem associates four seasons. These seasons are periodical like epic time and do not have linear circuit. Separation and tinker would occur simultaneously with passing of different seasons. This poem is the product of conflux and different genre association which is emerged from the unconscious of the poet who had lived in the ecology of cultural worlds. In this article the intertextual analysis of poem was applied and components of different genres were compared and analyzed and their ratio in producing a coherent and structured text was also reviewed. Manuscript profile

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50 - The Analysis of Narrative variants and Narrator features Features in Stories Series of "New Stories from Old Books", by Mehdi Azar Yazdi
یوسف نیکروز سودابه کشاورزی

This article reviews narrator and its features in "New stories Stories from Old Books" by Mehdi Azar Yazdi among different fictional components. First, narrative variants are defined based on the ideas of Jaap Lint Volt; then, narrative variants of heterogeneous story w More

This article reviews narrator and its features in "New stories Stories from Old Books" by Mehdi Azar Yazdi among different fictional components. First, narrative variants are defined based on the ideas of Jaap Lint Volt; then, narrative variants of heterogeneous story world and its types (text-writer, agent, and neutral) and narrative variants of homogeneous story world and its types (text-writer and agent), and also narratee and it types (extra-story narratee and intra-story narratee) are reviewed in the stories of this book. Azar Yazdi has used heterogeneous narrative variant of text-writer, heterogeneous narrative variant of neutral, heterogeneous narrative variant of agent and homogeneous narrative variant of text-writer. According to this fact that heterogeneous narrative variant of text-writer is the most frequently used narrative variant and the author has used the omniscience and capability of interpretation of the narrator in this narrative variant to familiarize and introduce the characters and transfer pedagogical and moral content simply, it can be said that Azar Yazdi had special attention to his kid audience while creating his stories. Manuscript profile

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51 - Archetypical Reviewing and Criticizing of Aeneid in Virgil
khadijeh bahrami rahnama

One of the significant events of literary criticism is archetypical criticism. Archetypes include potential and elementary images and ideas that are in collective unconscious of human. In Jung’s view, these elements are product of collective experience that repeated in More

One of the significant events of literary criticism is archetypical criticism. Archetypes include potential and elementary images and ideas that are in collective unconscious of human. In Jung’s view, these elements are product of collective experience that repeated in all generations’ lives. Aeneid is a mythical poem that is rooted in Romans collective unconscious. This work can be analyzed from different approaches like archetypical criticism. Archetypes such as “hero”, “animus”, “Old Wise”, and “shade” and their manner of manifest on every character of story are analyzed as the main issue of this research. Results show that Aene is hero archetype who passes successfully three stages of searching, debuting, scapegoat to reach individuality stage which is selfhood, the ultimate of individuality process. Archetype of Animus is overhang on “Didon” and “Camille” psyche. Venus is Old Wise archetype who helped the hero all over the poem and finally, fights against “Tornus” who is his internal shade and then dominates him. Research methodology is content analysis in framework of literary criticism. Therefore, the aim of current research is archetypical criticism of Aeneid by Virgil based on Jung ideas. Manuscript profile

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52 - Analysis of Adam and Eve Fall in the Third Section of Kashf-al Asrar and Od-at-al Abrar by Meybudi1
اکبر لطفی مهدی ماحوزی

Meybudi interpreted Quranic verses in the Third Section of Kashf-al Asrar and proposes some understandings from Quranic verses, concepts and issues based on his mystical taste; however, his interpretations are not about all Quranic verses, and the interpreter, Meybudi More

Meybudi interpreted Quranic verses in the Third Section of Kashf-al Asrar and proposes some understandings from Quranic verses, concepts and issues based on his mystical taste; however, his interpretations are not about all Quranic verses, and the interpreter, Meybudi, dealt with Verses which are open to these kinds of interpretations based on different textual and extra-textual contexts. One of the issues that attracted interpretive views to itself is story of “the Fall” of Adam and Eve. In Meybudi’s view, it seems that “the Fall” is a degradation of sublime status of existence which is realized and occurred in form of manifestation and non-manifestation and its base is about human and his caliphate on earth. In this study, along with explanation of different meanings of Adam and Eve Fall in different cultures, these issues are reviewed based on Kashf-al Asrar: meanings and examples of Adam and Eve Fall, evolution of Adam and Eve Fall and its variants, aims and purposes of Adam and Eve Fall, difference between cursed and generous Adam and Eve Fall, and refusal of gender, how of Adam Fall, evil and enjoyment of evil from the Fall, and so on. Results show that Adam and Eve Fall in Meybudi’s view was designed to test human which was occurred in form of manifestation and non-manifestation, gender had no role in it and its purpose was to help human reach God’s caliphate on earth. Manuscript profile

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53 - The Effect of Symbolism of Expression Methods of Nima Yushij Thoughts
حاتم قادری A m Mohammad kamalizadeh

We study in this article some political approaches of European Symbolist poets and reread Nima’s method of interaction with his time intellectual Currents to show that Nima’s political trends and his relation with intellectual ideologies and discourses of his time has c More

We study in this article some political approaches of European Symbolist poets and reread Nima’s method of interaction with his time intellectual Currents to show that Nima’s political trends and his relation with intellectual ideologies and discourses of his time has close similarity with dominant approaches found in thought and action of European Symbolists; in other words, Nima’s advocacy of symbolism- not the only factor- has a lot effect on his political trends and decisions. Among these, hegemonic intellectual discourses of his time and his method of facing with these discourses also had determinative role in promoting these trends. Manuscript profile

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54 - Analytic Review of Black Romanticism in Nosrat Rahmani Compositions
مینو محمدی نجمه نظری

Political, social, and cultural situation of every era has direct effects on poets’ views. Black and pessimist Romantic literature as a literary genre has emerged in Iran’s society after one decade of mobility and tension in different social and political areas; it was More

Political, social, and cultural situation of every era has direct effects on poets’ views. Black and pessimist Romantic literature as a literary genre has emerged in Iran’s society after one decade of mobility and tension in different social and political areas; it was indeed a kind of Protest against destructive consequences of coup d'etat 1332 (1953) which suddenly sunk many social and cultural activities in complete stagnation. Poets, in this era, expressed their Protests in various kinds, sometimes semi-obvious and sometimes indirectly, though there were severe censorship and strangulation. Symbolism was one the invisible methods of fighting against censorship; however, black and romantic literature was an obvious and hidden and somehow negative battle against political blockage that reflected poet’s rebellion and Protest focusing on destructive consequences caused by coup d'etat in political, social and cultural areas. It is tried in this article to review some reasons of emergence of this literary genre and its reflection in “Nosrat Rahmani” poet as a poet of Black Poetry. Manuscript profile

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55 - Quintuple Areas of Regional-writing in Contemporary Story Literature of Iran
Reza صادقی شهپر

Dividing authors and their works based on their geographical location and birthplace is appropriate and true only when their similar features connect them to each other, otherwise naming a school and style of its authors’ works only based on their regional trend toward More

Dividing authors and their works based on their geographical location and birthplace is appropriate and true only when their similar features connect them to each other, otherwise naming a school and style of its authors’ works only based on their regional trend toward an area is meaningless and un-justifiable. Regional stories have similar and harmonic features and are accepted in connection with a special region and appropriate with birthplaces of authors and effects that they get from a special region. It is these effects from regional environment and its reflection in stories that caused some sort of similarities among works of some authors living in a same region and simultaneously caused some sort of differences with works of authors from other regions. Author in this article, after expressing the history of schooling in Iran’s contemporary story writing and their criticisms, proposes a new, precise and systematic division of regional story-writing based on definite and defined criteria and defines five area or branch of regional story-writing based on this criteria: north, south, Khorasan, west (Kerman Shah) and Azerbaijan in Iran’s contemporary story writing from constitutional era to Islamic Revolution. Manuscript profile

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56 - Criticism of politicization in Contemporary Novels (Case Study of a Political Novel: My Homeland’s Secrets)1
ُseyyed ali seraj mostafa gorji

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political e More

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political events, critical discourse analysis (CDA) method is an appropriate approach in analyzing this kind of fiction. This approach focuses on form and meaning and in analyzing literary texts, it focuses also on different cultural, social, and political factors that are effective in text formation; it is for this reason that CDA theoreticians maintain that we do not deal just with lexical elements forming sentences as the main criteria for explaining meaning, that is co-text, but also beyond that, factors outside of text, i.e. situational, cultural, social and so on context. Norman Fairclough is a CDA theoretician who reviews texts in three levels, descriptive, interpretive and expressive. This method of analyzing is so useful in discovering and expressing intellectual ideas of authors and their political and social approaches. Theoretical framework of this research is based on Fairclough CDA. Research method is descriptive-analytic and it tries, based on CDA, to reflect on and reread “My Homeland's Secrets” Novel by Reza Barahini which is one the most brilliant political novels after Islamic Revolution, and reviews and analyzes main political events in Iran focusing on psychological issues like personalities and brilliant elements in it like title semiotics, images and descriptions, story’s characters (agent, passive and narrator), type of narration, design and dominant theme of story and … . Results show that this novel, as a literary text, is in interaction with Fairclough method of Discoursal action and social action and dominant hegemony and has close affinities with hegemonic discourse of three decade ago. Manuscript profile

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57 - Tradition and Modernity in “Neighbors” Novel
مهبود فاضلی فاطمه سادات حسيني

The relation of society and literature is one of the issues under constant research in literary studies. The relation of tradition and modernity as a social matter has been manifested in literary works too. The manifestations of these elements of these two (focusing on More

The relation of society and literature is one of the issues under constant research in literary studies. The relation of tradition and modernity as a social matter has been manifested in literary works too. The manifestations of these elements of these two (focusing on Anthony Giddens ideas) in “Neighbors” novel and expressing the relation of elements of tradition and modernity and reflection of other authors’ ideas about these two are main purposes of this article. Anthony Giddens believes that traditions are present even in the most modern societies. Research Results show that traditional indexes of culture and society are observed more than modern elements in these contexts in the story; due to this reason, although economical and political elements are mostly modern, they are dominated by tradition and fail to verify themselves. Mahmood has a negative view of most traditions especially cultural customs; however he does not ignore criticizing modern elements too. Manuscript profile

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58 - The Image of Imam Ali (PBUH) in Khaqani’s Poems
هوشنگ محمدي‌افشار

Khaqani Sheravani was a punctilious orator and was familiar with Islamic knowledge and educations and also was follower of Edris Shafei. Khaqani values four buddies of Holy Prophet respectively and rebuked the heretic (Raafedhi) and Ismailis; however, he mentions Imam A More

Khaqani Sheravani was a punctilious orator and was familiar with Islamic knowledge and educations and also was follower of Edris Shafei. Khaqani values four buddies of Holy Prophet respectively and rebuked the heretic (Raafedhi) and Ismailis; however, he mentions Imam Ali (PBUH) and the family of Prophet honorably which shows the purity of his faith and regards toward them. This article attempts to review the image of Imam Ali (PBUH) in Khaqani’s poems. Firstly, we will look to the personality, ethical characteristics, features, attempts and lives of Imam Ali, applying the resources of Islam’s History; then we will mention and analyze some examples of Khaqani’s poems in this regard. After that, the image of Prophet’s household and their expression of right and excellence over others would be analyzed and reviewed in tongue of Khaqani Sheravani along with his poems. The Research Method in this inquiry is library based and would be based on the technique of description and content analysis. Manuscript profile

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59 - Ceremonial Journey of Esfandiyar in Shah-name
نسرین شکیبی ممتاز maryam آخسسثهده

“The process of individuality” with centrality of considerable amount of Jungian archetypes makes the double-based unification of psyche - self awareness and non-self awareness – possible in the frame of symbolic acts and along the ceremonial journey for the hero. In fa More

“The process of individuality” with centrality of considerable amount of Jungian archetypes makes the double-based unification of psyche - self awareness and non-self awareness – possible in the frame of symbolic acts and along the ceremonial journey for the hero. In fact, by passing the different layers of “shade” and attempting to modify its deterrent force which has roots in the negative psyche features of hero, he is in a new step visiting “anima”; therefore, knowing his feminine direction of his psyche, hero achieves great capability in knowing “wise old” who is the real durable truth of existence. Knowing the status of this wise old, which he himself is one of the most archaic kind of ancient human psyche, and obeying his decrees passes the path of individuality of hero to a conclusion which has significant psychological features. “Rebirth” which is equal to knowing “self” and integrating with it in ceremonial symbology, carries hero’s psychological life in a determined and advancing sample toward its ultimate goal. In excavation of narrative of Esfandiyar’s life who is one the main characteristics of Ferdowsi’ Shah-Name, we can come into the psychological deep structure of story by passing the epic surface structure which shows the hero’s journey to reach a special goal from the aspect of knowing self, meaning to discover individuality; therefore, passing “seven steps” which are regarded as the seven steps of passing shade, hero can kill Arjasb Tourani and saved his sisters and achieving victory in this step, he gets ready in next journey to combat with Rustam as the wise old. In the last step of his individuality and losing his eyes, understands the right of old wise and with a ceremonial death achieves a rebirth. Esfandiyar’s rebirth has symbolic and ceremonial aspects depositing his son – Bahman. Manuscript profile

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60 - Analysis of Seven Domes of Nezami Ganjavi based on the Elements of Visual Arts
زينب نوروزي فهیمه مختاری

The system of language and words has a capacity and strength that can make a bridge between poetry and visual arts; possibilities like forms of imagination, sensual words and the kind of their expression, discrimination and descriptions of miniatures, drawing of concret More

The system of language and words has a capacity and strength that can make a bridge between poetry and visual arts; possibilities like forms of imagination, sensual words and the kind of their expression, discrimination and descriptions of miniatures, drawing of concrete pictures, and attention to surface structure, form and narrative structure of poetry more than its deep structure. Nezami Among the Persian poets has applied these possibilities more; he also could approach visual arts via focusing on the visual elements and implantation of color, light, line and so on and could add the visual and visual element to his poetry; Therefore, we can find the association between poetry and visual arts in Nezami’s poesy art more obviously. This research, having a comparative view, attempts to readout and repeat different aspects of visual arts in Nezami’s Seven Domes. Manuscript profile

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61 - Literary, Pedagogical and Historical Analysis and Criticism of Matam-Kade by Bidel Qazvini
حميد عابديها جمشيد مظاهري اسحاق طغیانی غلامحسين شريفي

Matam-Kade (Grief House), is the title of a book by Mulla Qorban Ibn-e Ramazan Badashti Rudbari Qazvini whose pseudonym is Bidel; it is related to the martyrdom place of Imam Hussein (PBUH). This book includes the events in 61st lunar year of Hegira from the martyrdom t More

Matam-Kade (Grief House), is the title of a book by Mulla Qorban Ibn-e Ramazan Badashti Rudbari Qazvini whose pseudonym is Bidel; it is related to the martyrdom place of Imam Hussein (PBUH). This book includes the events in 61st lunar year of Hegira from the martyrdom time of Imam Hussein (PBUH) to sending the slaves caravan with the pure heads of martyrs from Karbala to Koufe and Sham and finally returning slaves to Karbala in the first fortieth after Karbala Event. The book whose finishing date is 1267th lunar year of Hegira is in prose and poetry form and it is so significant from literary and rhetorical aspects. This research attempts to briefly explain about the author and his literary status and his impression on the literary variety of “Marsie (threnode or elegy)” and murder-place writing. Then we will discuss about the name, theme, content and structure of Matam-Kade. After that, the style of historical status of this work would be briefly analyzed and the role of pedagogy element in this work would be mentioned by some titles and quoting some samples. Following this, we will mention some examples in content-structure criticism. Matam-kade of Bidel Qazvini is one the most significant and exotic works in this genre in Iran’s Literature History that is significant in literary and historical aspects and therefore, it is necessary to correct, interpret and publish it to regenerate and introduce one of the best written masterpieces of ceremonial literature of Islamic Iran. Manuscript profile

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62 - The Narratological Criticism of “Women Writer”
عليرضا شاهيني

Narrative of a story is the most important structural part of it. Appropriate and effective application of narrative methods is the main success base for every author to make his/her work lasting; therefore, narratological reviewing of a story and analysis of the new an More

Narrative of a story is the most important structural part of it. Appropriate and effective application of narrative methods is the main success base for every author to make his/her work lasting; therefore, narratological reviewing of a story and analysis of the new and creative methods of narrative are two important discussions in contemporary story criticism which, beyond motif and theme and content of the work, deals with the completely literary manifests of story text and reveals its different devices. “Women Writer” by Mahmoud Golab-Darei is a story which in its creation, writer particularly focuses on the contemporary narrative methods of story-writing. The considerable mental narrative and approaching to the language of poetry and poetic story, and also fluidity of narrative current which causes ambiguity in story and therefore tolerating different conclusions from reader is of the narrative feature of this story. Manuscript profile

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63 - Structural Criticism of Narrative Sketch in Story
عبدالله حسن‌زاده میرعلی علی ششتمدی

Structural criticism of narrative sketch in story is a method to story criticism. In this article, first the definition of narrative and its construction is proposed and then its discrimination with linguistic elements is provided. Narrative is a story element which is More

Structural criticism of narrative sketch in story is a method to story criticism. In this article, first the definition of narrative and its construction is proposed and then its discrimination with linguistic elements is provided. Narrative is a story element which is not in the domain of language and as the essence and base of story, tale, fiction, drama, and other related literary forms, creates the main structure of an artistic work. Narrative sketch includes some elements of story which are significant in reviewing the structure of narrative. The role of narrative sketch is very significant in story morphology and to review the narrative sketch and its structure, we should review its sketch elements. Narrative morphology reveals artistic motifs of story and the kind of addressee relation with story and narrative would be proposed from this perspective. In last part, the method and technique of this criticism would be proposed independently and functionally and the significance and value of this method would be reviewed. Manuscript profile

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64 - Nima the Objector, Hermeneutic Interpretation of “Kak-kei”
فاطمه راکعی

“Kak-kei” is one of the symbolic poems of Nima whose date of composition is not mentioned by Nima; however, Nima-researchers has lodged it among two poems named “Barf” (Snow) and “Pass-ha az Shab Gozashte” (long hours has passed from the night) which are respectively d More

“Kak-kei” is one of the symbolic poems of Nima whose date of composition is not mentioned by Nima; however, Nima-researchers has lodged it among two poems named “Barf” (Snow) and “Pass-ha az Shab Gozashte” (long hours has passed from the night) which are respectively dated from 1955 and winter 1957. Structure, message and content of the poem itself prove this too. The author in this article, applying a method using Schleiermacher ideas and studying Nima’s works and works about Nima and reviewing social, political and cultural conditions and situations after the coup d'etat until the death of Nima, attempts to interpret “Kak-kei”. The author considers attempting to reach the given meaning of poet as the tasks of Interpreter in symbolic poems in which the poet tries to give social-political message; whilst due to the semantic leakage from symbol and the significance of semantic horizon of the Interpreter, the author emphasizes on the different interpretations of such poems, having pure linguistic purposes in mind. Manuscript profile

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65 - The Analysis of Persian Language Status in Swahili Language and Literature
امير بهرام عرب احمدي

Over the last millennium, Persian Language has influenced many parts of the world. Most researchers believe that the Persian language dominance is limited to Middle Asia and India Peninsula. There have been lots of researches in this regard, but there is little, if any, More

Over the last millennium, Persian Language has influenced many parts of the world. Most researchers believe that the Persian language dominance is limited to Middle Asia and India Peninsula. There have been lots of researches in this regard, but there is little, if any, information about the status of Persian language and literature in East Africa. In fact, East Africa (particularly Tanzania, Independent Republic of Zanzibar, and south parts of Kenya) are among the areas which in spite of far distance from Iran, have accepted considerable effects from Persian language and literature and there remains many of Persian original words. This article attempts to provide information about the status of Persian language and literature in East Africa from very past up to now and explicates its role in formation and strengthening of Swahili language and literature. Manuscript profile

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66 - The Comparison of “Shirin and Xosru” by Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani with “Xosru and Shirin” By Nezami Ganjavi
Mohammad Ali Khazanehdarlou بهروز سلطانی

Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani named Mir Jomle was born in 981 (L. Hegira) in “Shahrestan environs of Isfahan and died in 1047 Hegira due to jerk and knock kneed maladies in New Delhi. In spite the fact that he was a minister and one of the overwrought and hardwork More

Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani named Mir Jomle was born in 981 (L. Hegira) in “Shahrestan environs of Isfahan and died in 1047 Hegira due to jerk and knock kneed maladies in New Delhi. In spite the fact that he was a minister and one of the overwrought and hardworking poets of his time. Imitating Nezami Ganjavi, he has composed a Xamse. He has nearly thirty thousand couplets. His method in poetry is one that Kalim, glorifying him, has said: “he sewed the clothes of words into the meanings”. The comparison of comparables with the original work can help us identify the literary work, and the reasons of its survival and success. Comparing the content, structures and language of Shirin and Xosru” by Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani poem With “Xosru and Shirin” By Nezami Ganjavi’s peom, this article attempts to review the differences and similarities between these two poems. Some parts of Rouh-al-Amin’s work which is imitated from Nezami Ganjavi has a different expression method. Many of words, phrases and expressions used by Nezami have gotten new frames in his poetry, which are cheaper than the original work by Nezami Ganjavi. Rouh-al-Amin did not tend a lot to newness in phrases and expression and words and mostly attempts to change narrations and events of stories. Manuscript profile

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67 - The Analysis of Lyric Themes in Epic of Bahman-Name
aliasghar babasafari کوروش منوچهری

Literary varieties are divided into Epic, Lyric, Pedagogical, and Dramatic literatures according to content. These varieties are interfered by each other; in other words, a lyric work may have some epic episodes and there may be some signs of pedagogical or lyric in an More

Literary varieties are divided into Epic, Lyric, Pedagogical, and Dramatic literatures according to content. These varieties are interfered by each other; in other words, a lyric work may have some epic episodes and there may be some signs of pedagogical or lyric in an epic work; the presence of one literary variety in another variety, sometimes, adds to the work variation and attraction and sometimes causes the interruption of tone and language in literary works. Bahman-Name (5th and 6th Hegira century) is written by Iranshah-ibn-e Abi-al-khier is one the epic poems which is not devoid of lyric aspects. Reviewing the lyric themes and their harmony or disharmony with the epic text was done in this article, since epic and lyric are so different from each other in literature. Lyric themes, available in this poem, were extracted and classified in this article which resulted in identifying 12 lyric themes like: apology, oath, praise, elegy, eulogy, gravamen, pride, lampoon, and so on. Epic tone and archaism of language is observed in these lyric themes, too. The presence of lyric themes does not partition the epic tone and this work has a unity in tone. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - The Analysis of Paradoxical Contents of Molavi Based on the Analytic Method of Jung
سید ماجد غروی نیستانی مجتبی زروانی

We first try to clarify our meaning of “paradoxical”; then, we shall see in format of three basic samples that the paradoxical phrases used by Molavi turn to: rhetorical device to array a reduced speech, or is read in a contradictory format, or is reduced to a reasonabl More

We first try to clarify our meaning of “paradoxical”; then, we shall see in format of three basic samples that the paradoxical phrases used by Molavi turn to: rhetorical device to array a reduced speech, or is read in a contradictory format, or is reduced to a reasonable method to realize the words. Although these samples are useful guidelines in most cases, they are mostly to solve the problem of Paradox rather than its epistemology. According to the interpretation of Jung on Fundamental paradoxes in human existence, this article tries to provide a new perspective to analyze this issue in Molavi’s thought. This article is not a simultaneity and comparison of Molavi and Jung Mind-set; but it is the formulation of Jung Model for Paradox Analysis, and applying this sample in Molavi’s thought. According to this sample, mystic is encountered with an existential paradox in the deepest levels of “self” and considers this deep contradiction as the voucher of self growth and reach of knowledge. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - The Comparison of Narrative Structure of “looking of Prophet at Slaves” In Masnavi and Fih ma Fih of Molavi
لیلی صدر هاشمی

According to the reviews, there are 12 common narratives in Masnavi and Fih ma Fih. Since analyzing all common narratives is not possible in a single article, it seems that the first narrative of Fih ma Fih named “looking of Prophet at slaves” whose comparable is seen i More

According to the reviews, there are 12 common narratives in Masnavi and Fih ma Fih. Since analyzing all common narratives is not possible in a single article, it seems that the first narrative of Fih ma Fih named “looking of Prophet at slaves” whose comparable is seen in the third book of Masnavi has many thinkable aspects like context of text, intermixing historical backgrounds, actions, Molavi innovation and so on which makes it more significant. Molavi intermixes two different backgrounds of Badr and Xandagh wars, and creates two narratives which are common in their first roles, kinds of behavioral, mental and verbal processes; but in Fih ma Fih he adds an episode and as a result expands conversation between characters and some roles and makes a different narrative. The current study reviews the historical background of abovementioned narrative, then, compares the actions and roles and their varieties, the analysis of actions based on kinds of current processes, reviewing characters based on the Grimac view, reviewing details and features of the narrative, features and characteristics of characters, scenery, and conversations in Fih ma Fih and Masnavi all in details, and shows the amount of Molavi’s innovation or his occupation based on the structure of the text. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - The Status of Plate and Pen in Mystical Ontology of Ibn-e Arabi and Attar of Neyshabur
Mehdi Zamani

In mystical Ontology of Ibn-e Arabi “Supreme Pen” equals “First intellect”, “global Soul” and “Muhammadian Truth” which have main roles in composition and formulation of the Book of Creation, but making the pen demands ability which is reflected in form of “guarded plat More

In mystical Ontology of Ibn-e Arabi “Supreme Pen” equals “First intellect”, “global Soul” and “Muhammadian Truth” which have main roles in composition and formulation of the Book of Creation, but making the pen demands ability which is reflected in form of “guarded plate” or “general self”. Ibn-e Arabi attempted to clarify the role of plate and pen in revelation of divine Science and Will via allegory. Along this way, he interprets the Quranic verses based on intuition and mystical doctrine, but in addition to this, he adjusts them with the philosophical principles and old physics; an action which is done by some of Muslim scientists in specification of Grace Theory. Attar of Neyshabur, in the climax of explicating his Ontology in “Mosibat-Name (Tragedy-Letter)”, introduces Plate and Pen respectively as the symbol of Features of knowledge and power of “spirit” and considers the light of Mostafa (the Prophet) or the truth of Perfect Human as the genuine “spirit”. In his descriptions and allegories about the Plate and Pen, he also mentions to the intellectual principles of philosophy and doctrines of old astronomy or the Nine (Skies) Theory. Explaining the doctrines and expressing the similarities and differences of these two famous Muslim mystics are among the results of this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - The Analysis of Conflict of Tradition and Modernity in Social Novel after Islamic Revolution in Iran
مریم عاملی رضایی

Social Novel is an applicatory area to reflect and recreate social realities in the mirror of literature. The challenge between tradition and modernity is one the themes that is reflected in the Persian literature from the constitutional monarchy and is reflected in an More

Social Novel is an applicatory area to reflect and recreate social realities in the mirror of literature. The challenge between tradition and modernity is one the themes that is reflected in the Persian literature from the constitutional monarchy and is reflected in an appropriate manner with social changes of every era. After the Islamic Revolution of Iran, social novel experienced considerable quantitative and qualitative growth and there is few novels which in this time which has not expressed social themes. The main problem of this study is reviewing the conflict of tradition and modernity concepts in social novels after the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this study is comparative reviewing and comparing of the authors’ approach toward this issue in the three decades from 1360 to 1390 (1981 to 2011). This study is done applying descriptive-analytic method and using library resources. The result of this research shows that in Novels of 1360 to 1370 (1981 to 1991) this conflict is reflected in a clear and manifest manner particularly in objection to industrialization, the material looks of modernity and losing traditions, but in 1370 to 1390 (1991 to 2011) this experience is internalized and is manifested in form of suspicion, wandering, and traditionalism. However, the acceptance of changes of first decade which were regarded as serious challenges in second and third decade shows the flourishing movement toward modernity particularly in city communities and educated group. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Picture and Character of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) the Greatest in Persian Mystical Prose
عفت نادری‌نژاد mostafa gorji

One of the main themes in the literary works of the world, particularly mystical and ethical texts, is to put the prophet’s states in writing, as the results of his experience and mystical intuition. In fact, mysticism as an artistic approach towards religion leads to e More

One of the main themes in the literary works of the world, particularly mystical and ethical texts, is to put the prophet’s states in writing, as the results of his experience and mystical intuition. In fact, mysticism as an artistic approach towards religion leads to esthetic and artistic discussions about religious issues such as prophecy. Meanwhile, mystic Persian prose texts, which are more profound than the related poetry and more focused on the prophecy of Mohammad (Pbuh) as well as his states and statements, have the possibility to may proceed on the matter of the prophecy, specifically the last prophet’s message from different views and aspects due to the cultural and linguistic reasons. The Gnostics tried to match, on the one hand, a range of themes with holy book and prophetic tradition in a subtle way. Through referring to them, on the other hand, they aimed to achieve some credits for their speech and accounts. This paper is intending to investigate about the position, situation and state of the last prophet in the fifteen most important gnostic prose texts from the early days up to the 8th century as well as studying on the similarities and differences of Mohammad’s tradition, his speech and behavior comparatively and historically due to lack of enough comprehensive related sources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - The study of the Poetry world of Nizami by Jakobsen's Theory of Communication
Zeynab Nowruzi

Jakobsen’s theory of communication is based on three major as well as three secondary principles, totally six ones, including sender, receiver, message, context, code and channel respectively. This model could analyze poetry in terms of its rhetorical aspects, grammar, More

Jakobsen’s theory of communication is based on three major as well as three secondary principles, totally six ones, including sender, receiver, message, context, code and channel respectively. This model could analyze poetry in terms of its rhetorical aspects, grammar, semantic and some other aspects as well. In this research, Nizami’s poems, which are worthy especially in terms of rhetoric science, is going to be examined based on Jacobson’s theory. Furthermore, it is focused on the poet’s high concerns about rhetoric principles and his vision about the relation of a poet with his/her addressees. Accordingly, in this fashion it possibly will be known that how an influential poet had looked at his/her own skill and its impact on the readers. Without considering the form and meaning of a poem as well as their functions in the interpretation of a text, this target issue could not be achieved. Since the presence of the addressee as well as the speaker’s attention to the addressee is observable in the Quinary of Nizami, an individual could make an inference that there is a mutual communication between them, that is, the addressee could make an effect on the poet as well. Finally, the six communication principles of Jakobson’s model are mentioned in the second part, while they have special literary and artistic functions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - Criticizing the wisdom in Shahnameh
فریده وجدانی

This paper tries to demonstrate Ferdowsi`s concern toward the golden period of Iranian civilization in which wisdom was a distinctive factor through the application of a descriptive-analysis approach. Moreover, it aims to explain the significance of the wisdom in Irania More

This paper tries to demonstrate Ferdowsi`s concern toward the golden period of Iranian civilization in which wisdom was a distinctive factor through the application of a descriptive-analysis approach. Moreover, it aims to explain the significance of the wisdom in Iranian ancient culture to which this poet belongs as well as the place of wisdom in Shiite religion of which he was one of its followers. None of these factors, however, have dissuaded him, the scholar who believed and accepted the wisdom by his own personal talent, from considering negative and indecent aspects of the wisdom. Hence, despite the popular belief, not only does not Shahnameh praise the wisdom but also talks about noxious wisdom and its problems. As a result, this research could remove the existed ambiguity in the reading of the fourth verse of Shahnameh`s introduction, under the title of “in praise of the wisdom”, and could attract the reader to pay attention to Ferdowsi’s point of view about criticizing the wisdom. It is necessary to point out that, in spite of seeking for the related sources, the author could not uncover any background which may cover the proposed reading of the aforementioned verse and also any related resource about “criticizing the wisdom in Shahnameh.” Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - Selection of Intra-textual addressee in the constitutional poetry (Based on Social - Political Attitudes)
mohsen zolfaghary طاهره ميرهاشمي

One of the best features of constitutional literature is making a number of modifications in the interlocutor’s domain. The present inquiry is to prove that any changes in this domain are not simply restrained to the addressees of extra-textual type but also including t More

One of the best features of constitutional literature is making a number of modifications in the interlocutor’s domain. The present inquiry is to prove that any changes in this domain are not simply restrained to the addressees of extra-textual type but also including the intra-textual ones in the constitutional literature. The question is what was the role of the innovative political and social attitudes in the choosing one of the intra- or extra- types as well as the preference of any types of addressing style? To achieve to the suitable answer, the new attitudes of political - social constitutional era have been studied and divided in seven themes. Then, the effects of the mentioned subjects have investigated in the types of addressees (intra-textural) taken in the poetry works of some famous poets in the Constitutional period. As a result, in the constitutional revolution, a number of social-political changes leaded to the emergence of a new range of poetry addressees, so the style of addressing was modified at that time. However, the failure of the revolution caused the poets to turn back to their previous and accustomed style of addressing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - The Poetic Word Selection of Gheisar Aminpour by Critical Discourse Analysis Approach
پریسا صالحی

Each artist may picture his/her political, social and cultural attitude in a different way, so Gheisar Aminpour was not an exception. He was one of the early revolutionary poets, who had involved in a number of ideological and religious values and had a stable belief on More

Each artist may picture his/her political, social and cultural attitude in a different way, so Gheisar Aminpour was not an exception. He was one of the early revolutionary poets, who had involved in a number of ideological and religious values and had a stable belief on revolution’s principles and public ideality, to the extent that his poetry world was conceivably produced through a certain profound ideology. The interaction between the poet, Aminpour, and the political and social transformation in his society could make any individual study his poetry world by discourse analysis approach. Since any language could be supposed as a mirror of the thought (words as the mirror of the meaning), and the words’ role as well as their selection may certainly be significant in the process of analysis, this research is specified to the study of word selection of Aminpour’s poems by critical discourse analysis. Furthermore, it has focused not only on the study of Aminpour’s poetry world in terms of historical, political and social renovation of his era but also on his words’ selection, studied here, on three descriptive, interpretive and explanatory levels. In conclusion, the hidden meaning of the words are supposed to be revealed by critical discourse analysis tools to illustrate, more or less, the ideological attitude of the poet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - The Function of Tulip from Dictionary Sense to Symbolic Meaning
محرم رضایتی‌‌کيشه‌‌خاله فیروز فاضلی اسماعیل نقدی

Symbol is a sign not only refers to its sense but also to some contents beyond its literal meaning. To be more exact about the symbols, they are cited into the dictionaries by their literal sense, not by their innovative content in the aesthetic domain of poetry. This More

Symbol is a sign not only refers to its sense but also to some contents beyond its literal meaning. To be more exact about the symbols, they are cited into the dictionaries by their literal sense, not by their innovative content in the aesthetic domain of poetry. This paper aims to explain the contrast between the sense of the symbols in the dictionaries and their novel meaning in the poetry of different period of time in terms of the various styles. In this research, a short introduction about the symbols as well as a literature review about the herbal symbols in the both eastern and western cultures is going to be rendered from philosophical, psychological and mythologist point of views. Then, the significance of the symbolic meaning and function of the words is discussed, while the meaning of tulip and its metaphoric extension is determined to be mentioned based on Manouchehri, Saadi, Saib and Sepehri’s poetry due to their being representatives for different poetic styles, such as Khorasani, Iraqi, Indian and modern poetry. The purpose of this investigation is to illustrate the semantic evolution of a word from its bounded sense to its extended and symbolic function. What is more, it aims to be evidence for the literary and artistic capacities and possibilities which leads to the creation and extension of the word’s meaning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - The Traces of Ideology in the Early Literary Works of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
قدرت الله طاهری

One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has More

One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has been affected by various and continually renovating discourses of contemporary history of Iran in such a manner that a part of his works has been written in response to theses discourses. In this research, the direct and indirect impacts of ideology and common discourses on Dowlatabadi’s novelettes in 40th and 50th decades are studied in terms of their being between novel and short story. These works were promising with a great author regarding to the writing of Kelidar, Missing Soluch, Bygone Days of the Elderly, although they might have a range of weak points as well. Furthermore, in choosing the themes and the characters which he has created and developed through his novelette, he may have been influenced by the ideology and discourses of his own time without being conscious. Finally, the topics used in his novelettes as well as the characters are not in harmony with their roots and their local culture, that is, they are not created for the referred culture and the characters just speak in Persian and wear local cloths without having any other common root with the country they live. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - A Framework for Studying the Epic Language
اصغر شهبازی مهدی ملک‌ثابت

One of the issues in modern criticism is the study of language of the literary works. The framework suggested for studying the epic language has focused on the reading of the language of epic poetry at different phonological and musical, morphological and syntactic, rhe More

One of the issues in modern criticism is the study of language of the literary works. The framework suggested for studying the epic language has focused on the reading of the language of epic poetry at different phonological and musical, morphological and syntactic, rhetorical and literary as well as theatrical levels in order to describe the quality of literary type of epics in language. For this purpose, through the innovative critic theories, mainly formalism, and based on the standard epic language (Shah-nameh Ferdowsi), the framework has been suggested for the study of the epic language at different levels. Subsequently, the paper is going to clarify the necessary indicators and illustrate the quality of them in the epic language by applying a number of evidences from epic texts, in particular Shah-nameh Ferdowsi, in order to access two goals: not only achieving the indicators of epic language but also examining them in the epic poetry and finding how the poems after Ferdowsi were or were not successful in the application of the epic language. According to this framework, it has been shown that Bazel Mashhadi, for instance, has not been successful in his using of the epic language. Moreover, the epic poetry as well as its created images, in some different aspects such as rhythms, composition and coherence, has a range of deficits as well. Manuscript profile

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80 - Prototypicality in Transitive Structure of Persian Verbs
Faeghe Shahhoseini

The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present artic More

The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present article is to get to a precise and clear definition of transitivity regarding Persian speakers’ cognition. To do so, the author defines prototype of transitive structure based on seven major criteria, and one minor criterion. According to the findings of the research, to define transitivity we have to consider both form and function. Transitivity can be defined on a continuum, ranging from prototypical transitive verbs to non-prototypical transitive verbs, and intransitive verbs. Manuscript profile

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81 - The comparative Study of Back Channel Response in Persian and English Telephone Conversation
مهناز آزادمنش شهلا شریفی

This research is aimed to study about back channel response in Persian and English telephone conversation comparatively in terms of measuring the frequency, type, function and position of it in the dialogue. The back channel response includes lexemes and phones such as More

This research is aimed to study about back channel response in Persian and English telephone conversation comparatively in terms of measuring the frequency, type, function and position of it in the dialogue. The back channel response includes lexemes and phones such as “ya”, “really”, “Humm”, “mm”, … which are heard in the conversion repetitively in order to notify the speaker how his/her words are comprehended. In fact, the hearer reflects his/her position toward the speakers’ words through producing back channel response, as a result these signs have an impressive effect on the continuing the conversation. Despite the fact that back channel response exist in all the languages of the world, its function is different from one to another language. In general, the research data were extracted from a 300 minutes American English telephone conversation as well as 300 minutes Persian telephone conversation. The Persian data have received from Fars Dot telephone conversation database and took the permission from Gooyesh Pardaz Institute, while the English data have got from Vanarook research paper. The results of the study stand for a number of similarities and differences in frequency, function and position of back channel response in both English and Persian languages. Moreover, it is possible to illustrate how back channel response in Persian is more than English as they are 1691 and 1473 items respectively. The most frequent items in terms of their use were short back channel response, which were most likely represented in the end of the syntactic constituents. Furthermore, most of the back channel response items have an important effect on the comprehension process. However, there are more differences between the other forms and functions of back channel response in the Persian and English dialogues. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - The influence of Persian Culture and Literature on Arabic Literature Case Study: Amthal-Moulad
وحید سبزیان‌پور

The objective of the present article is to show the influence of Khosravani Wisdom and Iranshahri’s thoughts on Arabic Literature. The subject does not seem new. What is new is our approach to it. The article claims that in addition to bold traces of Persian wisdoms in More

The objective of the present article is to show the influence of Khosravani Wisdom and Iranshahri’s thoughts on Arabic Literature. The subject does not seem new. What is new is our approach to it. The article claims that in addition to bold traces of Persian wisdoms in Arabic Literature, most part of more than a thousand proverbs available in Arabic literature are of Persian origin. We have first introduced historical background facilitating the way to transfer of the proverbs into Arabic literature, and then we have traced back lots of Arabic proverbs to their roots to make sure of their origins. In addition, we have also referred to Dehkhoda’s Amthal-o-Hekam for common contents of Persian and Arabic proverbs. In some cases we have carried out critical study and analysis of some Persian literary texts, resulting to the fact that the influence of Persian wisdoms and thoughts on Arabic literature goes beyond the imaginations of not only the contemporary Arab scholars but also the Persian scholars. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

83 - Beihqi and Narration “Based on Historical Norms”
ابراهیم محمدی محمدحسن الهی‌زاده

Ancient history texts, including Behaqi’s History, are close to literature because of their narrative structure. Though historical in content, they considerably show characteristics of the language used in poetry. Post-modern scholars, like Hayden White and Paul Ricoeur More

Ancient history texts, including Behaqi’s History, are close to literature because of their narrative structure. Though historical in content, they considerably show characteristics of the language used in poetry. Post-modern scholars, like Hayden White and Paul Ricoeur, make prominent another aspect of the essential links between historical and literary teats texts while stressing their narrative character. What seems worth more study is the type of narration in the both two text types. If we consider narration as the sequence of events, both literary and historical texts are narration based. However the rules of narration is different, and despite some similarities, there are fundamental differences in narrative modes. The present article studies Behaqi’s History using the theory of “Narrative History”, and narratology. Analyzing narration, we stress the fact that Behaqi’s History, as the title is indicative, is a text in the field of history, where there exist some poetic features, as well. So, poetic attractions of the text should not distract the reader from its historical bases. Manuscript profile

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84 - Sadeq Hedayat’s Death Awareness: Psychological or Philosophical attitude?
عليرضا شاهيني

Many critics believe that Hedayat drives characters of his fictions to death, and this is something arising from his death aware mentality and his pessimistic attitude to life. There are some problems with Critical studies of Hedayat’s stories. First, they see the works More

Many critics believe that Hedayat drives characters of his fictions to death, and this is something arising from his death aware mentality and his pessimistic attitude to life. There are some problems with Critical studies of Hedayat’s stories. First, they see the works full of philosophical despair. Secondly, they treat the protagonists as mirroring the character of the author. However, delving in motives of Hedayat’s stories, one can be suspicious about philosophical treatment of death of the fictional characters. Hedayat is among the writers who have especial approach to reveal psychological aspects of the characters in narrative structure of his stories. According to Freud theory of instincts, human behavior was motivated by two biologically energized instincts, respectively termed Eros, the life instinct, and Thanatos, the death instinct. When the life instinct decays as a result of failure, the death instinct takes the place of it. The research tries to study the stories in this framework. Manuscript profile

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85 - Morphology of the story of Mehr -va- Māh
عليرضا نبی‌لو

In order to focus on the analysis of the Mehr -o- Māh story in this paper, a number of issues, literature reviews and different versions of narratives as well as fiction structures and its elements are rendered. Moreover, it is considered to review some related topics s More

In order to focus on the analysis of the Mehr -o- Māh story in this paper, a number of issues, literature reviews and different versions of narratives as well as fiction structures and its elements are rendered. Moreover, it is considered to review some related topics such as language, character, narrator, the point of view, the structure chain and plot, theme, setting and time. As a result, the whole book considered as a long story with numerous characters promoting the events. The structure of the sentences and its style of writing are uncomplicated and technical simultaneously. Furthermore, 45 characters with usually proper names play a role in the narrative, while most of them are magicians and fairies (24.30 %) or women and girls (22.2 %). The narrator, additionally, is unclear and vague, so the story is narrated in the third person point of view. The paper aims to study the story based on the 31 acts which mentioned by Propp and also considering his classification in 6 stages, including preparation, complication, transference, struggle, return, recognition. At the end, it is worth mentioning to know that narrative pattern of the story is as following: α γ φ δ β ↑ ε λ F A C λ E G G K D H F C B E B O λ H K M Ex φ Pr U K E Pr O T L K W QN I Rs ↓ Moreover, the characters could be classified in 7 distinct groups of act, which extraordinary events as the main elements of the story play a great role. In more details, the time of the narrative is unclear; some of the locations are realistic, while some of them virtual, such as China, India, Mecca, Sham, Egypt and Morocco. Manuscript profile

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86 - The Relation of Hafez to Ash'arite and Determinism Schools
Mohammad مشهدی نوش‌آبادی

One of the signifying issues about poetry and thought of Hafez, a Persian poet, is determinism and fatalism. Although a number of researchers have studied this topic from different aspects, it is still, like so many other issues about Hafez, seriously debatable. A part More

One of the signifying issues about poetry and thought of Hafez, a Persian poet, is determinism and fatalism. Although a number of researchers have studied this topic from different aspects, it is still, like so many other issues about Hafez, seriously debatable. A part of scholars have stressed on determinism in his poetry, even if they don’t reach to any common point about his being Ash’ari. Most of them have believed in not his being a part of these two schools. In this paper, firstly, a quick review of different standpoints about Hafez’s thought world will put forward. Then the discussion goes through the dissension of Ash’arite and Mu'tazilah schools, which based on the human’s intended or chosen’s act, considering that every deterministic belief is not attributed to Ash’arite or any kind of theological approach. Finally, through focusing on the freethinking behavior of Hafez toward the determinism, based on various examples from his poetry book, it is rendered that these reneges of poems are composed in reply to his reproachers who had charged him with the profligacy and love. At the end, the viewpoint of researchers who believed in determinism of Hafez is negotiated. As a result, most of Hafez’s poems which are apparently in harmony with determinism school, considered as his disputing with the reproachers as well as criticizing Ash’arite and Mu'tazilah in terms of ignoring freedom of choice. To come to the point, being a part of determinism and Ash’rite school not only could not explain Hafez as he is but also is against his disagreement with these schools. Manuscript profile

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87 - A Study of Intrigue as a Narrative Element in the Story of Siyavash
سکینه مرادی کوچی

Shahnameh as the poetic history of ancient Iranian, has fascinated many people. Study of its narrative elements and representational values allures a lot of researchers Because of its large bulk and technical aspects of narration. The narrative of Siyavash in shahname More

Shahnameh as the poetic history of ancient Iranian, has fascinated many people. Study of its narrative elements and representational values allures a lot of researchers Because of its large bulk and technical aspects of narration. The narrative of Siyavash in shahnameh is the story of a legendary Persian prince from the earliest days of the Persian Empire who is a tragic victim of an intrigue- the treason of his stepmother (with whom he refused to have sex and betray his father). This article studies the function of intrigue as the key narrative element in the story of Siyavash. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

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88 - A Study of the Status of Shams-i-Tabrizi's Qur’anic Gnostic Interpretations
محمّد خدادادي مهدی ملک‌ثابت يدالله جلالي پندري

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest theosophists in the arena of Islamic theosophy is Shams al –Din Muhammad, known as "Shams Tabrizi" the well-known Sufi mystic of the seventh century AH. Who caused a great spiritual change in Jalaluddin Mawlavi. His views on variety of More

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest theosophists in the arena of Islamic theosophy is Shams al –Din Muhammad, known as "Shams Tabrizi" the well-known Sufi mystic of the seventh century AH. Who caused a great spiritual change in Jalaluddin Mawlavi. His views on variety of mystical topics available in the only text ascribed to him, "Maqalaat-e Shams" compiled by others, are highly remarkable. He has innovative, unique views on Qur’an hermeneutics and interpretation that have not been discussed yet. Interpreting Qur’an, he reveals new layers of its which astonishes every learned researcher of Islamic mysticism. In this research we first introduce Shams’s views on interpretation in general, and the necessity of considering them, then study his views on the Qur’an hermeneutics in particular, in a systematic way. He believes that the perfect man of his time is the manifest of the Qur’an. He believes that there is no end for the layers of the Qur’an, and it is superficial to claim it has seven or seventy layers. He knows the Prophet Mohammad as the first person to interpret the Qur’an. In a general classification, we can see that Shams has used four ways to interpret Quran: 1) to interpret a word as it is used for another word or concept, 2) to interpret a verse by adding a word 3) to interpret a verse through providing the certain reason for its firs revelation, and 4) to justify some terms and expressions. Manuscript profile

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89 - Linguistic, Poetic, and Content Study and Analysis of the Verses in Khamsa (the Poetry) by Nizami Ganjavi Praising the Prophet
زينب نوروزي

Praising the majesty of the holy prophet, relying on Qur’an and Ahaadeeth (the sayings of Moslem saints), is what Nizami does at the beginning of his lyric poems. To express admiration to Muhammad (pbuh) is a familiar discourse throughout the Persian poetry after Islam. More

Praising the majesty of the holy prophet, relying on Qur’an and Ahaadeeth (the sayings of Moslem saints), is what Nizami does at the beginning of his lyric poems. To express admiration to Muhammad (pbuh) is a familiar discourse throughout the Persian poetry after Islam. An analysis of Nizami’s poetry and his views about Prophet Mohammad can help us develop an accurate understanding of eulogy in Persian poetry. To study the coexistence of religious thoughts and romantic thoughts in lyrics is the main focus of the present paper. The author tries to show the content of Nizami’s eulogy; however, since it has been employed in a poetic discourse, he will also focus on the poetic features of Nizami’s eulogy. Nizami has a unique style in writing eulogy; he uses poetic elements, like imagery, figures of speech to praise the Prophet in line with his lyrics. Of course, it is not just a means of decorating his poetry, but a canal to convey his (non)/verbal views on the character and manner of the Prophet. Manuscript profile

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90 - Social Aspects of Islamic Sufism, and Public Interactions within it (With a Look at the Relationships between Sufism and the Sects of ‘Javanmardan’, ‘Malamatiyeh’ and ‘Ghalandariyeh’)
علی‌اکبر کیوانفر

Islamic Sufism which first developed with a devout and mortification-oriented approach, gradually, and in accordance with the needs of the time inclined towards theorization with main focus on issues like ‘sincerity of intention’ and ‘love and self-devotion. This new a More

Islamic Sufism which first developed with a devout and mortification-oriented approach, gradually, and in accordance with the needs of the time inclined towards theorization with main focus on issues like ‘sincerity of intention’ and ‘love and self-devotion. This new approach caused Sufi teachings to be more practical in its relation to the society. Since the sects of ‘futuwwa or javanmardan’ (the Generous, chivalry, generosity; literally 'youth'), ‘malamatiyeh’ (the people of blame, self-scrutiny) and ‘qalandariyeh’ (the folk of liberal interpretation of Shari’a), illustrate parts of the popular domain of Sufism, to study them can help to figure out social characteristics of Sufism. As the teachings of ‘the generous’ were linked with the principles of Suffism, it appeared as a school for teaching piety, and asceticism to the public. On the other hand, the influence of the generous on suffi folks raised the possibility of criticism among the discourses in the scope of Islamin Suffism. ‘Malamatiyeh’ can be considered as a trail for ‘the generous’, developed to stop the corruption among the ascetics. Firmness of the theoretical framework of the inter-discourse criticism resulted in strengthening its practicality, and the development of the movement of ‘qalandarieh’ against artificial and hypocritical asceticism. Manuscript profile

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91 - A Survey to ‘the Letter by Saint Paul to the Writers’ (A manifesto Issued by Jalal Al Ahamad)
mohammadreza movahedi

Certain social–political conditions may lead the writers to use indirect ways to express their thoughts, for example, reporting them as the words of others in a different time and place. This is what happened for Jalal Al Ahamad, in a preface, titled as the “Letter by S More

Certain social–political conditions may lead the writers to use indirect ways to express their thoughts, for example, reporting them as the words of others in a different time and place. This is what happened for Jalal Al Ahamad, in a preface, titled as the “Letter by Saint Paul to the Writers”, to the second edition of “Zan-e Ziadi” (unwanted woman), a collection of his short stories. The letter is something made by Jalal himself not as seemingly claimed by Saint Paul. It was in fact an expression of objection to Parviz Natel Khanlari who had joined the palace folks, detaching himself from the circle of the intellectuals oppositions to Pahlavi regime. This study becomes of special necessity when we see that this letter has been treated as a true text, not as a poetic technique by Jala, as many researchers did in their references to it in their works. The purpose of the present article is to explore the motives behind inventing this letter, its consequences, and to argue why it is fake, so that we can stop the young generation getting mislead in this regard. The argumentation is done based on the text itself, and the comments by Jalal’s contemporaries, i.e. intra-textual an extra- textual studies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

92 - Meaning, Language, Image in “The End of Shahnameh” a poetry by Mehdi Akhavan Salis (M. Omid)
Ali Noori Ahmad کنجوری

“The End of Shahnameh”, is consisted of the poems written in 1335-1338 SH by Akhavan. It can be considered as the acme of the poet’s mature style. Here in this article we try to study the poem ‘The End of Shahnameh’, which is one of the best in the collection. Having in More

“The End of Shahnameh”, is consisted of the poems written in 1335-1338 SH by Akhavan. It can be considered as the acme of the poet’s mature style. Here in this article we try to study the poem ‘The End of Shahnameh’, which is one of the best in the collection. Having introduced poetry, its features and elements, in general, and some approaches to literary criticism, we will study and interpret the mentioned poem using a combination of approaches, and regarding the interactions of meaning, language, and image, as the three major structural elements of poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

93 - Study and Analysis of Symbolism in the Poetry of Qeysar Aminpour
ali mohammadi جميله زارعي

Two types of symbol can be seen in Aminpour’s poetry: common symbols used in the Persian literature in general and the symbols the poet himself made and introduced to the Persian poetry. Though innovative, we should remember that it is the nature, and his religious beli More

Two types of symbol can be seen in Aminpour’s poetry: common symbols used in the Persian literature in general and the symbols the poet himself made and introduced to the Persian poetry. Though innovative, we should remember that it is the nature, and his religious beliefs that feed them. Studying the symbols in Aminpour’s works we concluded the following: 1. Source of most symbols is religion. 2. The poem collection of “Breathing of the Morning” bears more symbols. 3. The words tulip; yellow, red, green, unripe, and … are of symbolic meanings in his poems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

94 - Figures of Speech in the Poetry by Farid (Ghader Tahmasbi)
محمود براتي مريم نافلي

Figures of speech are substance of poetry and the criteria for evaluating it. The term poetic style of the period of Islamic Revolution and Sacred Defense (the 1980-81 war between Iraq and Iran) is new, about three decades. This labeling is somehow ambiguous; it may be More

Figures of speech are substance of poetry and the criteria for evaluating it. The term poetic style of the period of Islamic Revolution and Sacred Defense (the 1980-81 war between Iraq and Iran) is new, about three decades. This labeling is somehow ambiguous; it may be more accurate if we call it the style of Republic, following the style of Constitutionalism. Studying the works of the poets of Revolution and Sacred Defense, such as Farid, can help better know the characteristics of this style. In the present article Farid’s poetry is being studied regarding figures of speech used in his poem collections of ‘Pari-Setare-ha’ (fairy stars), ‘Pari-Bahane-ha’ (fairy excuses), and ‘Pari-shode-gan’ (turned into fairies). The result is shown in tables and diagrams. His use of Simile, metaphor, irony, and symbolism is remarkable in them. The use of similes here not only serves to concise writing in the field of imagination, it also approaches to identification, and causes some kind of exaggeration in the field of simile. Manuscript profile

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95 - Binary Structures in Dowlatabadi’s Writings: From Contrastive Mentality to Analytic Thought
نصرت حجازی شهناز شاهین

Although the critical structure of Mahmud Dowlatabadi’s narratives makes the characters appear flexible and sometimes rough, with semiotic narrative structures leading them to direct confrontation with the elements disturbing the initial order and serenity, we believe t More

Although the critical structure of Mahmud Dowlatabadi’s narratives makes the characters appear flexible and sometimes rough, with semiotic narrative structures leading them to direct confrontation with the elements disturbing the initial order and serenity, we believe that the character’s conflict with themselves and others mostly results from the contrastive mentality and the binary thought that the author’s imagination system projects against outward world of turbulence and anxiety, rather than the necessity for keeping balance between the nature and manner of the characters. Though, initially, the author’s philosophical approach to the world and the way in which his imagination system responds to it motivates him to create his fictional characters having internal and external conflicts, gradually, his mentality uses duality as a kind of dialectic experience and a place for his subjective challenges to express themselves through the story’s usual flow, in the form of an analytical-interrogative discourse, and to reveal the author’s attitude towards himself and the others, in addition to polarizing the fictional world into the fictional narration and theoretical-analytical writing. Manuscript profile

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96 - An Investigation into the Textbooks of Primary Schools Studied in Iran in the Academic Year 1387 – 88 in Terms of the Degree of Consistency in Attaching/ Detaching of Free or Bound Morphemes to/ from a Stem or Each Other
سید حمید هاشمی

In this research all text books of primary school for the academic year of 1387– 88 are studied word by word, (with especial focus on the words having different written forms), the way they are written regarding inflectional and derivational morphemes and the degree o More

In this research all text books of primary school for the academic year of 1387– 88 are studied word by word, (with especial focus on the words having different written forms), the way they are written regarding inflectional and derivational morphemes and the degree of consistency in attaching/ detaching different morphemes to/ from each other. The work is conducted for all grades in a comparative way. Research population consists of all books of different grades of primary school studied in the academic year of 1387 – 88; data of the research consists of all words in books. Since all the words in these books are considered, no randomization is made. The research is descriptive, regarding the type of the research, and data collection and their analysis. Data analysis is done determining the frequency and percentage of morphemes in their attached/ detached spelling, and the probable inconsistency in their spelling. According to the findings of the research, there is some inconsistency within the same textbook, or textbooks of different grades in attaching/ detaching morphemes. Manuscript profile

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97 - A Contrastive Study of Kārnāme-e Ardešīr-e Bābakān with the Legends of the Book Attributed to Barsuma Based on the Movses of Khoren’s Report
محمدرضا اميني

There exists important information about a Greek book on Persian history and legends recorded in the writings of Movses of Khoren, the first Armenian historian of the 5th century. Part of the book seems comparable to Kārnāme-e Ardešīr-e bābakān) or Book of the Deeds of More

There exists important information about a Greek book on Persian history and legends recorded in the writings of Movses of Khoren, the first Armenian historian of the 5th century. Part of the book seems comparable to Kārnāme-e Ardešīr-e bābakān) or Book of the Deeds of Ardešīr, Son of Papag. In his short report, some of the legends relate to Ardešīr, and some relate to other Persian mythical and historical figures. However, most researchers, and among them Theodor Nöldeke, have attributed these legends exclusively to Ardešīr I, a mistake that caused some inaccurate conclusions particularly about the legend of Cyrus’s childhood and upbringing. Besides, Khorn’s report, including the author’s name, and the name of its Persian translator, has totally been ignored. The present paper explains our reasons for rejecting the false common claims, and tries to make a close analysis of Khoren’s report based on linguistic principles and the latest researches of the Armenian researchers, and then compare it with Kārnāme. Meanwhile, it clarifies the identities of the book’s author and the translator, giving their correct names already recorded disorderly and in just few resources. To make sure, legends in Khoren’s text is contrasted with its French and Armenian translations, Kārnāme, and Shāhnāme. The findings of the research can be used in studies on Kārnāme-e Ardešīr-e bābakān, the mythology and literature of the Ancient Iran, the ancient history of Persia and the West, and particularly the lost resources like Khodāy- Nāmak (Book of Kings). They can also be beneficial in evaluating Khoren’s style of historiography. Manuscript profile

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98 - Image and its Position in Iranian Portrait Painting
جواد عليمحمدي اردكاني مصطفی گودرزی محسن مراثی

This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings More

This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings from different Persian painting schools so that it can better show how this field of art has always used the element of image and mystical understanding to convey a figurative universe. The article, first, introduces image and its position in Iranian painting, then contrasts the figurative elements in both Persian poetry and portrait painting, and finally concludes that Persian painting, using institutionalized signs and symbols in poetry has created its own figurative and ideal human. This feature can be found in Persian painting up to the first half of Qajar reign in the 13th century A. H.. Manuscript profile

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99 - Figure (Naghsh) and Banner (Derafsh): An Investigation into the Underlying Relations between Hero, Color, and Figure in the story of Rostam and Sohrab
محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور نسرین کریم‌پور

Underlying structures of literary or artistic works are shaped by implied and multilayer semantic relations among their constituents. At the surface structure, they manifest as aesthetics of the works. So, their key concepts and symbolic meanings should be sought at the More

Underlying structures of literary or artistic works are shaped by implied and multilayer semantic relations among their constituents. At the surface structure, they manifest as aesthetics of the works. So, their key concepts and symbolic meanings should be sought at the layer of deep structure. Shahnameh is a literary work having rich meaning depth, and broad underlying semantic relations. The variety and multiplicity of its constituents open it up to study from different perspectives. Focusing on two frequent structural elements in an episode in the story of 'Rostam and Sohrab', namely, 'the color of Sarapardeh' and 'the figure of Darafsh', this article reveals the their implicit relations, and sheds light on one part of the colorful and mysterious world of this masterpiece, in order to show to what extent the overall meaning and the numerous concepts of the text have been conveyed through these two elements alone. Manuscript profile

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100 - "The Pain of Solitude in Mathnawi"
بخشعلی قنبری

Moulawi (604-672), both a great mystic and great poet in Persian mystical literature, has left behind so glorious works that, being appreciated during and after his life, have always remained fresh, and a source of contemplation and subtle thoughts. Moulawi is poet and More

Moulawi (604-672), both a great mystic and great poet in Persian mystical literature, has left behind so glorious works that, being appreciated during and after his life, have always remained fresh, and a source of contemplation and subtle thoughts. Moulawi is poet and mystic, thus he understands pain and sufferings of human well, and of course offers the ways to get rid of them. Solitude, that is one crisis of contemporary human’s life, has been considerably reflected in his Mathnawi When a person thinks there is no one in the world loving him, caring about him, lightening the burden of his sufferings , he is trapped in solitude. Moulawi doesn't believe in human’s solitude, while stressing their need to companions of either spiritual or physical types; the need that may brings with it pain. That’s why he tries to find the ways to treat the pain. The present article is an attempt to classify types of solitude in Mathnawi and analyze them, regarding concepts and terms like meaning, origin, reason, types of deliverance from pains and the ways of the deliverance and classifies and analyzes it. Manuscript profile

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101 - An Investigation into How Animal Symbols Function in Poetry of Saib Tabrizi and Bidel Dehlawi

The present article is a semiotic analysis of some animal symbols in poetry of Saib and Bidel, two prominent poets of ‘Indian poetic style’. Its main objective is to show how the symbols function in the structure of poetic language. Such symbols have repeatedly been use More

The present article is a semiotic analysis of some animal symbols in poetry of Saib and Bidel, two prominent poets of ‘Indian poetic style’. Its main objective is to show how the symbols function in the structure of poetic language. Such symbols have repeatedly been used as motives in literary works in all history of literature, and accordingly caused shifts in their signification paradigms. The analysis is mainly aims at symbolic status of the signs, and the role they play in expansion of the semantic domain of the poems; it ends in formal classification of the symbols based on their possible significances in both communal mind and the poet’s mind. Manuscript profile

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102 - Satire and Social and Moral Criticism in Sheikh Bahaee's Persian Works
منوچهر جوكار

Sheikh Bahaee, the great religious scholar of the 10th and 11th centuries (A.H.), was also an architect, poet, mathematician, and astronaut. His high religious status as Sheikh- ul- Islam in the Safavid court and among the people makes it hard to think of the presence o More

Sheikh Bahaee, the great religious scholar of the 10th and 11th centuries (A.H.), was also an architect, poet, mathematician, and astronaut. His high religious status as Sheikh- ul- Islam in the Safavid court and among the people makes it hard to think of the presence of satire in his works. Nevertheless, the fact is that Sheikh Bahaee has strategically employed satire as an effective means of criticism of society and morality of his time, as well as promotion of social awareness. In addition to some satiric poems and writings found in his works, he has also two completely satiric works named Kashkool (collection of writings), and Moush- o- Gorbe (Mouse and Cat), a symbolic story. Existence of hese works alone shows how Sheikh Bahaee concerned with satire in criticizing deeds and sayings of particular groups of people. This study then is an attempt to show the potential of satire, as well as social and moral criticism in Sheikh's Bahaee's Persian works. Manuscript profile

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103 - The Trace of Historical Events in Three Fictions of Jalal Al-e Ahmad’s
رمضان یاحقی مجید عزیزی

Jalal Al Ahmad is an influential writer in Iran’s contemporary literature. There has always been a big controversy over him because of the social conditions of his time, and his own specific character. Most of his literary works are rich in references to social and hist More

Jalal Al Ahmad is an influential writer in Iran’s contemporary literature. There has always been a big controversy over him because of the social conditions of his time, and his own specific character. Most of his literary works are rich in references to social and historical events, so that they mirror the social and cultural context of his time. Jalal was frank in both personality and his political stance. He was not a man of hypocrisy; so was in his writings, where he appears as a careful observer of the facts. The present research is an attempt to give a picture of the social and cultural context of his time, studying Jalal’s works (with focus on his three stories: Modir-e Madrese, Noon va-l-Qalam and Nefrin-e Zamin), as well as the books and writings about him. The finding of the study has provided good evidences on how concerned Jalal was about the society and the events around him, and how well he has portrayed his personal and social life in his works. Manuscript profile

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104 - A Critical Study of Spacement Poetry Based on Narratology of Yadollah Royaee’s Poems
غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده Farzad Karimi قدرت‌ الله طاهري

Royaee invented and introduced a style in Persian poetry which he named Spacement Poetry. His poetry renewed debate about the relative value of form and context in modern Persian Poetry. The present article is a semiotic study of narration in his poem named “Sokoot Dast More

Royaee invented and introduced a style in Persian poetry which he named Spacement Poetry. His poetry renewed debate about the relative value of form and context in modern Persian Poetry. The present article is a semiotic study of narration in his poem named “Sokoot Daste Gol-I Bood” (Silence seemed a bouquet of flower in my larynx), from his Sea Poems. The findings of the research show that he has employed an implied narration; narration occurs using repetitive spacements in short lines, without using any explicit narrative elements. This differentiated his poetry from the prevailed poetry of the time- symbolism, and romanticism. Manuscript profile

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105 - Contrastive Study of Two Stories of Bon-bast (deadlock) and Samfoni -e Mordegan (the Symphony of the Dead) with Focus on Brothercide in Literature
mostafa gorji

Brothercide as a religious and historic myth, and originating from its archetype in the murder of Abel by his brother Cain, has always been associated with human’s triple concerns about ‘death’, ‘sin’, and ‘feeling of emptiness’. In classical Persian literature it has b More

Brothercide as a religious and historic myth, and originating from its archetype in the murder of Abel by his brother Cain, has always been associated with human’s triple concerns about ‘death’, ‘sin’, and ‘feeling of emptiness’. In classical Persian literature it has been expressed in different forms according to the prevail discourse of the time. In the present Article, the author tries to provide a contrastive analysis of Bon-Bast (a short war story by Mahmoud Dehghan), and Samfoni -e Mordegan, (a bestseller by Abbas Ma’roufi). First, an analysis of Bon-Bast is given; focusing the theme of brothercide, then it will be contrasted with Samfoni -e Mordegan. Manuscript profile

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106 - Study and Critique of Poetics
Ahmad Tamimdari

The main question of the research is that what is meant by poetry and how the contemporary approaches account for it. Does Poetry have a moral and educational content, or it is purely of aesthetic function? Can political and social issues be included in poetry, or it is More

The main question of the research is that what is meant by poetry and how the contemporary approaches account for it. Does Poetry have a moral and educational content, or it is purely of aesthetic function? Can political and social issues be included in poetry, or it is essentially a matter of inspiration? The purpose of the present paper is to capture the most reasonable and modern understanding of poetry. To do so, various theories known as Poetics have been reviewed. Today, poetics and criticism of poetry is mostly understood in terms of cultural affairs and poetic inspiration. The Nature of poetry as inclusive of all the functions is the very cultural infusion or an important part of culture that seems pervasive. The research was done by reviewing old and new views on poetics, their comparison and contrast, and finally preferring one to the others. Manuscript profile

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107 - Analysis and Critique of the mystical Usage of Expressions “Fath”, “Fotuh” and Fath-e-bab in f Persian Literature
manzar soltani حسین علیقلی‌زاده

To better understand the Persian literature, knowing mystical expressions is necessary because the mysticism and mystical thought is the spirit of Persian literature. Expressions such as “Fath”, “Fotuh” and Fath-e-bab have been frequently used in different literary work More

To better understand the Persian literature, knowing mystical expressions is necessary because the mysticism and mystical thought is the spirit of Persian literature. Expressions such as “Fath”, “Fotuh” and Fath-e-bab have been frequently used in different literary works. In this research, regarding their various meanings, looked up in literary texts, we will briefly follow the changes in the meanings and interpretations of the expressions “Fath”, “Fotuh” and Fath-e-bab” through distinguished mystical and literary works from the beginning to their growth and again their descend. In some works, “Fath”, “Fotuh” and Fath-e-bab have been used interchangeably, or one has been used for the others. The word “Fath” was originally taken from the Qur’an by mystics and literati and turned to a loaded remark. In fact, the various significances of these mystical expressions originated from the words of Qur’an as seeds which gradually became a fruitful tree of huge foliage in the works of Mowlana. Manuscript profile

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108 - Destiny - Centered Structure of Tragic Stories of Shahnameh
ایرج مهرکی khadijeh bahrami rahnama

The aim of this article is to show destiny - centered structure of tragic stories of Shahnameh. In tragedy, there is an inevitable thing that the hero of story is not able to prevent it, in order not to amortize him. It is called definite destiny or fate. All heroes of More

The aim of this article is to show destiny - centered structure of tragic stories of Shahnameh. In tragedy, there is an inevitable thing that the hero of story is not able to prevent it, in order not to amortize him. It is called definite destiny or fate. All heroes of tragic stories of Shahnameh, are defeated by it, and when they are faced with a network of cause and effect, despite all their attempts and determination, they admit defeat, and inevitability of their fate. So, they accept the order of destiny and believe that, whatever should be done, will be done and you have to accept it. So many elements form destiny- centered structure of the tragic stories of Shahnameh; ignoring just one of them will affect the whole work. Studying the elements will make it possible to analyze the structure. Manuscript profile

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109 - Study, Analysis and Critique of Four Persian Odes Based on Systemic – Functional Linguistics
حسینعلی قبادی

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraq More

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraqi, Masoud Sa’d, Amirmo’ezy- comparing them with Farrokhi’s own poem, in the framework of systemic–functional linguistics. Since Azraqi is known for his poetic innovations and Amirmo’ezy is accused of sheer imitation – if not literary theft – of Farrokhi’s Divan and Onsory’s, the research can also provide a scientific and objective analysis of creativity, innovation or sheer imitation. No doubt many literary artistic beauties and fine points cannot be explained through linguistic analysis. However, most linguistic approaches, methods, and tools are useful for understanding literary texts preventing subjective evaluations and judgments. Manuscript profile

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110 - The Analysis of Suhrawardi’s Resalatuttayr Based on Narratology
غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده فاطمه جعفری قدرت‌ الله طاهري

Sheikh Shahab-Al-Din Yahya Suhrawardi is considered as one of the greatest Iranian thinkers who are mainly famous in the field of Islamic philosophy and Kalam. His works, specially his Persian treaties, which are allegorical and of symbolic expression, have not been stu More

Sheikh Shahab-Al-Din Yahya Suhrawardi is considered as one of the greatest Iranian thinkers who are mainly famous in the field of Islamic philosophy and Kalam. His works, specially his Persian treaties, which are allegorical and of symbolic expression, have not been studied yet, as they deserve to. Applying new theories of literary criticism to them and the works of the rest of classics can reveal their hidden values. In this paper we have tried to study the structural and narrative coherence of Resalatuttayr (Treaties on the Birds), an allegorical story of Suhrawardi’s, adapting a narratological approach. Findings of the research show that Suhrawardi has skillfully used the first person point of view. He appears like a modern novelist in his perfect use of fictional elements, such as narrative time, creating symbolic time, and suspension. Manuscript profile

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111 - The Analysis of Mantegh-Al-Teyr Based on Narratology
کاظم دزفولیان foad Moloudi

This article is an analysis of the narrative aspect of Attar’s Mantiq-Al-Tayr (Speech of Birds), based on the views of two structuralist narratologists- Gremas and Genette. On the one hand, using Gremas’s interpretative actanitial model, and basic structure of binary op More

This article is an analysis of the narrative aspect of Attar’s Mantiq-Al-Tayr (Speech of Birds), based on the views of two structuralist narratologists- Gremas and Genette. On the one hand, using Gremas’s interpretative actanitial model, and basic structure of binary oppositions in this model, we will study the process of creating meaning and development of narrative units in Mantiq-Al-Tayr, as well as the role of binary oppositions, such as, meaning/ form, body/ soul, and the heaven/ the earth in the formation of the actantial roles. On the other hand, based on Genet’s theory, the three narrative levels of the story- narrative, narratology and linking features of these levels- will be presented in Mantiq-Al-Tayr in order to show to what extent this work enjoys narrative structure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

112 - Study, Analysis and Critique of Four Persian Odes Based on Systemic – Functional Linguistics
Reza چراغی Ahmad razi

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraq More

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraqi, Masoud Sa’d, Amirmo’ezy- comparing them with Farrokhi’s own poem, in the framework of systemic–functional linguistics. Since Azraqi is known for his poetic innovations and Amirmo’ezy is accused of sheer imitation – if not literary theft – of Farrokhi’s Divan and Onsory’s, the research can also provide a scientific and objective analysis of creativity, innovation or sheer imitation. No doubt many literary artistic beauties and fine points cannot be explained through linguistic analysis. However, most linguistic approaches, methods, and tools are useful for understanding literary texts preventing subjective evaluations and judgments. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

113 - Representation of Pre & Post-Revolution Iranian Society in Two Novels of Reza Barahani’s
شهرام زمانی سبزی تقی آزاد ارمکی

The mechanism of Social Thought in Barahani’s works is the base for the present paper. The portrait of pre & post Revolution Iranian Society painted vividly in two novels of Reza Barahani’s was studied based on Lucian Goldman's Genetical structuralism. The two novels a More

The mechanism of Social Thought in Barahani’s works is the base for the present paper. The portrait of pre & post Revolution Iranian Society painted vividly in two novels of Reza Barahani’s was studied based on Lucian Goldman's Genetical structuralism. The two novels are “The Mysteries of my Homeland” (Les Mysteries du moon Pays) and “Azadeh Khanoom and her Author” (Dr. Sharifi’s Private Auschwitz). Key concepts of the novels were categorized according to Parsons in four categories of culture, society, politics and economy. Findings of the paper show that the mechanism of Social Thought in Barahani’s literature is of politico- cultural approach, in other words, Barahani’s novels are political, but, the political content is obtainable via culture. Manuscript profile

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114 - Semiotic – Semantic Analysis of Farsi Political Novels during 1351 – 1380
mostafa gorji

One of the streams of contemporary story-writing is political one. Titles of political fictions regarding their theme are worth more consideration than any other types of streams, to the extent that studying political fiction with focus on their titles- as meaningful an More

One of the streams of contemporary story-writing is political one. Titles of political fictions regarding their theme are worth more consideration than any other types of streams, to the extent that studying political fiction with focus on their titles- as meaningful and autonomous units- is a type of criticism of fiction the main goal of which is mostly to explore the dominant political thought of the text. Here in this article, the author has studied titles of nearly 100 political fictions with a semiotic and semantic approach. The corpus includes 22 stories published in 1350’s, 33 stories in 1360’s, and 46 stories in 1370’s. While %9 of the titles are linguistically simple, % 86 are compound. This comes from the fact that author’s try to attract the readers’ attentions to their works; moreover, the very nature of this literary genre entails ambiguity and obscurity. An epistemological look at the corpus reveals that about %30 of titles include the words expressing senses like human suffering. As for the political fictions of 1360’s, it amounts to %45. In semiotic – semantic analysis of the titles one more consideration was made due to the kind of oppositions in titles of different periods: Titles chosen for the stories in a period may be suggestive of dynamism, and freedom, while at another period they may imply inaction, and captivity. Manuscript profile

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115 - A Survry to the Features of Feminine Traditional and Modern Identity in Parvin Etesami’s Poetry
مریم صادقی گیوی بهاره پرهیزکاری

Parvin is a poet expressing the isolation and the constraints imposed on women by her contemporaries. She delved into the prevalent beliefs and ill-treatment of the women of her time, which mainly originated from the women themselves, and attempted to evaluate them care More

Parvin is a poet expressing the isolation and the constraints imposed on women by her contemporaries. She delved into the prevalent beliefs and ill-treatment of the women of her time, which mainly originated from the women themselves, and attempted to evaluate them carefully and realistically so that she could find solutions. She was a pioneer poet in this regard. This article analyzes Parvin’s view on women which at the same time is traditional and modern. On the one hand, she admires women as mothers and wives, which entails the features like endurance, kindness, compassion, purity and chastity. On the other hand, she stresses the effective fulfilling of these functions through education and originality of their thoughts. Their relations to their spouses would be based on mutual understanding rather than obedience; they could raise their children in such a way that they would serve the society efficiently. Manuscript profile

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116 - The Analysis of the Reactions of Three Contemporary Poetesses to a Part of the Prevailing Iranian Traditional Culture
سید مهدی زرقانی

The article studies reactions of three contemporary poetesses to masculine culture. First, we review the difference of attitudes between Iranian poets of classical and constitutional periods. Then, we check the point with the poetry of Parvin E’tesami, Simin Behbahani, More

The article studies reactions of three contemporary poetesses to masculine culture. First, we review the difference of attitudes between Iranian poets of classical and constitutional periods. Then, we check the point with the poetry of Parvin E’tesami, Simin Behbahani, and Forooq Farokhzad, as the representatives of three different attitudes of objection reflected in their poems. Parvin represents the poets of ‘protesting’ attitude, who never go beyond the rigid limits of the tradition though. Simin is the representative of the poets distancing themselves from the tradition and have ‘reformist’ sympathies. Finally, Forooq represents the poets for who ‘protesting’ and ‘reform’ is not an end. Rather, they take a “rebellious” attitude toward the traditions. Manuscript profile

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117 - The Place of Poetry in Plato’s and Aristotle’s Sense

One of the interesting and significant discussions in the history of literary criticism in Greek classical literature is Plato’s oppositions to poetry and Aristotle’s defense of it. Although their assumptions were based on common grounds and both considered art as a t More

One of the interesting and significant discussions in the history of literary criticism in Greek classical literature is Plato’s oppositions to poetry and Aristotle’s defense of it. Although their assumptions were based on common grounds and both considered art as a type of mimesis, but they were not of the same view on the value of poetry and the concept of mimesis. Their special philosophical thought system and genius which undoubtedly shaped and influenced philosophy and literary criticism through decades, has always been open to study and criticism. this article is an attempt to investigate the bases of their intellectual and ideational systems according to which they evaluate poetry. Manuscript profile

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118 - A Criticism of Studying and Categorizing Classical Poetry Meters in the Metric Phonology Framework
فاطمه علوی علی‌محمد حق‌شناس فردوس آقاگلزاده Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu kambuzia

This paper aims at studying the meters which are common between Arabic and Persian poems. To this end, we examine and discuss the theory of Golston and Riad (1998) about classical meters. These classical meters in turn are driven from the theory of metrics by Khalil Ibn More

This paper aims at studying the meters which are common between Arabic and Persian poems. To this end, we examine and discuss the theory of Golston and Riad (1998) about classical meters. These classical meters in turn are driven from the theory of metrics by Khalil Ibn Ahmad, the famous grammarian and the founder of Aruz (prosody). Golston and Riad's theory is one of the well-known theories in scientific interpretation and classification of Alkhalil meters, and is written in the framework of prosodic metrics. Though this theory is essentially for Arabic meters, it's vividly applicable to Persian meters, too. Metric units of this theory are: syllable, foot, metron, and hemistich the dominant property of which is "binarity". Here we first examine the different dimensions of the theory and then study the theoretical implications of it in the realm of Persian meters. Findings of this research show that the distinct appreciation of the Arab and the Persian about their respective verses has its roots in phonology. Manuscript profile

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119 - Structural Analyzing of Criticism
صدیقه (پوران) علیپور

Criticism is an abstraction originating from the readers’ mental feedbacks and leading to the analysis of the texts. While some scholars see this the only way to evaluate literary works, criticism basically deals with diachronic (author-based and history-oriented) and s More

Criticism is an abstraction originating from the readers’ mental feedbacks and leading to the analysis of the texts. While some scholars see this the only way to evaluate literary works, criticism basically deals with diachronic (author-based and history-oriented) and synchronic (metaphysics of text and reader’s feedback) readings. Critical reading examines a text and judges it considering all its complex structural texture with the help of textual or meta-textual explicit and implicit elements. With such an approach, this paper, first, attempts to study the pros and cons of criticism, and then drawing a diagram for criticism, interprets it as an intelligent communications network from critics to texts and the world of textuality. Manuscript profile

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120 - Synaestesia: character and nature
مینا بهنام

This essay tries to study synaestesia with a cognitive approach to the structure of language. Its theoretical framework is provided by Joseph Stern (semantician), Stefan Ulmann (linguist), and Osgood (psychologist). The author tries to explain the symbolic nature of th More

This essay tries to study synaestesia with a cognitive approach to the structure of language. Its theoretical framework is provided by Joseph Stern (semantician), Stefan Ulmann (linguist), and Osgood (psychologist). The author tries to explain the symbolic nature of this linguistic phenomenon as well as the speaker’s perceptional process while using it, and its emotional and mental effects on them. When explained the formation process of synaestesia, we will study it as a neurological and perceptional category. Then, we will provide some examples from Persian literature to clarify the structure of synaestesia. At last, we will come to rethinking synaestesia in art and linguistic phenomena (poetry and prose). According to the finding of the research, synaestesias is a metaphor in which a particular meaning, common to a given perceptional domain, projects to another domain to which it no longer is usual. The basis of such a transition is a kind of similarity and interference between the two domains. In general, this possibility comes from man’s selective system of thinking and his capability to use metaphor. That is why it is frequently seen in different fields of art, including cinema, painting and music. Literary schools use synaestesia differently, not just for creating images, but to communicate special meaning, and to impress the audience. Manuscript profile

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121 - The Deep and Hidden Influence of Quran upon Hafez Poetry Regarding the Fifth Sonnet in his Divan
علی نظری علی فتح اللهی پروانه رضایی

It is obvious that Hafez poetry is completely affected by the Quran in its words, expressions, phrases, structure and style. This has made his word symbolic, ambiguous, multilayer in content, and artistic. His fifth sonnet has been inspired by the story of Moses and Abd More

It is obvious that Hafez poetry is completely affected by the Quran in its words, expressions, phrases, structure and style. This has made his word symbolic, ambiguous, multilayer in content, and artistic. His fifth sonnet has been inspired by the story of Moses and Abd (Khedhr) in the Quran. He must have consciously and skillfully got use of the plot of the story and combined it with the elements of Persian poetry. Key words and phrases making the reader of the sonnet associate them with the verses from the Quran including ‘unveiling the mystery’, ‘wrecked ship’, ‘visiting the familiar one’, ‘the man of poverty’, ‘struggle for joy and pleasure’, ‘getting addict by wine’, and begging apology’ directly or indirectly are the signs and symbols whose compatibility with the content of the verses 62 and 82 in the Surah of Kahf (cave) the author tries to examine. Manuscript profile

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122 - A Critical Approach to compatibility of Bakthin’s Views with an Epic Work Like Shahnameh
کاظم دزفولیان

Contemporary literary theorists have examined different literary genres from different standpoints. Among them Mhkail Bakhtin, a distinguished Russian literary critic, stands out from the rest. Highlighting his key concept of dialogism, Bakhtin among different literary More

Contemporary literary theorists have examined different literary genres from different standpoints. Among them Mhkail Bakhtin, a distinguished Russian literary critic, stands out from the rest. Highlighting his key concept of dialogism, Bakhtin among different literary genres singles novel, especially Dostoyevsky’s novels as possessing dialogic or polyphonic quality where the voice of narrator isn’t dominant. In this article we aimed at examining compatibility of Ferdosi’s Shahnameh with Bakhtin’s views. Findings of the research show that some of the stories have dialogic and polyphonic quality. Manuscript profile

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123 - A Structural and Semiotic Analysis of Nezami's ‘Haft Peykar’, from a Dramatic Point of View
بهروز محمودی بختیاری میترا علوی طلب

Nezami Ganjavi has always been recognized as one of the greatest creators of fictional masterpieces of Persian literature. However, the studies on his method of narration and characterization are so few in number. On the other hand, most of the works available have deal More

Nezami Ganjavi has always been recognized as one of the greatest creators of fictional masterpieces of Persian literature. However, the studies on his method of narration and characterization are so few in number. On the other hand, most of the works available have dealt with Nezami's life, his literary innovations, and explanations about the difficult verses of him. This shows that there is a lot to be done about his method of storytelling, as well as the patterns of his fictional narrations. This study has chosen Haft Peykar from Nezami's five "treasures", since the dramatic patterns in this work seem to be more vivid, and on the basis of the methods available in structuralism and semiotics, it has been tried to present the reader the dramatic aspects of this work. In order to achieve this aim, issues such as characterization, dramatic situation, action and results, suspense and the active characters have been taken into account so that the proper framework may be provided for further adaptations or rewritings of Haft Peykar. Manuscript profile

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124 - Functions of Communicative Silence in Reading Literary Texts
لیلا صادقی

The purpose of the present article is to examine the different functions of silence as a part of linguistic communication as well as the absence of any kind of linguistic element. Based on the Organon-Model by Karl Buhler, Roman Jacobson (1956) distinguishes six communi More

The purpose of the present article is to examine the different functions of silence as a part of linguistic communication as well as the absence of any kind of linguistic element. Based on the Organon-Model by Karl Buhler, Roman Jacobson (1956) distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension of the communication process. Michael Ephratt (2008) has revised the same model, considering (Eloquent) silence as a linguistic sign which conveys information in the referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic functions. To shed light on the issue, we study several literary texts to show how communicational silence, which is a new issue in literary linguistics, and its functions are applied to transferring a message or narrating a story. It can be considered as a narrative technique in order to say something through blank, absent or deferred elements. The question of the article is how six communication functions of silence could apply to expressing something. The result of the study showed that silence has a significant role in activating reader's role in reading a text. Manuscript profile

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125 - A Survey to the Narrative Time in the Play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man"
مهدی نیک‌منش سونا سلیمیان

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genett More

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genette, has posed an autonomous theory on "the parameter of time and its function and place in narration". According to him, timing arrangement in a narration is got through order, duration, and frequency. Studying and contrasting them against real time, one can determine the place of time in the process of story. Studying narrative time of in the play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man" by Chista Yaserbi shows that Yasrebi, avoiding the usual time sequence, and moving from chronological time to the text time, has made different selections and provided flashback and futurist narratives. Such selections and their especial timing plays a significant role in arranging the components of the plot, as well as suspense. Moerover, studying duration and frequency of the events narrated in this play, shows that the events enjoy an appropriate beat and speed according to the author's purpose. Regarding principles of narratology, there is a direct and significant correlation between content of the play and the speed of narrating the events, their repetition and frequency. Manuscript profile

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126 - Analyzing the movement of Iranian Mythological Themes and Narrations in Persian Novels. (Mordad 28, 1332 – 1387)
سعید بزرگ بیگدلی حسن شاهی‌پور دکتر سید علی قاسم‌زاده

The emergence of mythology in the contemporary Persian novels, as the dominant literary discourse, is an epoch making movement. Based upon their vision and socio- political situation, many of the contemporary authors have used mythology in order to achieve two main goal More

The emergence of mythology in the contemporary Persian novels, as the dominant literary discourse, is an epoch making movement. Based upon their vision and socio- political situation, many of the contemporary authors have used mythology in order to achieve two main goals: one, to present an interpretation of the world around, and the other, to enhance the esthetic and attractive values which they are to present in their works. According to the findings of the research, novelists within the 1340’s and 1350’s showed most concern toward restructuring and reproducing myth ever. A main reason was the authors’ nostalgias caused by the events such as the defeat of folk movement and the coup of Mordad 28th which mad long and deep impression on them. The most tendencies to myths in post-revolution period can be seen in 1370’s and 1380’s. However, the authors’ motivations differ from those of the pre-revolution period. A vast number of writers follow modernist and postmodernist movements and aesthetical tastes; some try to strengthen and revive national features, turn back to their traditional origins rather than pure imitating the West. The present research seeks to study and analyze how the mythological theme and narratives have been reflected, reproduced in the contemporary Iranian novels from mordad 28th 1332 to 1387. Manuscript profile

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127 - The Process of Changes in meaning of the Word ‘Adab’ With Focus on the First Three Centuries after Islam
اسماعيل آذر

“Adab” in tradition of the pre-Islamic Arabic culture was a word for good manners and customs inherited through generations. Due to the importance of teaching and training, the term applied to all branches of knowledge, except divinities, but the word Ta’dib (teaching ‘ More

“Adab” in tradition of the pre-Islamic Arabic culture was a word for good manners and customs inherited through generations. Due to the importance of teaching and training, the term applied to all branches of knowledge, except divinities, but the word Ta’dib (teaching ‘Adab’/ good manners) was considered synonymous with teaching. So it went after Islam. Arabs’ contacts with other nations, especially during the first three centuries, caused the extension of the term’s significance so that it included all sciences, crafts, and sports. In this period, ‘Adab’ meant witty, innovative and subtle points. A learned witty person was referred to as ‘Adib’, i.e. a man of ‘Adab’. By the end of the third century, the term was commonly used for word study. In the fifth and sixth centuries it referred to inflection, syntax and rhetoric. Changes in connotations of the term ‘Adab’ was linked with the social history of nations. In Farsi language, it means courtesy and good manner; it also is a word for literature. Manuscript profile

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128 - Unknown Works as Sources of Some Ideas In Kashf-ol-Mahjub
ایمان منسوب بصیری

Kashf-ol-Mahjub of Hujwiri is one of the most authoritative ancient sources of the mysticism in Persian literature. So it might be useful in searching for the unknown sources influential in forming Persian-Islamic mysticism, which have mostly been used by the author wit More

Kashf-ol-Mahjub of Hujwiri is one of the most authoritative ancient sources of the mysticism in Persian literature. So it might be useful in searching for the unknown sources influential in forming Persian-Islamic mysticism, which have mostly been used by the author without mentioning them since during the translation movement, mainly from Greek into Arabic, the exact titles or authors of most translated works were ignored, and remained unknown for Muslim writers. This was because, traditionally, ancient authors rarely mentioned the source of their citation. This resulted in the fact that some considered the second author the true owner of the quotation. In this article, introducing the sources of some phrases used in this book, we have tried to show the common sources in forming Islamic and Christian mysticism and to investigate their traces in Kashf-ol-Mahjub. Clearly, it might be the case that association of ideas has developed common thoughts between these two cultures. It is hard to render every similar idea to adaptation, or a direct influence of one on the other. Manuscript profile

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129 - A Structural Survey of Kin Combat in the Poems of ‘Rostam-o-Sohrab’, ’Borzu Nameh’, ’Jahangir Nameh’
Ahmad Khatami علی جهانشاهی افشار

Despite the existence of numerous works and hero-epics in Persian literature, it is noteworthy that they all have similar structures and consist of limited elements. Of course this is not a new subject. The structuralists like Levi Strauss, Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp, a More

Despite the existence of numerous works and hero-epics in Persian literature, it is noteworthy that they all have similar structures and consist of limited elements. Of course this is not a new subject. The structuralists like Levi Strauss, Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp, and Frazer, have already discussed it. The present article studies ‘kin combat’ in the poems of: ‘Rostam and Sohrab’,’Borzunameh’,’Jahangirnameh’, based on a structural approach. According to findings of the research, the common fixed elements of these works are as follows: accidental visit of the hero to a foreign land, his accidental meeting with a daughter in a foreign land , his marriage abroad, hero’s leaving his wife, giving her a token , birth of an extraordinary baby, child’s departure to his father’s land, assistance of the father’s enemies’ to him, deception, defeating father’s vanguard army by child, father being called by the king to fight the child, asking each other’s names, triple combats, child introducing himself to father. Manuscript profile

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130 - The Portraite of Hasank-e-Vazir In Literary and Historic Texts of Ghaznavid Era
Esmaeel Shafgh سمیرا جهان رمضان

Hasank-e-Vazir is an eminent figure in Persian history and literature. In prose and poems of the Ghaznavids era, there can find referrences to him. He had a multifarious personality and was influential politically, socially and culturally. This Article studies different More

Hasank-e-Vazir is an eminent figure in Persian history and literature. In prose and poems of the Ghaznavids era, there can find referrences to him. He had a multifarious personality and was influential politically, socially and culturally. This Article studies different aspects of his social and political life. Hasanak’s position of ministry in the time of Mahmud Ghaznavi-his powerful supporter- resulted in removing many mamonit opprtunist from governmantal affairs. He was executed for being Ghermati because of the slanders from his courtier enemies and by explicit order of Abbassi caliph’s. He was a patriotic person in Ghaznavid era. When Iran was dominated by Turks, he tried to maintain Iranian culture, its national identity, and a kind of nationalism .They accused him of being Ghermati following his meeting Fattemi Caliph, and his insistance in protecting this identity. We must admit that he had a leaning toward this sect, since one of its goals was establishing Justic. Manuscript profile

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131 - Analysis of Fictional Aspect of Mowlavi’s Quatrain
یعقوب زارع ندیکی

To Use the element of fiction in small forms like quatrain is very difficult. However, among 2000 quatrains attributed to Mowlavi, 200 ones are of fictional form. It seems that the poet’s use of such a form was in line with his attempt to make complex mystical concepts More

To Use the element of fiction in small forms like quatrain is very difficult. However, among 2000 quatrains attributed to Mowlavi, 200 ones are of fictional form. It seems that the poet’s use of such a form was in line with his attempt to make complex mystical concepts understood by his general audience. Analysis of fictional structure of the quatrains could help explore mysteries in these poems and tackle their difficulties. This may result in directing more attentions to those poems of Mowlavi that have already been less studied. The poet as an antagonist in the quatrains tries to give a linguistic form to the mystically indescribable scene of his meeting with the Beloved. Hence, the first person point of view is used in most quatrains. The quatrains are something between poems and traditional narrations. Their analysis seems difficult because of their surreal mood. The present research focuses on the elements of fiction, including point of view, plot, dialogue, setting, and character development. Manuscript profile

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132 - Aesthetic Functions of Predisposition of Verb In Sa’di’s Sonnets
سوسن جبری

Syntactic structures somehow reflect our perception of outer and inner facts, and express the relations established by our minds among the things and concepts in terms of linguistic forms. Such a process is unconscious. Poets, however, employ the syntactic patterns to s More

Syntactic structures somehow reflect our perception of outer and inner facts, and express the relations established by our minds among the things and concepts in terms of linguistic forms. Such a process is unconscious. Poets, however, employ the syntactic patterns to some degree consciously so that they would effectively express their thoughts and emotions. Predisposition of verb is a defamiliarized syntactic pattern whose functions here have been studied in Sa’di’s sonnets. Structure functions of this pattern are to create forceful musical effects, keeping sentences length short, extendibility, completing the meaning, and structural cohesion. Predisposition of verb has also semantic functions including meaning extension, emphasis, magnification, minimization, generalizing palace and time, brevity, interpretability, suspension and expectance, prominence of descriptions, movement and dynamism, emotional incitement, creating images and pleasure, semantic cohesion. Thus, predisposition of verb is considered as one of the reasons for the beauty of Sa’di’s sonnets which along his skillful use of other linguistic techniques make readers share in poet’s thought and emotions. Manuscript profile

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133 - Contrastive Analysis of the Two Narratives of “Anahid” and “Kermanian Princess”
جمشيد مظاهري آرمان ماناسريان

The Iranian and the Armenian are two nations of rich folkloric heritage, which reminder of the rise and fall of their history. The objective of the present article is to introduce the features of form and content of “Anahid” and “Kermanian Princess”. Their contrast show More

The Iranian and the Armenian are two nations of rich folkloric heritage, which reminder of the rise and fall of their history. The objective of the present article is to introduce the features of form and content of “Anahid” and “Kermanian Princess”. Their contrast shows that the two nations’ common grounds and motives was the main factor in their development. Clearly, one of these societies might have been the origin of the narratives. The research method is library based. Our main references for analysis of “Kermanian Princess” and “Anahid” were “Jame’-ol-Hekayat”, a manuscript of the late 10th H. and early 11th H., and the famous book of “Armanian National Narratives” by the well-known Armenian folklorist, Qazares Aqayan, respectively. In the present research, we have studied the content, structural, and folkloric features of narratives based on Vladimir Propps theory, cited in his “The Theory and History of Folklore”. Manuscript profile

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134 - Analyses of Definitions of Parody
محمدرضا صدريان

‘Naqizeh’ (parody) in Old Persian literature was both in serious and humorous forms, and it was not confined to poetry, but has been used in prose, as well. The closest term in English to ‘Naqizeh’ is parody. Parody has different forms; however, such diversity is not su More

‘Naqizeh’ (parody) in Old Persian literature was both in serious and humorous forms, and it was not confined to poetry, but has been used in prose, as well. The closest term in English to ‘Naqizeh’ is parody. Parody has different forms; however, such diversity is not suggestive of lacking a thorough agreement on the genre. Based on Bakhtin’s theory of Dialogue, and Genette’s and Barthes’s views, the present article provides a definition of parody in English literature covering most cases. Accordingly, parody can be defined as a deliberate imitation or transformation of a socio-cultural product (including literary and non-literary texts, and discourse in its Bakhtinian broad sense) so that it will recreate its original subject in a playful, not necessarily ironic way. Manuscript profile

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135 - Investigating the Dramatic Aspects of Rostam and Sohrab Story in Shahnameh Based on Aristotle’s Views on Drama
داود حاتمي

Among the mythological, heroic, and historic stories in Shahnameh, the heroic ones are of better ground and more fascinating perspectives for study than the others. Isolation of heroic function from the functions of mythological-king-hero character and its appearance in More

Among the mythological, heroic, and historic stories in Shahnameh, the heroic ones are of better ground and more fascinating perspectives for study than the others. Isolation of heroic function from the functions of mythological-king-hero character and its appearance in a particular character named hero, with his own actions and feelings that are increasingly similar to a common human behaviors and emotions on one hand, and Ferdowsi’s (the poet’s) tendency to investigate and interpret the hero’s internal motivations facing epical events, on the other hand, have made the characterization aspect of the work deeper and more elaborate, and also promoted the structure of the story from a mere heroic narration to a dramatic structure with its embodiment potential, that latter effect is more prominent in some of the heroic stories. The study of dramatic aspects of these stories, in addition to understanding the dramatic potentials, helps their typology be more methodological and exact. This article, selecting one of the most well known heroic stories of Shahnameh, i.e. Rustam and Sohrab story, and through an introductory emphasis on the originality of its Iranian version, compared with the non-Iranian ones, attempts to investigate its dramatic aspects based upon Aristotle’s Poetica, as the most ancient and, at the same time, credible thesis on recognizing drama and its mechanism in the context of the classic verse and prose works; and presents its own results. Manuscript profile

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136 - Shahnameh in the Arab World
قاسم مختاري محمود شهبازي مژگان نصيري

Firdowsi is the famous Iranian poet who, by composing the epic of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings), secured a prominent place for himself in Persian literature. The first Arabic translation of the book was made in the 7th century A.H. by Fath Ibin Ali Bondari Isfahani by t More

Firdowsi is the famous Iranian poet who, by composing the epic of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings), secured a prominent place for himself in Persian literature. The first Arabic translation of the book was made in the 7th century A.H. by Fath Ibin Ali Bondari Isfahani by the decree of Malek Mo’adham Issa Ayoubi. However, the translation being in prose and consequently ignoring almost all the aesthetic aspects of the book, had literally no influence on Arab writers. In the current century and thanks to the indefatigable attempts of some Arab writers and critics, such as the prominent Arab scholar Abd-al-Vahhab Izam who also knows Persian very well and has conducted many researches on Shahnameh in Arabic, Shahnameh has found its place among Arab authors and poets who confessed the greatness of Ferdowsi’s unique work. However, the stories of Shahnameh did not reflected that much in Arabic poetry. There may be three reasons for this fact: tendencies to western literature, prose translations of shahnameh where its poetic features have been lost, and the lack of an epic heritage in Arabic literature. Manuscript profile

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137 - Deviation from the Norms in Nezami’s Khamseh
زينب نوروزي

Nezami Ganjavi employs a complex symbolic language in his poetry. His frequent play with words is an attempt to emotionally affect the readers. The present paper is a study of the language Nezami used in his poetry, based on the formalist theory of the deviation from t More

Nezami Ganjavi employs a complex symbolic language in his poetry. His frequent play with words is an attempt to emotionally affect the readers. The present paper is a study of the language Nezami used in his poetry, based on the formalist theory of the deviation from the norms. A prominent aspect of deviation from norms is to use words for meanings other than their usual ones; this has frequently been used in Khamseh. Studying such deviations helps to discover the artistic and poetic techniques of Nazami’s literary creation. Nezami has created his poems by deviation from standard language, and defamiliarization. Notably, the later should be studied regarding the linguistic norms and the time when they were in use. In the construction of Nezami’s poems, deviations of musical, lexical, syntactic, and semantic types play a crucial role. Manuscript profile

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138 - The Theory of Consciousness and Eternity of Being in Mowlavi’s Gnostic Point of View
حسين نوين

On the basis of an intuitive knowledge, as well as by reference to Koran verses and his sacred knowledge, Mowlavi regards all particles of the universe as conscious, living, and dynamic, linked in an innately coordinated manner with the Conscious Totality governing all More

On the basis of an intuitive knowledge, as well as by reference to Koran verses and his sacred knowledge, Mowlavi regards all particles of the universe as conscious, living, and dynamic, linked in an innately coordinated manner with the Conscious Totality governing all the being. Within this system, such a connection would be completed when the elements of existence, including human beings, detach themselves from their material aspects and promote their spiritual dimensions. This is what is called the law of entropy and negentropy in physics. Mowlavi's mystic unity of existence confirms this doctrine. He, like Einstein, believes in two kinds of lights, sense and regent; he considers the human death as a process of changing the light of sense into the regent light, and into eternity. All phenomena are moving toward the wisdom governing the existence in a predetermined total coordination with universe of existence. Human beings’ connection with the Totality governing the universe, and reaching eternal illumination is possible in the light of intuition attained through invocation, meditation and purification of the soul. Manuscript profile

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139 - Criticism of the Research Approaches to the History of Iranian Play "Ta'ziyeh"
على شيخ‌‏مهدى مصطفی مختاباد

This article seeks to explain that any fundamental study about Ta'ziyeh inevitably leads to a chronological investigation of theatrical play in Iran. Therefore, this article, has reviewed the studies conducted by western and Iranian scholars in this field and the eight More

This article seeks to explain that any fundamental study about Ta'ziyeh inevitably leads to a chronological investigation of theatrical play in Iran. Therefore, this article, has reviewed the studies conducted by western and Iranian scholars in this field and the eight approaches, using documents and the library references, and employing a historical-expository methodology. Finally, it draws the conclusion that these scholars’ persistence in finding a single origin for the Iranian theatrical play of Ta'ziyeh has led them to ignore its extensive connection with other possible original sources; hence, there remains a lot to be explored about the theatre in Iran. Manuscript profile

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140 - Analysis of the Language in Farokhi Yazdi’s Poems Based on the Critical Aesthetic Theory (with Reference to a Sonnet and Some Quatrain of his)
حسین حسن‌پور آلاشتی Reza عباسی

Frankfort school is a title for a theoretical and thinking heritage of some prominent German intellectuals and their special social theory from which the critical aesthetic theory emerged. Unlike some schools of literary criticism and particularly sociological criticism More

Frankfort school is a title for a theoretical and thinking heritage of some prominent German intellectuals and their special social theory from which the critical aesthetic theory emerged. Unlike some schools of literary criticism and particularly sociological criticism that diminish originality of literary works and their creators, and consider them as the products of external factors, it attempts to give literary works an autonomous status. The thinkers of critical theory introduced criteria to evaluate art, especially literature. The present article, first reviews the basic concepts of critical aesthetic theory, such as criticism of art, revolutionary art, ideological nature of art, autonomy of art. Studying Farokhi’s poems reveals the poet’s critical views expressed through linguistic elements of employing particular expressions, heroic language, semantic deviations, using slangs and foreign words. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

141 - The Study of the Evolution of Maternal Contents in the Poetry of Some Poetesses from the Period of Constitutionalism up to Present
مریم عاملی رضایی

Women’s Poetry has always been the field of expressing their emotions. Maternity is the purist of the feminine emotions reflected in the poems of both men and women. Extending feminine poetry in contemporary period, maternal images have also been depicted in it by the p More

Women’s Poetry has always been the field of expressing their emotions. Maternity is the purist of the feminine emotions reflected in the poems of both men and women. Extending feminine poetry in contemporary period, maternal images have also been depicted in it by the poetesses themselves. The objective of the present article is to study maternal contents in the poems of Iranian famous poetesses from the period of Constitutionalism to the present, say, Jale Qaem Maqami, Parvin E’tesami, Foruq Farokhzad, Simin Behbahani. It focuses on the fact that emerging modern thinking and individualism introduced the content of separation between mother and child to the feminine poetry. It also studies the ascent and descent of expressing maternal contents in their poetry. Although the nature of maternal emotion is the same, it worth mentioning that it can be affected by factors like the life, beliefs and world view of a poetess herself, the social changes of her time that make some contents more prevailing than the other ones. Findings of the present research shows that the main contents of this type are expressing mother and child emotions, mother and child talk, training child by mother, mothers view on the world and universe. Studying maternal contents in the poetry of every poetess, we will follow its changes regarding their time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

142 - «Stream of Consciousness» in the Stories by «Mostafa Mastoor»
آرش مشفقی ناصر علیزاده خیّاط

As the colossal movement of »modernism« in the 20th century bloomed, it dominated all aspects of human life. Literature too, faced a metamorphosis in the form of novel, and emergence of new ways in narration. The term »Stream of Consciousness« was first used by the Amer More

As the colossal movement of »modernism« in the 20th century bloomed, it dominated all aspects of human life. Literature too, faced a metamorphosis in the form of novel, and emergence of new ways in narration. The term »Stream of Consciousness« was first used by the American psychologist »William James« in psychology, then entered the field of literature and became one of the modern narrative techniques. The present study has attempted to, first, give a brief description of the main features of the ‘stream of consciousness’, and then, investigate those features in some of the stories written by the contemporary modern Iranian writer, ‘Mostafa Mastoor’. In other words, the present paper tries to find the answer to the question of the possibility of classifying some of Mastoor’s stories under the title of “stream of consciousness”, as some critics believes. It should be noted that the term ‘stream of consciousness’ is used for the stories having all or most of the features known for it. Therefore, the selected works of Mastoor's as samples do not mean that they are fully written under the rules of the ‘stream of consciousness’, rather, they aim at probing the strength of its effects in these works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

143 - A Study of Humanities Textbooks within the Framework of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar from the Viewpoint of Interpersonal Metafunction
مریم اعلايی فردوس آقاگلزاده Mohammad دبیرمقدم ارسلان گلفام

In his systemic-functional grammar, Halliday believes that language is primarily aimed at conveying meaning; so speakers form the text in order to communicate what they mean. This implies that in interaction, exchanging of sounds, words or sentences is not intended; wha More

In his systemic-functional grammar, Halliday believes that language is primarily aimed at conveying meaning; so speakers form the text in order to communicate what they mean. This implies that in interaction, exchanging of sounds, words or sentences is not intended; what matters is the exchange of meaning. The present article investigates the humanities textbooks published by SAMT within the framework of Halliday’s functional grammar, particularly. The method adopted here is descriptive–analytic. The result obtained from the interpersonal perspective suggests that writers, making frequent use of positive predicative sentences, merely present and bombard information in the form of monologues; the relationship between the reader and the writer consequently breaks off, and writers fails to achieve their end, to wit, communicating concepts to the reader, and reach a dead-end point. Manuscript profile

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144 - From Meaningful Structure to the Structure of Quatrain (Ruba’i) (Sociological approach to the Relationship Between Worldview of Rudaki’s Age and the Structure of Quatrain)
Ahmad خاتمي منا علي‌‌مددي

Quatrain is a form that first enjoyed wide currency among Iranian poets , then it found its way to Arab poetry; however, though it is believed by some, like Shams Qys Razi, that Rudaki first developed quatrain, due to lack of adequate documentation, there is no agreeme More

Quatrain is a form that first enjoyed wide currency among Iranian poets , then it found its way to Arab poetry; however, though it is believed by some, like Shams Qys Razi, that Rudaki first developed quatrain, due to lack of adequate documentation, there is no agreement on who was its inventor. Some believe that quatrain can be traced to the pre-Islamic form of poetry known as Khusrovani, others relate it to Sufis. In this paper, the authors believe that such arguments will never lead to a defensible result. So the issue needs to be viewed from another perspective. To do so, using Lucien Goldman’s theory of Genetic Structuralism, according to which there is a homologous relationship between the inherent structure of literary works and the key structures of the social context of the author, they have tried to show how quatrain is the reflection of rationalistic worldview of the rationalist poets of the Khurasani school of poetry rather than the evolution of Iranians pre-Islamic poetry. Manuscript profile

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145 - Classification of Contents in Ibn Yamin’s Quatrain (Ruba’is)
nasrolah emami Zahra نصیری شیراز

Quatrain is one of the forms of much interest for Farsi- speaking poets. Ibn Yamin Faryumadi , the famous poet and Qat’ah writer of the eighth century, was especially fascinated by this form. His quatrains enjoy a big variety in content; they can be considered among t More

Quatrain is one of the forms of much interest for Farsi- speaking poets. Ibn Yamin Faryumadi , the famous poet and Qat’ah writer of the eighth century, was especially fascinated by this form. His quatrains enjoy a big variety in content; they can be considered among the colorful quatrains of Farsi language. They can be classified into eight groups; each of them highlights a particular aspect of his worldview and poetic creativity. Since the opening of the seventh century, quatrain form went to lose its prosperity and currency; hence, the variety in content and subtle points of Ibn Yamin’s quatrains drew attentions to this form again. The quatrain form provided opportunity for the themes and contents, already dealt with by the poet in detail in his Qat’ahs, to be expressed briefly in another form. Manuscript profile

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146 - Kalami arguments in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi
جلیل مشیدی

Abolfazl Beyhaqi, no doubt, was a Sunni Muslim, but of what branch of it is open to question. In his Tarikh, there is such a strong belief in destiny that he appears as a fatalist. On the other hand, regarding the responsibility he believes his historical characters had More

Abolfazl Beyhaqi, no doubt, was a Sunni Muslim, but of what branch of it is open to question. In his Tarikh, there is such a strong belief in destiny that he appears as a fatalist. On the other hand, regarding the responsibility he believes his historical characters had, he does not seemingly deny free will. Moreover, wisdom and rationalism are widely praised there, while he considers the Mo’tazileh rationalists as foes of Islam as Zendiqs (atheists) and Dahris (materialists). So, what religion could it be called? It cannot be marked as Ash'ari because the Ash’aris do not agree with rationalism. They do not even consider distinguishing between the good and bad as a matter of rationalistic practice. They had commitment just to what the Shar’ (Divine Law) knows as good or bad. Besides, they were not in a politically good position until the Seljuk took power in about the latter half of the fifth century AH, while in the time when in Basrah and Baqdad, Ash’ari began to reform religious beliefs, in Samarqand district, Abu-Mansour Matoridi (died in 333 AH) emerged with the ideology close to that of Ash’ari’s. Due to the importance he gave to rationalism, of course not so much as Ash’ari did, he attracted Ash’ari’s students who defended his views as revival of perfect Sunni Religion. Abolfazl Beyhaqi praises Abu Hanifah in his Tarikh; since most Hanafis were Matoridis, he can be considered as “Matoridi”. The present article, comparing and contrasting some writings of Beihaqi with Ash’ari and Matoridi beliefs, brings up and studies the probablity of his being Matoridi. Manuscript profile

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147 - Sufi time
افسانه ناظري

For Muslim Gnostics, “Time” has special meanings, implications and features which indicate “passing-away of human nature and manifestation of the Divine”. It is the very “Time” or “Present Time” when spiritual experiences and intuition of interior Truths happens. The “P More

For Muslim Gnostics, “Time” has special meanings, implications and features which indicate “passing-away of human nature and manifestation of the Divine”. It is the very “Time” or “Present Time” when spiritual experiences and intuition of interior Truths happens. The “Present Time” is between the past and future, but at the same time includes both. Accordingly, Sufi Time is going on in the present “Moment”, the moment having no temporal dimension; therefore, it goes on in a place which has no extensions. Hence, Sufi Time means to be “present” in a place and time free from the regulations of ordinary place and time. It has its own existential features and characteristics. The main objective of the present article is to explore what the sense, quality, quiddity, and ontological respects of Sufi Time are, and what spatial-temporal features it has; the features that, eventually, at the mind of a Sufi will develop the time and space (the Present Moment- world of Dominion) which “coincidence” of the past, the present and the future, a contradiction in terms, is one of its features that dominates all his existential aspects. Regarding the research question, its history, and lack of related literature, the research method of the first part is descriptive-explanatory, and of the second part is descriptive-analytic. In doing so, we have relied on the views and terminology of mysticism so that we would unveil the meanings hidden in Iranian-Islamic mysticism and its rich culture. Manuscript profile

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148 - Stylistics of the Iranian Ancient anecdote: the Study of Elements of Creating Content and Form Based on Two Tales from Jame’ al-Hekayat
جمشيد مظاهري آرمان ماناسريان

Iranians are the people with ancient traditions and culture. Their folkloric works are rich and reflective of their beliefs. So far, there have been various approaches to the study of folklore, each focusing on different aspects such as content, structure, style, langua More

Iranians are the people with ancient traditions and culture. Their folkloric works are rich and reflective of their beliefs. So far, there have been various approaches to the study of folklore, each focusing on different aspects such as content, structure, style, language, and so on. The present article studies “the unity of form and content” in popular tales, concentrating on two of them, chosen from Jame’ al-Hekayat. Its main purpose, which distinguishes it from the previous researches on the subject, is to find the relationship between content and form, the way they match in the course of a tale, the process of forming a tale, and the elements involved in forming the Iranian ancient tales. Manuscript profile

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149 - A Critical Study of the Validity of Gulestan Based on the Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis
سيامک صاحبي محمد‌ها‌‌‌‌دي فلاحي نسترن توكلي

With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitnes More

With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitness and implicitness of linguistic features used to express ideas in Gulestan , and to find the mystery of eternality of Sa’di’s speech. Presupposing that taking account of discourse structure can be helpful for understanding and interpreting a text, and relying on the fact that discourse is a meaningful linguistic unit having four features of systematicality, intentionality, objectivity, and being macro-linguistics, here in this article we have applied linguistic aspect of Van Leeuven’s model (1996) to find an answer to the question that what makes a work live on in cultural construction of different generations due to its linguistic features. Hence, after brief review of the relationship between literature and linguistics, we first introduce the subject and the research method. After that, critical discourse analysis and Van Livon’s model are introduced as basic concepts. This is followed by explaining the two categories of explicit and implicit features involved in Van Leeuven’s model. Dividing textual structure of Gulestan into two groups of narrative discourse-based and informative discourse-based structures, we analyze a text from the first chapter of Gulestan . Text analysis shows that in Gulestan the discourse-based features of implicitness such as deletion, passivization, de-personalization, referential and classificatory types are of high frequency in comparison with the features of implicitness. Measuring and explaining the degree of mysteriousness, we conclude that one reason for the eternality of Sa’di’s Gulestan is his use of the discourse-based features of implicitness. (Notice that here we deal with implicitness from a discourse approach not Gnostic and poetic one). This has made it possible for Sa’di to de-contextualize his narratives temporally, spatially, historically, politically; to hide their agents, actors, and patients, so communicate his own message through their speech prominently and effectively, and thereby make his work eternal for all centuries and generations. Manuscript profile

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150 - Teaching Farsi Compound Verbs to non-Persian Speakers
زينب محمد ابراهيمي حسن شاهی‌پور

The category of compound verbs is one of the most interesting, subtle and yet complex part of syntactic researches that has attracted the attentions of many linguists and teachers teaching a second/ foreign language. Analyzing the structure of compound verbs in spoken s More

The category of compound verbs is one of the most interesting, subtle and yet complex part of syntactic researches that has attracted the attentions of many linguists and teachers teaching a second/ foreign language. Analyzing the structure of compound verbs in spoken standard Farsi language in terms of Government and binding theory, and using a new scientific method of teaching language and vocabulary, the present research tries to provide a new practical and effective way of teaching Farsi compound verbs to the speakers of languages other than Farsi. According to the finding of the research, the compound verbs can be divided into two groups: one-argument verbs and multi-argument verbs. At elementary levels, it is better to start teaching with the first group. The second group should be taught at higher levels. Moreover, it seems appropriate to use spoken materials that have already been recorded in real communication contexts. Manuscript profile

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151 - Short Message (SMSs) in New Esperanto A Form – Content Analysis
ليلا شريفي

This paper investigates short messages, and the language resultant from abrivations made by the young people using mobile phones. Abrivation in language has many types, but what this article means by abrivation is the type the youth invented for saving time and ease of More

This paper investigates short messages, and the language resultant from abrivations made by the young people using mobile phones. Abrivation in language has many types, but what this article means by abrivation is the type the youth invented for saving time and ease of typing in sending messages. They have developed a literature that has broken the language rules, the rules governing pronunciation and grammar of standard languages. It knows no geographical boundary. It has signs of globalization. This research shows that dropping word letters in SMS is regular and predictable; the rules governing it are controlled by two phonological principles of “figure-ground” (Dressler 1996) and “strong-stronger” (Dongen 1978/1985). According to the Findings of the research, phonological principles controls decreasing the length of words in SMS, of course not considering suprasegmental elements. Manuscript profile

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152 - Attitudes of the Poets of the Constitutional Period to Religion
Mohammad غلامرضایی زهره ملّاکی

In the constitutional period, when Islamic tradition and modern civilization faced each other, due to their differences, clergymen and intellectuals who were the effective social forces of the time reacted differently to it. Intellectuals were of three types: against re More

In the constitutional period, when Islamic tradition and modern civilization faced each other, due to their differences, clergymen and intellectuals who were the effective social forces of the time reacted differently to it. Intellectuals were of three types: against religion; pro-religion but with stress on instrumental use of it; and pro-religion believing in compatibility of Islam and modern civilization. Clergymen were of two types: conservatives, against modernity; and constitutionalists believing in compromise between Islam and democracy. This article, using the method of qualitative content analysis, and studying the poems of seven popular poets of this period, surveys their attitudes to religion. The research reveals three main current of thought among the poets: one places religion against modernity and believes that modernization demands total removal of religion from society. Other flow believes in eliminating most religious traditions, changing their function, and emphasizes just on faith dimension of religion. The third current accepts modernization on the ground of religious traditions, and supports the change and reform to some of them just through Ijtihad. This movement stresses the preservation of religion in society. Manuscript profile

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153 - Typology and Distinctive Features of Quranic Narratives
َAbolfazl Horri

The present article is a study and analysis of typology of Quranic narratives, and their distinctive features making them different from some narrative genres such as legends, myths, and historical reports. At first, the genealogy of these genres is presented, and then More

The present article is a study and analysis of typology of Quranic narratives, and their distinctive features making them different from some narrative genres such as legends, myths, and historical reports. At first, the genealogy of these genres is presented, and then, referring to the verses (Ayahs) and reliable sources, the etymology of the words related to the Quranic narratives is investigated. The writer goes on with the typology of Quranic narratives, and the features distinguishing them from legends, myths, and historical reports. Although Quranic narratives may have some elements of storytelling, common to such genres, one thing is for sure: no matter what type they are, they were divinely revealed to the heart of the Prophet. Therefore, the idea of being false or superstitious is totally rejected. Manuscript profile

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154 - Mowlavi and his Tendency to Immortality in Mathnavi
منصور پیرانی

Death, which can somehow be linked with religion, is a major concern to all people. Mankind has nourished many grate dreams and thoughts and just these great desires have caused his flourishing and elevation ‚ and where his dreams and desires cannot be practicable‚ he r More

Death, which can somehow be linked with religion, is a major concern to all people. Mankind has nourished many grate dreams and thoughts and just these great desires have caused his flourishing and elevation ‚ and where his dreams and desires cannot be practicable‚ he realized them with makind legends and mythical characters. One of these wonderful dreams which mankind has brought in to being, is everlastingness or immortality that has been reflected either in nations legends‚ fables and mythical works ‚ such as Gilgamesh ‚ Achilles, invulnerability of Isfandyar , or in religious narratives like Khezr. The dream of everlastingness made the mankind find a way to realize it. The human’s masterpieces throughout the history reflected this dream in an artistic language. Mawlānā’s Mathnavi is one of these masterpieces, where Mawlānā being inspired with Quran and the prophetic sentences, believes that love is the base of being, and due to the essence common to both God and mankind, i.e. the Divine Spirit breathed in mankind, he can become God-like and make himself eternal. The present article studies “the desire to eternity” in Mawlānā’s views, referring to his source of inspiration, and relying on some verses from Mathnavi and Divan-e Shams. Manuscript profile

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155 - The Origin of Human’s Nature and Aspects in Mathnavi
بخشعلی قنبری

Human is one of the key concepts in Mowlavi’s works, especially in Mathnavi. Mowlavi considers human as an eye created to gaze at God and thereby, take pleasure; the essence of existence is thought, the thought whose object is The Divine. One can certainly ask where hum More

Human is one of the key concepts in Mowlavi’s works, especially in Mathnavi. Mowlavi considers human as an eye created to gaze at God and thereby, take pleasure; the essence of existence is thought, the thought whose object is The Divine. One can certainly ask where human originated from. According to the divine religions and the Gnostic schools following them man was made out of mud, and Adam was the first referent of humans. So, it is worth asking what processes human has left behind to reach to his present stance. The question is investigated as genealogy. Mowlavi introduces different stages in human’s genealogy. Having passed these stages, he reached the present stage. Now, he has come up with the question that, how his present situation is. The answer lies in human’s nature, which Mowlavi considers it of double quality. In sum, all these issues are reflected in Mathnavi. The humans’ creation out of various kinds of soils is the symbolic way of suggesting their different faculties and natures. At the same time, he has the potential of being the place of the Divine revelation; the soul breathed in him is the symbol of God’s presence in this place. This soul involves the levels including vegetative soul, animal soul, and holy soul. According to Mowlavi, human is the ultimate cause of the creation, though he is the last being to be created. Now, if he could reach perfection, he would acquire the capacity to be exalted. Such exaltation would result in his turning to be God-like, which would promote him far beyond plans, animals, and angels, to an exalted rank. This is so because human moves from these stages, while non-human beings are permanently fixed in their stages. Manuscript profile

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156 - Taj-al-Ma’aser and some forgotten verses from some divans (the books of poetry)
طاهره خوشحال دستجردي غلامحسين شريفي ولداني مهدي فاموري عليرضا شادآرام

The historical-literary book of Taj-al-Ma’aser is the oldest document on the history of the Qourians. It was written in 602 (A.H.) by Hasan Nezami Neishabouri, who lived at the time of the Qourians of India and, as one of their officials. In addition to its historical v More

The historical-literary book of Taj-al-Ma’aser is the oldest document on the history of the Qourians. It was written in 602 (A.H.) by Hasan Nezami Neishabouri, who lived at the time of the Qourians of India and, as one of their officials. In addition to its historical value, the book is of great literary importance. Using poetic figures, and frequent references to Arabic and Persian poems are among its features. According to Malek-al-sho’ara-ye Bahar, none of the ancient works has so many references to poems and poetry as Taj-al-Ma’aser has. Therefore, it can help to reconstruction of the verses lost in divans’ of famous poets. The authors here in the present article have made comparisons between the verses from the well-known poets recorded in Taj-al-Ma’aser and in their edited divans. No doubt that such a comparison is so helpful for the exploration and correction of the poems. Manuscript profile

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157 - Nativism and its Influence on Persian Modern Fiction (1320-1357 S.H.)
Alireza Siddiqui

Nativism was a reaction from the intellectuals who aimed at catching the attentions of their addressees to their roots and origins. Many countries experiencing colonialism, turned their attention to the subject, and naturally, different intellectual communities in Iran More

Nativism was a reaction from the intellectuals who aimed at catching the attentions of their addressees to their roots and origins. Many countries experiencing colonialism, turned their attention to the subject, and naturally, different intellectual communities in Iran responded to it, as well. Analysing pre-Revolution literary movements, we can find nativism, a movement usually ignored by the critics. The stories written during this movement criticizes the others, and the government following the others, and draw the people’s attention to their roots. In the present article, reviewing briefly Iran’s historical, social, cultural and literature conditions during the years 1320 to 1357 (S.H.), we have shown the main features of these stories, including, nativism, caring about Iranian-Islamic identity. The research reveals that during the 1320s and 1330s, the feature of nativism fades. The policies of Pahlavi regime in these two decades, and the way he treats the intellectuals create conditions which ultimately leads in their indifference to nativism. But the influence of the intellectual movements, particularly, the thoughts of Al Ahmad and Shari’ati, and the changes in the social condition of the country from 1342 on strengthens it in 1340s and 135s. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

158 - Natural Classes of Vowels in Persian Language
Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu kambuzia بهرام هادیان

The present article aims at studying the vowels of Persian Language and their phonotactic differences. Many Iranian linguists divide the vowels of Persian into two categories, the long vowels , which have two time-values, and the short ones wh More

The present article aims at studying the vowels of Persian Language and their phonotactic differences. Many Iranian linguists divide the vowels of Persian into two categories, the long vowels , which have two time-values, and the short ones which have one time-value. The long vowels are twice the short vowels in time of articulation. However, vowel duration is not sensed clearly in written or spoken Farsi. It is just noticed when scanning meter and rhythm of classical poems like that of, say, Hafiz, Sa’di, and Mowlavi. Dividing a line of a poem is done based on the length and duration of the syllables. The present article investigates the binarity (phonotactically) of the vowel classes in Farsi. We studied the consonantal clusters following the six vowels in different structures. According to the findings of the research, the vowels , and the vowels make two natural classes. Manuscript profile

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159 - Verb Aspect in persian Language: Features and Functions
مریم مجیدی

Aspect is considered a structural and semantic feature of verbs. P. Natel Khanlari was the first grammarian who introduced it to Persian grammar, describing the properties of verbs in the ancient Persian. Then it was widely used by others in writing the grammar of the More

Aspect is considered a structural and semantic feature of verbs. P. Natel Khanlari was the first grammarian who introduced it to Persian grammar, describing the properties of verbs in the ancient Persian. Then it was widely used by others in writing the grammar of the standard Farsi. Recently, many books and articles devoted lines or pages to clarify some of its features. However, it has been researched insufficiently, and in most cases under confusing terminologies. As a person who has taught Persian grammar for years, I can claim that the students of Farsi Language and Literature don’t make any distinctions between Aspect, Time, and Mood; they have no idea of different aspects of verbs and their functions. This article is an attempt to explore and explain grammatical features of Aspect in modern Farsi language, and its different types. Manuscript profile

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160 - An Etymological Investigation of Two Toponyms in the Province of Hamedan
محمدمهدي احديان

Geographical names, referred to as ‘toponyms’, make a large set of lexemes gathered over centuries. To study toponyms is important since they provide good clues about many historical facts from which nothing has been left, except a few names. As linguistic units, the More

Geographical names, referred to as ‘toponyms’, make a large set of lexemes gathered over centuries. To study toponyms is important since they provide good clues about many historical facts from which nothing has been left, except a few names. As linguistic units, they are exposed to any change that may occur in a language. The study of toponyms, based on the methods of historical-comparative linguistics, and using historical and geographical information provides their comprehensive etymology. The present article is a historical- etymological survey of two toponyms in Hamedan province: ‘Nahavand ‘ and ‘Adrapana’. According to the findings of the research, the ancient toponym of ‘Nesa’ , and the city ‘Nahavand ‘ are related to each other. This helps to locate ancient ‘Nesa’ and ‘Adrapana’., which are of archeological and historical-geographical importance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

161 - Cellphone as a Written Medium: A Discourse Study of the Persian Humorous SMSes
بهروز محمودی بختیاری آرزو آدي‌بيك

The growing use of cell-phones in the modern society, regarding the various services they provide, has changed both our interpersonal and verbal communications. Being of relatively low cost, and able to simultaneously send a message for larger groups of people, SMS ha More

The growing use of cell-phones in the modern society, regarding the various services they provide, has changed both our interpersonal and verbal communications. Being of relatively low cost, and able to simultaneously send a message for larger groups of people, SMS has indeed turned into a written medium which has resulted in a new culture in sending messages, especially among the youth. Considering the importance of this new way of communications, the present article studies its widly used application, i.e. the humors sent through SMS. The purpose of the research is to study, from a discourse analysis perspective, the most common techniques, and the most dominant approaches in forming humors. Having analysed the data, we found that in most cases the Grician Co-operative Maxims have been violated in different ways. Manuscript profile

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162 - Symbolism in Ave Sina’s Poem of Einiyyeh, and its Effect on the Thought of Muslim Gnostics
علی فتح اللهی علي نظري

How the human soul falls from the upper world and descends in the body cage is one of the complex philosophical and Gnostic debates. The duality of subtle spirit and dirty body is a matter of debate in most philosophical and Gnostic schools. Defending the duality doctri More

How the human soul falls from the upper world and descends in the body cage is one of the complex philosophical and Gnostic debates. The duality of subtle spirit and dirty body is a matter of debate in most philosophical and Gnostic schools. Defending the duality doctrine, like many other Muslim Gnostics, Ave Sina is considered as one of the pioneers in symbolically depicting the fall of the soul into the body. His Poem of Einiyyeh, among the works of Muslim scholars, follows such a view. The present article studies symbolism, its development, and the relevant factors in developing mystical-gnostic stories in the works of Muslim thinkers. The other focus of the research is to explore the traces of Gnosticism, neo-Platonism, and Akhavan-ol-Safa in the Poem of Einiyyeh, and their influence on its mystical concepts, and the compatibility of its symbolic language with the Sufi terms and expressions used by Muslim Gnostics, along with the study of the belonging of spirit to the upper world, its unwillingly Fall, and the duality of the soul and body. At the end, we will study the ways to set the everlasting subtle spirit free from the prison of the body. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

163 - “Journey” in Gnostic Prose Texts
هوشنگ محمدي افشار

Islamic Gnostics/ Sufism mainly originates from the Quran and the apostolic custom; and is based on piety and pure devotion, with the flavor of love. “Journeying” is one of the issues and traditions which in two levels of external and internal (spiritual) has been of g More

Islamic Gnostics/ Sufism mainly originates from the Quran and the apostolic custom; and is based on piety and pure devotion, with the flavor of love. “Journeying” is one of the issues and traditions which in two levels of external and internal (spiritual) has been of great importance and controversy for the Sufi elders and researchers. The present article studies the external journey during a long period of time, from the early stages of the development of Gnostics and Sufism up to the end of the 8th (Islamic) century. Types of journey, its motivations, advantages, goals and objectives, and requirements are studied according to the different views of the Sufis and other great figures of each period. The research was done by a descriptive-analytic method. In addition to reliance on the holy Quran and sacred sayings, we have also made references to the theoretical works on Sufism, and the biographies of the Sufi elders from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

164 - The Rulers’ Communications During the Mythical and Heroic Ages in Shahnameh
سيدمحمد دادگران مريم صادقي گیوی khadijeh tatari

Communication can be considered as the act of communicating meanings or exchanging messages. What distinguishes human communication from the other living beings’ is its principles and criteria to successful and efficient communication, and his ability to create and use More

Communication can be considered as the act of communicating meanings or exchanging messages. What distinguishes human communication from the other living beings’ is its principles and criteria to successful and efficient communication, and his ability to create and use symbols.The present article is to explain the development of human communication in Shahnameh until the heroic age. Aspects of human communication in Shahnameh include the rulers’ communication, the heroes’, and the people’s. The research focuses on the first type. The rulers’ communication can be studied in five levels: communication with other rulers, communication with people, communication with God, communication with nature, and communication with supernatural beings. The main concern of the present article is to study types of the rulers’ communication modes, their purpose of communication, and the result of their communication. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

165 - The Influence of Hafiz on the Hungarian Literature

Hafiz is the representative of the pick of the literary masterpieces of Persian language which sounds like a miracle. His poetry, which is based on the teachings of love and truth, is the reflection of infiniteness of the soul, and the symbol of the depth and meaningful More

Hafiz is the representative of the pick of the literary masterpieces of Persian language which sounds like a miracle. His poetry, which is based on the teachings of love and truth, is the reflection of infiniteness of the soul, and the symbol of the depth and meaningfulness of the human’s life. Hence, the familiar color of Hafiz’ poetry is comprehensible and loved by any sophisticated person, though the harmoniously interwoven net of its form and content does not lend itself to translation. The Europeans got to know the Persian language since the 17th century. Its background had already been provided by translations of Firdausi, Hafiz, Khayyam, and Sa’di. Hungarians became familiar with Hafiz first through Karoly Roytski’s translation in 1771. He was the ambassador of Austria-Hungary Empire to the Middle-East. The poems Roytski translated attracted the attentions of most Hungarian poets and literati. Since then other parts of Hafez have been translated by Hungarian translators from Persian language. Some published as books; Some entered in complexes among the translations of other Iranian or Eastern poets. It is the first time in Iran that a publication is dedicated to the study of the translation of Hafiz in Hungarian language. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

166 - A Survey to the Study of Khayyam during the 14th Century
كاووس حسن‌لي Saeed Hessampour

A big variety of woks have been appeared about Omar Khayyam, the Iranian scientist and poet, which study his prominent works and particularly his Ruba’iyat (quartets). Yet, there are lots of basic gaps in the process of this study. In a general view, we can divide the w More

A big variety of woks have been appeared about Omar Khayyam, the Iranian scientist and poet, which study his prominent works and particularly his Ruba’iyat (quartets). Yet, there are lots of basic gaps in the process of this study. In a general view, we can divide the writings on Khayyam, historically into two periods: writings before the year 1300 (Iranian Year), and writings after the year 1300. There are lots of controversies among the literature on Khayyam before this period. Development of the literature on Khayyam after 1300 was mostly influenced by Fitz Gerald’s translation of Ruba’iyat from Farsi into English because it not only attracted the world’s attention to Khayyam and Iran, but also caused Iranian researchers to do their researches carefully and with more speculation. However, the controversies among the ancient literature, as well as diverse views among the researchers resulted in different approaches to the point in the field of modern studies of Khayyam. The authors of the present article, in the course of a research project which lasted nearly three years, studied all the original Iranian works appeared between 1300 and 1380 about Khayyam, as well as ones translated into Farsi from other languages. What here is presented is a general survey to the study of Khayyam during the current century. The article provides Time and Content tables and figures. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

167 - Plant Fairies
سيد محمد برفر

Among the subset of the fairy-tales genre, there is one type classified as No. 410 under Arne-Thompson classification. The narrative is centered on a young boy attaining a magic garden gets the fruits out of which emerge beautiful fairies. The tale is narrated in differ More

Among the subset of the fairy-tales genre, there is one type classified as No. 410 under Arne-Thompson classification. The narrative is centered on a young boy attaining a magic garden gets the fruits out of which emerge beautiful fairies. The tale is narrated in different versions around the world. Having gathered the stories narrated among different nations, the author in this article, tires to explore the rules governing these tales, and explain their universal motifs regarding their mythological origins. According to the findings of the present article, these tales and the myths behind them are reflections of the humans’ beautiful imagination on personification and attributing life to the nature. Moreover, the magic garden which the protagonist attains could be a mythological symbol of the Paradise Lost. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

168 - A Critical Study of Bidel’s Thoughts Reflected in One of His Sonnets
ali mohammadi

Bidel’s fame and greatness is not limited just to the manner of expressing his thoughts and its linguistic subtlety. Part of the glory of his poetry originates from his thoughts which is as mysterious and symbolic as his language. If we took it for granted that there is More

Bidel’s fame and greatness is not limited just to the manner of expressing his thoughts and its linguistic subtlety. Part of the glory of his poetry originates from his thoughts which is as mysterious and symbolic as his language. If we took it for granted that there is stylistic prominence at the semantic level of Bidel’s poetry, we could ask how the prominent features could be realized in the form of sonnet. When sonnet as a literary form is a place to express lyricism, how thought and love are put together there? Regarding the factor of thought, can Bidel’s sonnets be treated as a special kind of sonnet? At the present article, having studied one of the Bidel’s famous sonnets critically, with special focus on its content and the thoughts involved, we have come to the conclusion that just as the poetry of Hindi Style is distinguished in terms of its form, it is distinguished in terms of its content; and this fact is evident in Bidel’s sonnets as the famous exemplar of this style. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

169 - A Shift from the Oral Culture to the Written Culture in Women’s Writings (From Naseri period to the Constitutional period)
مریم عاملی رضایی

In the literary history of Iran, there can be found samples of women’s writings, most of which are in prose. Until the Naseri period, the very few writings were limited to jurisprudence, litanies and prayers. Two travelogues and one critical-social writing are available More

In the literary history of Iran, there can be found samples of women’s writings, most of which are in prose. Until the Naseri period, the very few writings were limited to jurisprudence, litanies and prayers. Two travelogues and one critical-social writing are available relating to the Naseri period. The writing mode of these texts reveals that the women at that time were not familiar with the common frames of formal writing. They wrote in a female intimate environment and employed a spoken language. At the Constitutional period, as women made their presence felt in society, they did so in the field of prose writing. Publishing their letters, particularly in women’s journals of the time, gave them an opportunity to experience formal written language. Women’s language entered a public zone. Their highly frank and open language which had been formed during centuries at an intimate female atmosphere, and under the influence of oral literature, was refined and distanced itself from the words that were supposed to be offensive for the public usage. In this way a civilized language of women was formed that followed the norms of the dominant culture of the time. So, one could claim that women’s presence at the society coincided with their transition from the field of oral literature to the field of written literature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

170 - 'Other' and its Function in the Stories of Shahnameh
كاظم دزفوليان راد

'Other' is a concept attentions to which were attracted through the works of scholars such as Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre (in philosophy) and Bakhtin (in literature). Attention to it provided new perspectives for philosophical and literary debates. Using Bakhtin's vi More

'Other' is a concept attentions to which were attracted through the works of scholars such as Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre (in philosophy) and Bakhtin (in literature). Attention to it provided new perspectives for philosophical and literary debates. Using Bakhtin's views, and the status of the 'Other' in his thinking system, the present article reads the stories of Shahnameh where Rostam is present, and offers new horizons to the readers. Considering presence or absence of the 'Other', the stories of shahnameh can be divided into three groups: a. The stories indicating exclusion or absence of the 'Other'. b. Shahnameh mostly consists of the stories of this type c. The stories stressing on non-absence and maintainance of the 'Other'. The only instance is the story of Rostam and Esfandyar, where the two opponents – both good and mythical – never wish the other to be excluded. d. The stories intermediating a & b types, like the story of Rostam and Sohrab containing the elements of both epic and tragedy. Manuscript profile

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171 - Studying the Binary Oppositions in the Structure of Sanaie's Hadiqa
محمد امير عبيدي‌نيا علي دلائي ميلان

'Binary oppositions' is considered as one of the basic concepts of structural and post-structural critique, and theories of linguistics and semiotics. It is rooted in mythological and cultural beliefs of the humans. Binary oppositions can be found throughout Hadiqa. At More

'Binary oppositions' is considered as one of the basic concepts of structural and post-structural critique, and theories of linguistics and semiotics. It is rooted in mythological and cultural beliefs of the humans. Binary oppositions can be found throughout Hadiqa. At the level of its surface structure, the phrases, headings, the relations between lines and their arrangements show binary oppositions. At its deep structure, there can be found such oppositions among the successively expressed contents. At the surface structure of its narratives, the characters are of binary oppositions. Their deep structure also centers on this concept. The present article first studies and analyzes the term 'binary oppositions' concerning with different theories, and then classifies the origins of the binary oppositions in both the surface and deep structures of Hadiqa, especially considering its characterization. Manuscript profile

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172 - Image of the Greatest Prophet in Mathnavi In Comparison With Ebn Arabi View
محمدحسين بيات

Mawlana is one of the Persian poets who has portrait the existential dimensions of the prophet in his valuable work as a good example of Islamic teaching. In this article, attempt has been made to explain the Mawlavi's special view about the prophet and to compare this More

Mawlana is one of the Persian poets who has portrait the existential dimensions of the prophet in his valuable work as a good example of Islamic teaching. In this article, attempt has been made to explain the Mawlavi's special view about the prophet and to compare this view with Ebn Arabi's. One of the most important views of Mawlavi in Mathnavi, is the account of Mohammadian truth. About this matter, Mawlavi has introduced the Glorious prophet as a source of accomplishments and loves and also he considers that holy prophet as source of all loves and he believes that all of status and perfections of all other prophets and saints, are a reflection of Mohammadian truth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

173 - Hafiz and Iran's Cultural Identity
صابر امامي

The present article surveys Iran's cultural identity in terms of Hafiz' poetry. It is to prove that Hafiz paid especial attention to the cultural oppositions of his time and their manifestations in his language. The expressions such as Pir-e-Moqan (the Magian Elder), Ja More

The present article surveys Iran's cultural identity in terms of Hafiz' poetry. It is to prove that Hafiz paid especial attention to the cultural oppositions of his time and their manifestations in his language. The expressions such as Pir-e-Moqan (the Magian Elder), Jam-e-Jam (the world-displaying cup) Manichaeism, joy, and contents adapted from Shahnameh are indicative of the historical and mythological roots of Hafiz' poems in pre and post-Islamic Iran. The article studies the signs and traces of Persian-Islamic culture in Hafiz' poetry, and analyzing the lines having these signs, shows Hafiz' attempts to establish links between these concepts and the Persian-Islamic identity which caused strengthening the new geographical borders of Iran. Manuscript profile

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174 - Criticism of the Forty Words Translated by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature with Proposed Alternatives and Correction Methods
اميد مجد

One of the urgent needs of Persian language is to translate and oppose thousands of emerging technical foreign terms, entering and invading it through confronting with various branches of science and technology. It is obvious that satisfying such a need requires the tra More

One of the urgent needs of Persian language is to translate and oppose thousands of emerging technical foreign terms, entering and invading it through confronting with various branches of science and technology. It is obvious that satisfying such a need requires the translators’ knowledge and practice. In addition to coining new words, on the other hand, it is necessary for them to study the words already coined by the others so that, finding their strengths or weaknesses, inappropriate words can be abandoned. The present article follows this objective. Having introduced general theories of word coinage, it criticizes the translations of forty foreign words and finally offers alternatives for the majority of them. The revised words have been translated by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and the Foundation of Culture (in the time of Pahlavi regime, with the same function as the Academy of Persian Language and Literature has today). Manuscript profile

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175 - ‘Multiple Head Phrase’ and Its Aesthetic Functions in Akhavan's Poetry
Mohammad عمران‌پور فروغ صهبا

The present research is about multiple head phrase and its aesthetic functions in Mehdi Akhavan Sales' poetry. The research has been conducted deductively. One of the linguistic introductory materials in Akhavan's poetry is to use multiple head phrase in order to extend More

The present research is about multiple head phrase and its aesthetic functions in Mehdi Akhavan Sales' poetry. The research has been conducted deductively. One of the linguistic introductory materials in Akhavan's poetry is to use multiple head phrase in order to extend the constituents of speech and to elaborate it. Establishing lexical or semantic relations between the two head of the multiple head phrase that has been made using ‘apposition’, Akhavan makes them function as the elements of foregrounding linguistic structures, and as the aesthetic elements of poetry. The main functions of such phrases in Akhavan's poems are defamiliarization, foregrounding, leading the referential language to the poetic one, and creating beauty. Some other aesthetic functions of multiple head phrase in Akhavan's poems are to lead the language of the poems to elaboration, to describe the antecedents of the appositions, and to create an aesthetic distance between reason and emotion. Stressing the main poetic function of the multiple head phrase - which is to create the illusion of identity between the entities of different types- Akhavan selects opposition among the set of "abstract entities, objects, plants, liquids', and coordinates them with their antecedents. Doing so, he provides beautiful images which rely on creating the illusion of sameness between the entities having features of different values such as: + abstract/ - abstract, + concrete/ - concrete, + plants/ - plants, + liquid/ - liquid, and etc. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

176 - ‘Multiple Head Phrase’ and Its Aesthetic Functions in Akhavan's Poetry
فاطمه مدرسي اميد ياسيني

The present research is about multiple head phrase and its aesthetic functions in Mehdi Akhavan Sales' poetry. The research has been conducted deductively. One of the linguistic introductory materials in Akhavan's poetry is to use multiple head phrase in order to extend More

The present research is about multiple head phrase and its aesthetic functions in Mehdi Akhavan Sales' poetry. The research has been conducted deductively. One of the linguistic introductory materials in Akhavan's poetry is to use multiple head phrase in order to extend the constituents of speech and to elaborate it. Establishing lexical or semantic relations between the two head of the multiple head phrase that has been made using ‘apposition’, Akhavan makes them function as the elements of foregrounding linguistic structures, and as the aesthetic elements of poetry. The main functions of such phrases in Akhavan's poems are defamiliarization, foregrounding, leading the referential language to the poetic one, and creating beauty. Some other aesthetic functions of multiple head phrase in Akhavan's poems are to lead the language of the poems to elaboration, to describe the antecedents of the appositions, and to create an aesthetic distance between reason and emotion. Stressing the main poetic function of the multiple head phrase - which is to create the illusion of identity between the entities of different types- Akhavan selects opposition among the set of "abstract entities, objects, plants, liquids', and coordinates them with their antecedents. Doing so, he provides beautiful images which rely on creating the illusion of sameness between the entities having features of different values such as: + abstract/ - abstract, + concrete/ - concrete, + plants/ - plants, + liquid/ - liquid, and etc. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

177 - The Structural Sameness of the Poetry of Nima and Some Contemporary Poets
Mohammad خسروی شکیب GHsem Sahrai

Being attributed to an especial and autonomous style, every literary genre – poetry, short story, novel, and prose – is considered as a writing system, that relies on the structural relations and expectations, linguistic arrangements, and in general, its own backgrounds More

Being attributed to an especial and autonomous style, every literary genre – poetry, short story, novel, and prose – is considered as a writing system, that relies on the structural relations and expectations, linguistic arrangements, and in general, its own backgrounds of literary theories. Obviously, any style owes its newness to the autonomy and newness of the pre-structural theories which guarantee its reality as a special stream of the capability to be followed and continued. To offer an autonomous structure with mature and innovative ways of expression and a world-view capable of receiving new dimensions is basically a presupposition and a precondition for every new style to attain its autonomy. Contemporary poetry under the leadership of Nima and his followers – Sepehri and Forouq – relies on the ontological and aesthetic features conveying its reality as a deeply rooted stream of the capability to be followed and continued, and the most important of all, as a stream of autonomy and identity. The present article evaluates the structural sameness of the poetry of Nima, Sepehri and Forouq which distinguishes their poetry from the classical one. Demythologizing of the constructions, centralism in formal systems, innovative endings, innovative realism, avoiding the meaning totalitarianism, abstractionism in language, agitation through language, and commitment to humanity are the evidences of structural sameness of their poetry. Manuscript profile

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178 - The Stylistics of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Novel - ‘Jay-e Khali-ye Solouch’
ميلاد شمعي

Style is a writer’s or a poet’s specific way of expressing their intended concepts in literary works. Style has been defined in various ways. Today, it refers to the methods that are used to analytical study of literature by using linguistic devices. It also studies the More

Style is a writer’s or a poet’s specific way of expressing their intended concepts in literary works. Style has been defined in various ways. Today, it refers to the methods that are used to analytical study of literature by using linguistic devices. It also studies the point of view, linguistic features, the ways of characterization and formation of the theme. The main characteristics of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s works, especially his novel ‘Jay-e Khali-ye Solouch’ is giving importance to the language, and the poetic structure of the text. For instance, employing the region & ethnic-specific words and expressions in this novel reveals the main feature of his archaic language adapted from the works such as Tarikh-e Beihaqi. The authors of the present article attempt to explore the stylistic features of the novel ‘Jay-e Khali-ye Solouch’, studying its linguistic and poetic structures, including lexemes, imagery, variations among the sentences, rhythm, repetition, cohesion, emphasis, and so on. Manuscript profile

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179 - The Government and Society in the Poetry and Thought of Farokhi Yazdi
رسول حسن‌زاده

Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi is considered one of the famous poets of Persian proletarian literature. In the present article, we analyze Farokhi’s ideal governmtal system, show the changes of his political thought in different periods of his life, and study his ideal co More

Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi is considered one of the famous poets of Persian proletarian literature. In the present article, we analyze Farokhi’s ideal governmtal system, show the changes of his political thought in different periods of his life, and study his ideal constitutional government, its foundations and principles, and the causes of its failure from the view of the poet himself. This will be followed by a survey to the motivations of Farokhi’s inclination to the thought of Constitutional Revolution, and his critical standpoint against authoritarianism or ‘authoritarian government’ and introducing republicanism. At last, we evaluate the causes and motivations of his advocacy of communist ideas and its various dimensions by reference to his written works, specially his poetrry. To show the depth of his political thoughts, we also study and analyze his use of the national-religious symbols, and the way he employs them in line with the realization of his thoughts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

180 - Epistemological and Psychological Functions of Hafez's Poetry in Contemporary Human's Life
جليل مسعودي‌فرد

Contemporary human being is exposed to the Globalization Phenomenon and to both its opportunities and threats. Western civilization has yielded human rights, democracy, development on one hand, and anxiety, depression and emptiness on the other hand. Living a meaningf More

Contemporary human being is exposed to the Globalization Phenomenon and to both its opportunities and threats. Western civilization has yielded human rights, democracy, development on one hand, and anxiety, depression and emptiness on the other hand. Living a meaningful and satisfying life is a basic need from which man has already been separated. Can Persian culture and literature serve as a response to this need? Reviewing Hafez' poetry, the present article is to seek some solutions for epistemological and psychological problems of contemporary human. Hafiz' poetry is like a stream in which the modern life can purify itself. It is like a garden in which man can gain tranquility and joy. In the light of Hafez' poetry one can practice living a meaningful life. Relying on God and His grace, and treating the world as a beauty, Hafez gives meaning to the man's life. His poems, full of social and psychological messages, teach the man tranquility, friendship, tolerance, giving up hypocrisy, how to get rid of depression and disappointment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

181 - Who is the Author of Rashf-ol-Alhaz? A review of the copy's edition
مريم شعبانزاده

One of the important books on symbolic words and expressions of Sufism is Rashf-ol-Alhaz fi Kashf-ol- Alfaz by Sharaf id-Din Hosein Ibn-e Olfati Tabrizi, edited by Najib Mayel Heravi. The book consists of 300 mystical and Gnostic expressions. The same contents are attri More

One of the important books on symbolic words and expressions of Sufism is Rashf-ol-Alhaz fi Kashf-ol- Alfaz by Sharaf id-Din Hosein Ibn-e Olfati Tabrizi, edited by Najib Mayel Heravi. The book consists of 300 mystical and Gnostic expressions. The same contents are attributed to both Fakhr id-Din Araqi in an appendix to his Divan, edited by Sa'eed Nafisi, as "Estelahat-e Fakhr id-Din Araqi", and to Aziz Nasafi, in a book entitled "Loqat va Estelah-at-e Orafa". The overall sameness of the three copies, whether in their divisions of the contents or in their entries and definitions, proves that one of them must have been the original book. Yet, misattribution of the book to these two authors is not in doubt; nor is it possible to identify the real author unless a reliable copy is available. Relying on the exhaustive review of all the available copies and manuscripts, and the analytical- comparative study of them could provide a text with a careful edition. Manuscript profile

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182 - A Comparison between " Leili-o-Majnoon" of Abdi-beik Navidi and That of Nezami
Farhad Doroudgarian

Abdi-beik Navidi is among the "mostofi"-s, historians and poets of Shah-Tahmasb age. Imitating Nezami, he attempted to write "Xamse" two times in his lifetime. Despite the fact that Abdi-beik is considered as a pioneer of the movement of imitating Nezami, and in compari More

Abdi-beik Navidi is among the "mostofi"-s, historians and poets of Shah-Tahmasb age. Imitating Nezami, he attempted to write "Xamse" two times in his lifetime. Despite the fact that Abdi-beik is considered as a pioneer of the movement of imitating Nezami, and in comparison with the other poets of his time, his work has been studied less in Iran. The focus of the present article is to inquire about the poetic characteristics of Abdi-beik's " Majnoon-o-Leili", in a comparative manner. Comparing its content and structural- linguistic features, the article also studies the poet's Kalǎmi and Shi'atic points of view, his approach towards poetry, women, love, as well as his fictional and artistic aspects of his poems, such as descriptions, images, vocabulary repertoire and so on. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

183 - A Research on Hayati Gilani's "Mathnavi-e Soleiman va Belqeis" and Contrasting it with some Books on History, (Quran) Interpretation and the Stories about the Prophets, accompanied by the poet's biography
یوسف اسماعیل‌زاده سیّد مهدی نوریان علی اصغر بابا صفری

The age of Gourkanian state is considered as a fruitful era for Persian language and literature. The care for the poets and writers from the literary kings and princes caused the promotion of Persian Language in the territory. Abolfazl Kamal al-Din Hayati Gilani was one More

The age of Gourkanian state is considered as a fruitful era for Persian language and literature. The care for the poets and writers from the literary kings and princes caused the promotion of Persian Language in the territory. Abolfazl Kamal al-Din Hayati Gilani was one of the famous poets of the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. He was introduced to the Gourkanian court by Abolfath Gilani. There, he acquired a lot of respect. His Mathnavi-e Soleiman va Belqeis which is a meritorious work in lyric literature, has already been ignored. In this work, Hayati focuses on Quran's abbreviation in telling the prophets' stories. This lyric- religious Mathnavi is of high value due to the poet's focus on the prophets' chastity, not including Israiiliat, referring to the resources unavailable today, and the linguistic properties, as well. The present article reviews the poet's works first, and then his Mathnavi-e Soleiman va Belqeis , contrasting it with some of the books on history, (Quran) interpretation and the prophets' stories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

184 - A Survey of Relationship between Time and Suspension in the Story of "the King and the Maid"
Zahra رجبي غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده قدرت‌ الله طاهري

The development of new narrative techniques in the past two centuries has led to the growing progress in narratology. In this field, "Time" is one important element. The French scholar, Gerard Genet, has discussed it in terms of three categories: "Order", "Continuity", More

The development of new narrative techniques in the past two centuries has led to the growing progress in narratology. In this field, "Time" is one important element. The French scholar, Gerard Genet, has discussed it in terms of three categories: "Order", "Continuity", and "Frequency". Exploring elements of narrative and the rules governing them will help to better understand their internal relations and mechanisms. The present article, in Genet's framework, shows that how in Mathnavi-I ma'navi, Mowlana as a classic narrator, uses all poetic-narrative potentials of "Time" in telling the story of "the King and the Maid". In the shift from the Real Time to the Narrative Time, Mowlana makes appropriate use of disturbing the linear order of the plot Time, and detailed, repeated description of some events. In this way, he creates a specific kind of Time that is directly and significantly related to developing a sense of suspension in the readers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

185 - Power Relations In "Shazdeh Ehtejab" Novel
محمدعلي غلامي‌نژاد Zainab Saberpour

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power More

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power from a CDA approach. To do this, we closely studied the artistic and fictional arrangements of the text, analyzed it as a discourse product of its historical context. Considering the events and the figures of the time when this novel was written, and its social- political context reveals that the contrast between the intellectuals and the totalitarian government has drawn the author toward the meaningful selection of historical events. Under the influence of the intellectual discourse of his time, Golshiri represents the power and violence, leading to the degradation of Qajar royal family. In this way he has set a balanced analogue between his work and the social- political conditions during Pahlavi's regime. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

186 - A Sociological Criticism and Analysis of the Story of "the Iranians Feast" With the Focus on the Series of Short stories entitled"A City Resembling the Paradise"
حسين نوين

In a sociological approach to literary studies, apart from their aesthetic and poetic functions, works of literature reveal the social- cultural trends of their own time. Author's world view, affected by their class- consciousness, to a great extent, forms their works. More

In a sociological approach to literary studies, apart from their aesthetic and poetic functions, works of literature reveal the social- cultural trends of their own time. Author's world view, affected by their class- consciousness, to a great extent, forms their works. In A City Resembling the Paradise, Simin Daneshvar describes the solemn and glum portrait of the women and the underclass of the Iranian society in a special period of its history. She views the deep- rooted ossification and superstition the causes of decadence which intensifies by the interferences of the western colonialists, especially the America. Turning to Iran's ancient civilization, the noble religious beliefs, and relying on the national potentials are the effective and decisive ways to decolonization and to remove sexual and social discrimination to which Daneshvar pays much attention in "A City Resembling the Paradise", especially in "the Iranians Feast" short story. The author employs a symbolic tone and style that best suits to the way of conveying the main ideas of the story. Manuscript profile

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187 - The Means and Forms of Ambiguity in Bijan Najdi's Stories
Alireza Siddiqui

Bijan Najdi is a writer who tends to make his stories ambiguous. His stories, specially "Passing Again through the Same Street", are full of ambiguity. One way to create the ambiguity here is the lack of a natural link between the signifier and the signified. The presen More

Bijan Najdi is a writer who tends to make his stories ambiguous. His stories, specially "Passing Again through the Same Street", are full of ambiguity. One way to create the ambiguity here is the lack of a natural link between the signifier and the signified. The present article surveys the means and forms of ambiguity in Bijan Najdi's works. For the purpose of clarity, it focuses on the interaction between the narrator and the readers (sender and receiver), an interaction beginning with the title of a story, ending with its closing lines. Among the other ways we can refer to the following: Asymmetrical shift in the point of view; external focalization; the shift of addressees; unclear relation between the narrative elements; the opening and closing lines of the narrative; using the elements of magical realism, symbolism, and stream of consciousness, and therefore mixing of times; using the elements of poetic expression in fictional prose. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

188 - Analysis of “Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad” by Sannayi
معصومه غیوری

The poetic work entitled as the couplet poetry of “Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad” is an interesting work in the field of Islamic mysticism and a story on spirit’s journey to a supernatural world. Although this poetic work is affected by Prophet Mohammad’s Ascent and the previ More

The poetic work entitled as the couplet poetry of “Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad” is an interesting work in the field of Islamic mysticism and a story on spirit’s journey to a supernatural world. Although this poetic work is affected by Prophet Mohammad’s Ascent and the previous ascents, it manifests the most pure spiritual and mental maturity of the poet in an elegant and lofty manner. Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad is a journey within self, and the mysterious human spirit; enjoying a high number of symbolic images originated in the general and great treasury of mankind’s knowledge and passion since the creation of universe. Seir-ol-Ebad Elal-Ma’ad is the story of spirit’s journey, the ascent, resurrection and birth in the creation, all in a comprehensive spiritual atmosphere. This article presents an analysis of this work from mystical, mythical and psychological points of view in the following four sections: 1. Desire to return to the beginning (analysis through mythology and mysticism) 2. Individuality and the evolution of mental characteristic (analysis of Seir-ol-Ebad within the domain of psychology) 3. The rite of heroic path or the opening ceremony ( analysis of the work in the domain of rites and mythological ceremonies) 4. Resurrection and progression cycle ( analysis of the last part of Sanayi’s journey in giving meaning to the materialistic life Manuscript profile

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189 - The Development of Iranian Myths Based on Pishdadi and Kiyani Myths
محمدتقي راشد محصل مرتضي تهامي

The Iranian myths are explained in the form of creation of Twelve Thousand Zoroastrian or Nine Thousand Zarwani. The main characteristic of these myths is the dualism and limitation of the universe. The Pishdadi Dynasty and Kiyani Dynasty cover a part of this Creation P More

The Iranian myths are explained in the form of creation of Twelve Thousand Zoroastrian or Nine Thousand Zarwani. The main characteristic of these myths is the dualism and limitation of the universe. The Pishdadi Dynasty and Kiyani Dynasty cover a part of this Creation Period. The foundation of thought and belief in the existence of demons and fairies on the one hand and the appearance of tyrannical men such as Zahak and Afrasiyab on the other hand takes place in these two fictional periods. The magnificence and glory of Iran and the significance of kingdom also count as the main characteristics of this mythical period. The promotion of mankind (kings, heroes) and taking the place of gods are the other considerable features observed in these myths. Furthermore, one should not forget that the Iranian myths were affected by the myths and cultures and civilizations of neighboring regions (Mesopotamia, Greece, regional area of Indus). Manuscript profile

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190 - The Proportion of Colors in Imagery and Shah-Nameh’s Narrative Core
اكرم جودي نعمتي

one of the important elements related to imagery in the close analysis of any poet’s stylistic levels, is color; which associates his thoughts and passions on one hand, and subject and theme of the poetic work on the other hand. Therefore the analysis and survey of the More

one of the important elements related to imagery in the close analysis of any poet’s stylistic levels, is color; which associates his thoughts and passions on one hand, and subject and theme of the poetic work on the other hand. Therefore the analysis and survey of the manner in which color is utilized within stylistic poets’ works- who do not copy others’ works- is a path for recognizing their inner world; while it is also a critical approach on their artistic and literary potentialities in using a variety of imagery elements. For this purpose, the present article surveys the process used for utilizing color in Ferdowsi’s imagery and the poet’s concern about proportion and the consistency of colors along with the narrative core within Shah-Nameh stories. It is revealed that color lacks any originality in Ferdowsi’s imagery; yet there is a meaningful relation between the function of color with the content, events and the incidents taking place through the story. That is why the color of the heroes’ horses coordinates in many instances with the story’s core narrative and the etymology of their owner; while the bradawl of each hero appears with a specific and certain color and role. What is more, the color of the tent of each individual famous figure differs with the other ones. These issues have the potential for a symbolic paraphrase in some cases and show Ferdowsi’s ability in using all and every literary potentiality. In this essay through showing the used frequency of each color in Shah-Nameh, the accurate comparison of colors has become possible; showing that 53.69% of the atmosphere of the used colors in Shah-Nameh, belongs to cold and dark colors due to war, and epical atmosphere and the black colors, as a group, possesses 33.29% as the most used color. Manuscript profile

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191 - A Reflection on the Application of “Positive Theology and Negative Theology” in Persian literary and Mystical Texts
سيده مريم ابوالقاسمي

“Positive theology and negative theology” are common mystical expressions literature, interpretation. These two expressions are categorized as “collocations” in the semiotics of mystical expressions. After Ibn-Arabi, these two terms became more common. Once he offered h More

“Positive theology and negative theology” are common mystical expressions literature, interpretation. These two expressions are categorized as “collocations” in the semiotics of mystical expressions. After Ibn-Arabi, these two terms became more common. Once he offered his theory, belief in “Positive theology and negative theology” found a new path; and later on several mystics and scholars were influenced by his theory and thought. This essay intends to survey the historical record of the function of these two expressions in the Persian poetry, literature and other texts. Stating the value and significance of these two expressions as a controversial topic in different eras, survey of the conceptual transformation and functional domain of these two words are the other goals pursued through this article. Manuscript profile

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192 - An Archetypal Critic of a Sonnet by Rumi
maryam آخسسثهده

Archetypal criticism is one of the modern theories in literary criticism and based on psychological criticism; mainly founded on the theories of the famous Swedish psychologist; Carl Gustav Yung. This type of criticism surveys and studies the archetypes used in a work, More

Archetypal criticism is one of the modern theories in literary criticism and based on psychological criticism; mainly founded on the theories of the famous Swedish psychologist; Carl Gustav Yung. This type of criticism surveys and studies the archetypes used in a work, showing how the poet or writer’s mind has absorbed these archetypes, which are actually the outcome of mankind’s repetitive experiences and left behind in the collective unconsciousness of humankind, finally showing them symbolically. The purpose of this essay is to survey one of Rumi’s sonnets through archetypal criticism. The writer makes an attempt to explain this criticism in brief first, then show how Rumi’s conscious spirit has succeeded to ponder and penetrate deeply into the truths of universe and understand the imagery instances; using them unconsciously in his own sonnets. The archetypal content dominant in the atmosphere of this sonnet, starting with: Morde Bodam Zende shodam, Gerye Bodam, Khande shodam Dolat e Eshgh Amad o man, dolat e Payande shodam is the archetype of death and rebirth. When the theory of death and rebirth is discussed, there are allusions to Bible and the Holy Quran. According to Yung, rebirth is one of the most fundamental beliefs derived from coordination between mankind and the nature’s cycle. In this sonnet, in addition to the theory of rebirth, the archetypes of wise old, hero, and other archetypal instances such as yearning and divine journey are also seen. Manuscript profile

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193 - The Languor of the Pious or Friendly Manner of Beloved (Khoshkhoye Dordkeshan); The Survey and Analysis of a Controversial Verse by Hafez
خدیجه حاجیان سعید بزرگ بیگدلی

Unlike many of Persian poets, especially the most well-known poets, the recognition of thought and world view of Hafez relies on his poetry to a large extent; mainly consisting of sonnets. An Interpretation of some of Hafez’ couplets has been done since a long time ag More

Unlike many of Persian poets, especially the most well-known poets, the recognition of thought and world view of Hafez relies on his poetry to a large extent; mainly consisting of sonnets. An Interpretation of some of Hafez’ couplets has been done since a long time ago. During recent years, this issue has however led to a large number of writings. Such articles focus on the interpretative explanation or the paraphrase of the whole couplet, or in other cases opinions have been offered about some of the words; making some points elaborately clear. Following this, the appropriateness and the origin of the recorded form of some of these verses and their combinations are questioned; tending furthermore towards explanation paraphrase. One of the most ‘controversial’ verses which has enjoyed the most interpretations and comments so far is; Aboos e Zohd be Vajhe Khomar Nanshinad Morid e Khergheye Dordikeshan e Khoshkhoyam The major part of these interpretations and explanations on this couplet were written after Khanlari published his version of Hafez’ poetry book (known as Divan). Unlike all the other existing copies of Hafez’ Poetry book, he has preferred the verb “sit” instead of “refused to sit”; which has led to serious discussions within the explanation of this couplet. This article surveys, analyzes and compares these opinions and views through referring to the views and insights of the writers and experts who have interpreted this couplet line. Regarding the survey and analysis of these opinions, it can be concluded that in this couplet Hafez has compared the “sulkiness” drawn from piousness (which is apparent in the face of the pious person), with the tenseness and sulkiness drawn from drunkenness and the languor of the beloved one (Dordkeshan); while he prefers the later one and for emphasizing it, he calls himself the disciple of the friendly mannered beloved (khergheye- Dordikeshan- khoshkho). Manuscript profile

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194 - The Transformation of Symbols in Contemporary Poetry
حسن شاهی‌پور Mohammad خسروی شکیب

The symbols have the potential to change through time and history and revolve in concept and meaning. Symbolic tendency in the domain of contemporary literature is a result of the tyrannical situation and the dictator governments, added to the cautiousness and fear of m More

The symbols have the potential to change through time and history and revolve in concept and meaning. Symbolic tendency in the domain of contemporary literature is a result of the tyrannical situation and the dictator governments, added to the cautiousness and fear of media censorship, and stylistic transformations. All this can be furthermore combined with the delicate attempts taken for artistic enrichment; known as ‘ambiguity’, while it also intends to make the reader participate in the reading process and literary creativity in order to gain further enjoyment. Poets who are capable of independent thinking and are innovatively creative, protect the symbols; and save them from daily obscenity and even gradual death and decadence. Nima and the followers of his literary theory emphasized two words; that is “balance” and “naturalness” in using the symbols. They made an effort to utilize the repetitive, old and obsolete symbols within new concepts in order to enrich poems; in addition to enriching their own stylistic theory. Some of the symbols enjoy a particular entity and internal value, due to their history or flexibility in conveying multiple meanings and also being more influential in different artistic levels; therefore we can regard them as super-symbols. For gaining a proper semantic concept of a literary work demands an appropriate interpretation and understanding of such super-symbols. “Water”, “ wind”, “ night”, “ wall”, “ mirror” etc are some of such symbols; frequently used in contemporary poetry. The transformation of these super-symbols is the main question of the present article. Manuscript profile

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195 - “Moth” and “Siolisheh”; Two Symbols for One Situation; Paraphrase of Two Symbolic Poems by Nima Yushij
فاطمه راکعی

In the symbolic paraphrase of Nima Youshij’s poetries, we already face this pre-assumption; that some of these poems have a social-political theme which the poet either could not or has chose not to express directly and clearly, therefore in order to convey these themes More

In the symbolic paraphrase of Nima Youshij’s poetries, we already face this pre-assumption; that some of these poems have a social-political theme which the poet either could not or has chose not to express directly and clearly, therefore in order to convey these themes, he has resorted to poetic symbols. The author of this essay tries to approach the poet’s actual and intended concept and meaning as he created them through using the paraphrase methods of Schlamaikher (Shumaker) and his other fellow thinkers. For this purpose, by a constant and close study of the poet’s life, thoughts, works and the social-political situation related to Nima’s time, in addition to using the text as a guide, the researcher has reached this goal to a fair extent. In the present essay, two poems-“The Moth Close to the Beach” and “Siolishes” in which both enjoy a close atmosphere- and both mention someone tapping on the window of the poet’s room, are paraphrased. Also due to the manner in which the poet speaks in both cases, it is concluded that the symbols in “The Moth Close to the Beach” and “Siolishe”, both point to a similar situation or even the same case; where a person with communistic views hopes to creep in Nima’s house and so taps on the window of his house. This approach towards Nima’s symbolic works does not in any respect deny the reader-response approach towards literary texts, as the author of this essay finds it quite possible that even symbolic poems bear social and political motifs and therefore resemble various paraphrases within different approaches. Manuscript profile

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196 - Vladimir Propp’s Structuralism Pattern and its Functions in Narratology
دكتر خليل پرويني هومن ناظميان

Narratology is a modern and structural approach in the study of fictional literature which seeks to discover the grammar of the story, language of narration, dominant system of different narrations and their structure. Vladimir Propp, the formalistic Russian anthropolog More

Narratology is a modern and structural approach in the study of fictional literature which seeks to discover the grammar of the story, language of narration, dominant system of different narrations and their structure. Vladimir Propp, the formalistic Russian anthropologist, became the pioneer of modern narratology when he studied the Russian fairytales in 1928 through morphology. He drew out the dominant pattern in these stories and revealed how the fairytales, despite their variety and seeming high number, enjoy cohesion and unity regarding the types of heroes, their actions and roles; in other words a number of functions are limited, their sequences are similar and they all possess one specific structure. This article has surveyed and analyzed ten stories in the fables of Kalileh Va Damneh’s - as instances- in order to evaluate the function and the potential of Propp’s pattern in morphological analysis of these stories. The results coordinate with Propp’s achievements; as they reveal that in the studied fables taken from Kalileh Va Damneh, despite the appearing variety and high number of heroes, their roles and actions, a number of heroes and their functions are limited and they possess a similar sequence. These fables all have one structure and although Propp’s pattern has some deficiencies, it still has the potential for a morphological analysis. Manuscript profile

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197 - Literary and Artistic Manifestations in a Number of Hadiss (Prophet’s Words)
MohammadReza Bemanian

Hadiss are considered as major principles in the recognition of Islam and the acquisition of epistemology. The present essay discusses the literary and artistic methods, and techniques used in Hadiss. Utilizing an artistic and literary language is among the special char More

Hadiss are considered as major principles in the recognition of Islam and the acquisition of epistemology. The present essay discusses the literary and artistic methods, and techniques used in Hadiss. Utilizing an artistic and literary language is among the special characteristics in the forming the structure of Hadiss. In the artistic and literary manifestations of Hadiss numerous dimensions are mentioned; among which music, image and structure are known as the tools and elements used. The existence of such elements in Hadiss has led to the formation of both artistic and literary aspects within these words; mainly Prophet Mohammad’s words of advice; while one can point to the harmony and coordination, pun, cohesion, coherence, arithmetic conjunction, and phonetic system in Hadiss; as these factors form the overall structure and music of these words. Another major element in the formation of the artistic and literary form of Hadiss, is using image for enriching the mentioned concepts in their text. The present paper points to the above tools and elements in theoretical literature, following it a number of Hadiss are surveyed as examples. Manuscript profile

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198 - Three Views on Death in Persian Literature
مرتضي فلاح

Death is the greatest incident in any person’s life and has constantly occupies man’s mind. In the written literary texts of Iran- both religious and non-religious; before and after Islam- most of the investigations and explorations and the concern of writers, poets an More

Death is the greatest incident in any person’s life and has constantly occupies man’s mind. In the written literary texts of Iran- both religious and non-religious; before and after Islam- most of the investigations and explorations and the concern of writers, poets and scholars was on finding a way for escaping death or overcoming the terror derived from it. The first literary prose and poetic works seriously concerned about this topic are from the mid third century after Islam; where we can notice and see such historical concern. That is of course if we chose to dismiss the ancient Iranian literature and the initial myths and epics belonging to that period. With a brief overlook, the attempts of the Iranian Post-Islam poets and writers for overcoming death or reducing its concern and obsessions can be limited to three major ideas; first, those who have admired it and welcomed it warmly. Rumi is the greatest representative of this group. Second, those who have regarded death with hatred and for overcoming it have sought to overcome it by ‘having fun in the moment’ (Carpe Diem) intending to reduce the terror and fright of death. Khayam is the pioneer and complete representative of this group. The third group is composed of those who have had a realistic attitude towards death; they have viewed life and death as two sides of a coin, tried to utilize the blessings of this world and pay service to mankind; while at the same time have provided their required supply for this life and afterlife. These have neither sacrificed life for death nor have sacrificed death for life. Sa’adi is the greatest representative of this group. Manuscript profile

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199 - Survey and Analysis of Native Elements (Religious and National) in the Greatest Persian Novel
mostafa gorji

“Kalidar” is one of the most prominent contemporary novels which has failed to be analyzed and surveyed through a variety of aspects by critics. One of these dimensions is the study of the fields and aspects associated with the elements leading to nativity and the Irani More

“Kalidar” is one of the most prominent contemporary novels which has failed to be analyzed and surveyed through a variety of aspects by critics. One of these dimensions is the study of the fields and aspects associated with the elements leading to nativity and the Iranian-Islamic identity; as discovering its supporting fields would lead to the recognition of the mental and psychological background of the story characters. In this case, nativity means elements dealing with the national and religious identity which makes a distinction among the Iranian and Islamic culture with the other cultures and subcultures. The writer of this essay has surveyed “Kalidar”, a novel by Mahmoud Dolat-Abadi, through this approach and attitude; categorizing and then analyzing the most significant native elements in two sections; elements related to the Iranian culture (national) and the Islamic culture. In the national elements there is emphasize on the rituals, rites and beliefs, in common beliefs the rites and rituals are of notice, while historical rituals and myths and stories are also alluded too. The most important religious and native elements, regarding the issue of rituals and traditions in this work, is inspired by the great event of Ashura in the fate of Gol-Mohammad; where the writer shows the similarity between those two in fifteen lines. This essay intends to reveal to what extent this novel has been influenced by native elements (national and religious) through a close survey. Manuscript profile

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200 - Beauty in the Speech of Prominent Islamic Figures Analysis of Rhetorical Ornaments in two Islamic Prayers
حميد عابديها

The Holy Quran is the main resource for all knowledge, chastity and beauties. The words and speech of the prominent Islamic figures has the second place regarding such beauty due to the unique connection and bond these figures exclusively enjoyed with the Creator. The m More

The Holy Quran is the main resource for all knowledge, chastity and beauties. The words and speech of the prominent Islamic figures has the second place regarding such beauty due to the unique connection and bond these figures exclusively enjoyed with the Creator. The most beautiful word and speech belong to Imam Ali, who indeed is regarded as the major criteria of eloquence and oration. For instance one can trace some cases of rhetorical ornaments and discourse eloquences in Sabah, a prayer and also the Sixteenth Speech of Nahj-ol-Ballaqe. For instance in the prayer of Sabah, there are words which rhyme in a variety of aspects, while there are some other figures of speech seen within statements as well. Other figures of speech such as puns, alliterations etc are seen used for spiritual conveyance in this prayer. In the Sixteenth Speech of Nahj-ol-Ballaqe, rhetorical ornaments, and a variety of figures of speech are used, especially simile. Manuscript profile

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201 - Study of Rumi and Rumi-Researchers in English Speaking Countries
Ahmad تميم‌داري

The subject of this paper relates to comparative literature and the impact the literary figures, thinkers and illustrators have taken from Persian literary works; especially Rumi’s most significant and prominent works. The method of research in this essay is referentia More

The subject of this paper relates to comparative literature and the impact the literary figures, thinkers and illustrators have taken from Persian literary works; especially Rumi’s most significant and prominent works. The method of research in this essay is referential and inductive. We have made an attempt to become familiar with the great American and English men of letters; ones who have compiled important works through either translation or adaptation and made a serious effort to introduce the Persian literature, especially Rumi’s poetry in the English speaking countries. Since the eighteenth century, and following movements such as studying Iran, Islam, and the East, Persian literature was noticed and therefore some of the literary men, scientists, and illustrators begun translating and adapting the Persian literary works. It was in the same century that the study of Rumi’s works became significant. The English and American Transcendentalists both idealized the school of Transcendentalism through studying and having researches on Rumi’s works. It was about late nineteenth century, in 1870, that Mankar Daniel Canoy published The Sacred Anthology of Oriental Texts. Some of Rumi’s stories stated the ideals of social moral and behavioral issues. William R. Alger, one of Emerson’s friends, published The First American Anthology of Oriental Literature. Edward J. Brown translated the prose introduction of The First Volume of Massnavi into English. The climax of studies on Rumi’s works was done by Reynold Elaine Nicholson; who published eight books for the interpretation and paraphrase of Massnavi and actually devoted fifteen years of his life to this issue. Arthur J. Arbery is counted as one of the great thinkers in the field of Rumi studies. James J.Koan, an art teacher, rewrote fifty of the selected poems from Nicholson’s Poetry- taken from Shams Tabrizi’s Book of Poetry- in a modern poetic structure. And finally Andrew Harroy created some works as memorials of Rumi’s works. Manuscript profile

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202 - The Influence of Rumi on Fuzi Mostari about Perfect Human
سداد ديزدارويج

The comparison of the attitudes of the poets and writers of different countries on the major evolutions of thought and art is one of the most significant branches in the analysis of prose and poetic texts, and also one of the major discussions in literary criticism. Com More

The comparison of the attitudes of the poets and writers of different countries on the major evolutions of thought and art is one of the most significant branches in the analysis of prose and poetic texts, and also one of the major discussions in literary criticism. Comparative literature shows us the interaction of thoughts, literature and culture among two or even more nations; while it also reveals to what extent a culture, or thought of an individual person, or rather a nation, has been developed and influenced the world. Anyhow, this branch of literary criticism is among the most important debates and discussions in the “cross-cultural” studies too, and can even be considered as one of its major principles. Among the Bosnian poets, scholars, and writers, Fuzi Mostari enjoys a special and unique position, while he was deeply influenced by Rumi in a variety of aspects. This research was prepared through a documental and referential method, studying the valid and reliable sources and documents. A thorough study and research made it clear that Fuzi was indeed seriously influenced by Rumi in the basic principles, grounds, methods and even the devices used for discussing the concept and characteristics of “perfect human”. Manuscript profile

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203 - Analysis of Approaches used in Researches on Nezami’s Books in the Persian Literary Books (1921- 2004)
خورشيد نوروزي غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده ابوالقاسم رادفر

The present research criticizes and surveys the process of researches made on Nezami’s works from different aspects and in a variety of fields including analysis, rewriting, text explanation, bibliography, finding verses, correlation and writing with a particular select More

The present research criticizes and surveys the process of researches made on Nezami’s works from different aspects and in a variety of fields including analysis, rewriting, text explanation, bibliography, finding verses, correlation and writing with a particular selection in mind. In brief, the approach used in researches made on Nezami, through the edit and compile of his life story and beliefs and general ideas all within a traditional approach, is changed into two fields; criticism and analysis of Nezami’s works in a modern style, and rewriting the poetries in the Panj-Ganj (five treasures). In the domain of criticism and analysis, the poetic verses of Khosro va Shirin has the most potential for criticism and analysis due to these reasons: high usage of expressive and rhetorical arts, the function of story elements in a modern style, the reflection of folk culture, and the presence of many allusions, and pleasant proverbs. And Nezami’s Book of Poetries (the major book of poetry known as Divan), possesses the least research due to lack of a reliable corrected text. In the field of rewritings, Leili and Majnoon- a versified story- has earned the highest attention of the adapters of Nezami’s works due to having a simple story plot, a heavenly love story and its high fame among the public. Makhzanol-Asrar, has not been noticed much due to its complicated language, its mystical themes, and having many narratives and stories. Manuscript profile

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204 - Mystical Contents on Saeb’s Sonnets
حسين فقيهي حسن شاهی‌پور

Saeb Tabrizi was a talented literary man who earned fame in his own time in India, Iran and mid-Asia. As a matter of fact, once Saeb created new methods in poetry, and simultaneously discussed precise moral, social, mystical and thoughtful points, he gained such honor a More

Saeb Tabrizi was a talented literary man who earned fame in his own time in India, Iran and mid-Asia. As a matter of fact, once Saeb created new methods in poetry, and simultaneously discussed precise moral, social, mystical and thoughtful points, he gained such honor and position. These features granted a particular grandeur and magnificence to his poetry; especially his sonnets. Saeb’s poetic style goes back to the methods used by the poets of the Safavi era; possessing rich, subtle and specific themes, thoughts and also rare visions and imaginations; specifically true in the case of his parables or equivalents. Many of the scholars and researchers have merely considered the subtle literary themes, in addition to the imaginative and abstract words in the survey and study of Saeb’s sonnets. Yet they have constantly neglected one point; his poetic verses enjoy pure and prominent mystical and Gnostic expressions. Actually Saeb has never been considered as a mystical poet faithful to Gnostic and mystical thoughts in the Safavi era. The writer of this paper intends to prove that Saeb’s poetry not only enjoys literary, social, thoughtful, and moral aspects, but also bears grand mystical themes. Saeb is actually a very modest poet whose sonnets are a manifestation of Gnostic thoughts and attitudes. Anyhow, no one regarded him as a mystical poet and he was always introduced as a poet following the Indian School innovating creative methods and offering rare and witty contents. Saeb himself never regarded himself mystical either. Manuscript profile

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205 - The Psychological Analysis of Persian Parables and Words of Wisdom
حسين نوين

The Persian parables and words of wisdom, which bear a collection of experiences, knowledge, and spiritual treasures, all count as our national treasuries and count as part of the historical and cultural prides of the Iranian nation. The study of such social-cultural em More

The Persian parables and words of wisdom, which bear a collection of experiences, knowledge, and spiritual treasures, all count as our national treasuries and count as part of the historical and cultural prides of the Iranian nation. The study of such social-cultural emblems and signs through a “literary psychological” approach, makes us familiar with the variety of characteristic features and its related inherited characteristics, while it also introduces us to social maturity, judgment and the manners in which the past generations raised their children. In the field of learning, these proverbs and words of wisdom offer us valuable knowledge about individual characteristics, personal differences, motivation and passion, reactions and also the social behaviors as an individual faces external events and incidents. Most of these psychological manifestations can be studied and even compared with the modern scientific theories. The Persian proverbs and words of wisdom often reflect such psychological behaviors; action and social behaviors, potential of imitation, psychological conflicts and contrasts like frustration and failure, anxiety and defensive abilities such as reactions, suppression, identification, paranoid in both the inner and outer aspects, making excuses and causing passion and motivation. Also in the field of actions and social behaviors, being in the same line with others, group aggression, and imitating others are some of the psychological kingpins mentioned in the words of these proverbs; which are interestingly enough manifested and highlighted within the Persian proverbs and sayings. Manuscript profile

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206 - Difference between Irony and Proverb
حسن ذوالفقاري

Irony and proverb are two totally different linguistic and literary topics; with distinct definitions and functions; yet constantly many of the ironies have been mentioned in books discussing proverbs. As a matter of fact, many researchers, proverb writers and compilers More

Irony and proverb are two totally different linguistic and literary topics; with distinct definitions and functions; yet constantly many of the ironies have been mentioned in books discussing proverbs. As a matter of fact, many researchers, proverb writers and compilers of dictionaries have intermingled these two without pointing to their actual differences. This paper intends to show the differences between irony and proverb through pragmatic and concrete criteria, even though making such a distinction is indeed a hard task. Initially, after discussing this case and referring to the background of this research, the domains of irony and proverb are defined and then their features are explained. In this manner making a comparison between the two becomes easier, while afterwards the differences and similarities are elaborated. Following these discussions, irony and proverb are better conveyed through referring to other figures of speech such as brevity, tropes, rhythm, the experimental aspects, the subordination axis etc. Finally distinctions among samples of ironies similar to proverbs are clarified by the mentioned criteria. So far there has never been an independent article on this topic and therefore this paper can be practically useful within the identification of proverbs in popular literature, in addition to literary discourse and expression. Manuscript profile

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207 - Survey of Word Functions Contributing to the Comprehension of Sacred Texts (Study Case: Segil)
سيده زهرا مبلغ

In the domain of studies related to the Holy Quran, a survey of the intermingled words usually faces two major difficulties. First; researchers face cases where the derivation and precise meaning of the words in their prior used cases is not clearly known. Therefore, th More

In the domain of studies related to the Holy Quran, a survey of the intermingled words usually faces two major difficulties. First; researchers face cases where the derivation and precise meaning of the words in their prior used cases is not clearly known. Therefore, the comprehension of verses including such words faces ambiguities and finding the actual root of these words becomes more difficult. And second; in the explanation of such words there are generally lots of interpretative narrations leading to referential, paraphrased, and in some rare instances, literal explanations. These group of narratives and versions do not contribute to the semantics of these words due to their non-linguistic features, but also understanding them and discovering their relation to the mentioned interpretative and paraphrased instances demands knowing the precise and actual meaning of the regarding word. In this situation, if we regard these narratives alongside the verses of Quran, including the contributing words as part of the sacred texts, the actual comprehension of them within the field of linguistics becomes related to the root and the meaning of the contributing words. Such studies on the root and meaning of the contributing words can take place following two processes: 1. the correspondence of root and the meaning of the word according to the text and textual implications in the Quran. 2. The justification and expression of the words’ linguistic courses from the origin language to Arabic. This essay intends to survey one of such words as a sample. The word “segil” is one of these contributing and key words which has faced many derivations and a variety of interpretative narrations are provided for it. A precise comprehension of this word initially demands the analysis and criticism of linguistics regarding the root; especially in the two mentioned criteria. Through an analysis of these derivations, it initially becomes clear that the most suitable suggested root is a Persian root. At the same time it is revealed that in what manners the acceptance of any root and its related suitable meaning influences our understanding of the interpretative narratives and whether we accept or reject them. Manuscript profile

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208 - Words Appearing to be Coined; yet Original
فردوس آقاگلزاده حسين داوري

The study of derivations of coined words in the Persian language shows that actually some of these words were originally Persian words; appearing in other languages and then after finding an estranged form and aspect, once again reappeared in the Persian language. Study More

The study of derivations of coined words in the Persian language shows that actually some of these words were originally Persian words; appearing in other languages and then after finding an estranged form and aspect, once again reappeared in the Persian language. Studying the researches and the available works shows that this issue is mostly surveyed in the Arabic words; known as “moarab” words; yet this issue has not been of concern in other languages. Although this phenomenon is also a fact about the European vocabulary, and especially the most frequent French and English words used in the Persian language as well, still it has been mostly neglected not only in the general dictionaries; but also in the professional dictionaries which actually have discussed the coined European words too. This essay in brief points to some of the appearing coined European words in the Persian language which are originally Persian; based on some reliable European dictionaries in a documental and authoritative method. Then some of the deficiencies of the reliable Persian dictionaries has been mentioned and observed on the subject of word derivations. Manuscript profile

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209 - A Review on the Statue of Etymology in Ahmad Fardid’s Methodology
مهدي فدائي مهرباني

One of the most significant aspects, which should be of concern to a researcher in the analysis and survey of the literary texts, is the study of the text through etymology. Since each individual text earns its meaning within its own particular structure, and the contex More

One of the most significant aspects, which should be of concern to a researcher in the analysis and survey of the literary texts, is the study of the text through etymology. Since each individual text earns its meaning within its own particular structure, and the context of time and place, therefore the analysis of any text demands finding the relation between the word and its concept in the time and history it functions. The etymological method, which is actually the most basic method for understanding the meaning and concept of words in literary texts, helps us survey and study the reasonable relationship between the word and its concept in a particular time and place through a historical derivation of the meaning of words. As a result, etymology has a prominent place in literature. In Iran, seyyed Ahmad Fardid, has based the principles of his discussions on etymology and constantly considers the words existing in literature through etymology. This paper studies the position of etymology in Ahmad Fardid’s etymology and via reviewing the function of etymology in Fardid’s opinions, points to his mistakes in using this method. Manuscript profile

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210 - The Dissonance of Theory and Written Word (Study and Criticism of “Sparrows Sense Heaven”)
Alireza Siddiqui

Sparrows Sense Heaven, a novel, was written based on post-modernism teachings. Paying attention to chaos in narration and naturally the time of the story, super-story features, creating a false cycle using historical characters along with story characters and the presen More

Sparrows Sense Heaven, a novel, was written based on post-modernism teachings. Paying attention to chaos in narration and naturally the time of the story, super-story features, creating a false cycle using historical characters along with story characters and the presence of the writer within the story for distorting the borders between the reality and imagination are among the features and characteristics which categorize this work as a post-modern novel. Still, and at points, one can spot and observe issues which have no relation with the post-modernism teachings. The present essay first points to the post-modernism characteristics of the novel, and then criticizes the non-relevant elements. It also shows that using the methods related to this process- which claims one of its major duties to be revealing a character as a symbol and representative of the sacred defense war soldiers- is not in its right and due place; as the post-modernism attitude and insight towards man and life does not correspond with the existing attitude in this novel. Obviously despite the emphasis of all the characters on describing an ideal character in the novel, we are not even facing a multi-voiced novel either. Manuscript profile

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211 - Examples of Prophetical Epigrams in Literary Texts
مهين پناهي

This research intends to respond to this question; due to the fact that Quran says; "it was spoken to him", "he does not speak of lust and likes", and " you have an excellent morales", would Prophet Mohammad speak of epigrams and funny words? If so, then what category More

This research intends to respond to this question; due to the fact that Quran says; "it was spoken to him", "he does not speak of lust and likes", and " you have an excellent morales", would Prophet Mohammad speak of epigrams and funny words? If so, then what category would Prophet's epigrams would fit in? What elements were mostly used in them? Has the Prophet considered any limitations for such epigrams? This research shows that at that time, Prophet Mohammad did mean to speak funny and witty words. However, he never violated moralities. The prophets' witty words are categorized in two groups; first are the wise witty words with a advice; and the second groups are the general witty words that are less complicated. The general witty words are two kinds; the witty words of "situation" and "phrasal" ones. The phrasal ones include linguistic rhetorical ones such as puns and ambiguities, brevity, creating wonders in the language and behavior, paradox and antithesis. Also part of these witty words is instructional. The prophetical witty words are mostly linguistic and phrasal ones, symbols, and emblems, intending to humiliate and insult others, and rarely seen in them. Nevertheless, since at times, the term "witty words" is used in the domain of offence, insult and humiliation or even the social matters, and the prophet's lofty character is superior to any of this, no one has ever categorized the dear Prophet's words at all. The writer of this research has called all the Prophet's witty linguistic points, comments and words "witty" to be polite within the religious borders without any exception. Manuscript profile

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212 - Miracles of Prophet Mohammad in Persian Poetry
Ahmad گلي

As Rumi says, the irrationality or even the ultra-mind nature of the Prophet's learning and discourses, have made the miracles a necessity. At each period, these miracles have coordinated with the rate of people's understanding; depending on the invitation the prophet h More

As Rumi says, the irrationality or even the ultra-mind nature of the Prophet's learning and discourses, have made the miracles a necessity. At each period, these miracles have coordinated with the rate of people's understanding; depending on the invitation the prophet has made. The Holy Quran is the major miracle of Prophet Mohammad; and it asked the pagans and enemies to compete with it; the Islamic term for this is "Tahaddi". Of course, Quran had already predicted and even emphasized on the failure and definite inability of these dissenters. What is more, due to special events and occasions, other miracles occurred through the prophet; or even occurred for his dear sake. The books that discussed the prophet's manners and his words and sayings (Hadiss), reflected all this. And as a result they were also revealed in the Persian texts. This paper intends to analyze and express these issues within the four major areas. Manuscript profile

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213 - Examples of Prophetical Epigrams in Literary Texts
غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده

This research intends to respond to this question; due to the fact that Quran says; "it was spoken to him", "he does not speak of lust and likes", and " you have an excellent morales", would Prophet Mohammad speak of epigrams and funny words? If so, then what category More

This research intends to respond to this question; due to the fact that Quran says; "it was spoken to him", "he does not speak of lust and likes", and " you have an excellent morales", would Prophet Mohammad speak of epigrams and funny words? If so, then what category would Prophet's epigrams would fit in? What elements were mostly used in them? Has the Prophet considered any limitations for such epigrams? This research shows that at that time, Prophet Mohammad did mean to speak funny and witty words. However, he never violated moralities. The prophets' witty words are categorized in two groups; first are the wise witty words with a advice; and the second groups are the general witty words that are less complicated. The general witty words are two kinds; the witty words of "situation" and "phrasal" ones. The phrasal ones include linguistic rhetorical ones such as puns and ambiguities, brevity, creating wonders in the language and behavior, paradox and antithesis. Also part of these witty words is instructional. The prophetical witty words are mostly linguistic and phrasal ones, symbols, and emblems, intending to humiliate and insult others, and rarely seen in them. Nevertheless, since at times, the term "witty words" is used in the domain of offence, insult and humiliation or even the social matters, and the prophet's lofty character is superior to any of this, no one has ever categorized the dear Prophet's words at all. The writer of this research has called all the Prophet's witty linguistic points, comments and words "witty" to be polite within the religious borders without any exception. Keywords: Persian Literary Texts, Verbal Witty words, Prophet Mohammad. Miracles of Prophet Mohammad in Persian Poetry Ahmad Goli* As Rumi says, the irrationality or even the ultra-mind nature of the Prophet's learning and discourses, have made the miracles a necessity. At each period, these miracles have coordinated with the rate of people's understanding; depending on the invitation the prophet has made. The Holy Quran is the major miracle of Prophet Mohammad; and it asked the pagans and enemies to compete with it; the Islamic term for this is "Tahaddi". Of course, Quran had already predicted and even emphasized on the failure and definite inability of these dissenters. What is more, due to special events and occasions, other miracles occurred through the prophet; or even occurred for his dear sake. The books that discussed the prophet's manners and his words and sayings (Hadiss), reflected all this. And as a result they were also revealed in the Persian texts. This paper intends to analyze and express these issues within the four major areas. Manuscript profile

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214 - Analysis of Prophet Mohammad's Ascension Position in Meiybodi's Kashf-Al-Asrar Interpretation
مجيد سرمدي محمود شيخ

Prophet Mohammad and the events of his life enjoys a particular position befor the Muslims. The Islamic scholars- whether mystic, theologist, or philosopher- have constantly made an attempt to express and reveal his character and they have spoke of his position within t More

Prophet Mohammad and the events of his life enjoys a particular position befor the Muslims. The Islamic scholars- whether mystic, theologist, or philosopher- have constantly made an attempt to express and reveal his character and they have spoke of his position within the universe and his stand compared to the other prophets. There is no doubt that initially, this attempt had affectionate roots; but then later on its theoretical aspects and dimensions overcame its passionate aspects. The purpose of this research is to identify two significant incidents in Prophets' life that express his character better considering how they are revealed in Kashf-Al-Asrar and then show the role of the Ascent in this relation as mentioned in this book. As Meiybodi had mystical tendencies himself in the interpretation and paraphrase of the Quran and in quoting the Ascent, he is more concerned about the mystical and passionate aspects. So he merely focuses on the knowledge and superiority of Prophet in the spiritual statue. Meanwhile he does not mention the borders on the theory of "perfect human" while the central issue is "the truth about Mohammad"; a discussion which later on became one of the most basic discussions for the mystics and the theoretical sophists. Manuscript profile

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215 - Prophet's Figure in Hojviri's Kashf-Al- Mahjoob
ابراهيم سلامي

The great Prophet's figure is reflected deservingly in many of the prose and poetical Persian literary works showing how devoted the authors and the poets are to this dear character. "Kashf-ol-Mahjoob" is one of the great Persian literary masterpieces of the fifth centu More

The great Prophet's figure is reflected deservingly in many of the prose and poetical Persian literary works showing how devoted the authors and the poets are to this dear character. "Kashf-ol-Mahjoob" is one of the great Persian literary masterpieces of the fifth century by Hojviri. He first points to the Quran's verses, and then he focuses on Prophet's words, his manner and attitude. The purpose of this article is revealing Prophet's superiorities, emphasizing on his kindness, affection and the necessity for gaining more knowledge about this dear character. For this purpose, Prophet Mohammad has been compared to other prophets such as Moses, Abraham, and David. Then Prophet Mohammad's morality and behavior, specially his passion and kindness, generosity, spirit for prayer and his mystical attitude in deeds such as prayer, fasting, sleep and wakening- all mentioned in Hojviri's book- are surveyed. The results show that Prophet Mohammad was very kind, affectionate, and generous and had a giving nature. He had a hard-working spirit and seeking and desiring to obey God and he was the person God loved. Manuscript profile

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216 - The Analysis of Fictional Elements in Tale of Joseph in the Holy Quran
ابراهيم سلامي

In the Holy Quran the story life of several prophets is elaborated through a story. One of these stories speaks of Joseph's life. Joseph’s Sura has a hundred and eleven verses. The first three verses and also the last ten verses are non-fictional, while the other verses More

In the Holy Quran the story life of several prophets is elaborated through a story. One of these stories speaks of Joseph's life. Joseph’s Sura has a hundred and eleven verses. The first three verses and also the last ten verses are non-fictional, while the other verses cover the entire story without any the non-fictional verses interrupting. Quran's purpose is not to tell a story, but this Sura possesses many of the common and known aspects of the fictional elements recognized in fiction. This article intends to study and survey the plenitude of the fictional elements in this story. The present article is both descriptive and analytic; through which it discusses and analyzes the fictional elements such as point of view, plot, structure, the idea (including theme and subject), conflict, character, characterization, dialogue, time and place setting as well as the atmosphere in a story. The story of Joseph is the only story in the Holy Quran which is atually told from the beginning to the end in one Sura. In this Sura, through utilizing the modern techniques of fiction, the religious culture, education, teaching, guidance and men's learning lessons are all introduced, in addition to indicating the lofty purposes of the Holy Quran in the form of a story. In this story the elements of fiction are structured in a way that the reader feels as if he himself is present in the story just like one of the characters. Manuscript profile

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217 - Artistic Quotation in Hafez' Poetry
عليرضا فولادي

Despite all the efforts made by the eloquent figures in the recognition of literary techniques, some of them are still unknown. This article introduces one of such technique known as "the artistic quotation" and elaborates the details in Hafez' poetry. What is an artis More

Despite all the efforts made by the eloquent figures in the recognition of literary techniques, some of them are still unknown. This article introduces one of such technique known as "the artistic quotation" and elaborates the details in Hafez' poetry. What is an artistic quotation, how does its artistic aspect occur and what are its types? This article intends to respond to the mentioned questions.Our method is the descriptive method through the structuralism approach.The overall studies lead us to conclude that Hafez' artistic quotations have generally passed a balanced path both in narration and the poetic process; which is due to his tendency for moderation. And in these two-sided aspects considering the present situation, they have been united with several elements such as; the narrator, atmosphere, time and place setting, description, character, dialogue, incident, suspense, and the ornaments of the figures of speech like; metonymy, simile, style of finding the proper equivalent, metaphore, personification, paradox, irony, pun, phonemes, harmony of adjectives, equivocation, identification, convenance, contrast and many other figures of speech to be mentioned. Also examples of this technique cover a variety of divisions in his great poetry book depending on the basis of the definition in the details. Manuscript profile

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218 - The Influence of the Fifth Century Social and Political Evolutions on Abu-Saeed Abol-kheir's Behavior and Speech
طاهره خوشحال عبدالناصر نظرياني

At the beginning of the fifth century, Khorasan suffered from insecurity, poverty and disorder as it was the major center of the political revolutions. Also the instability of the kings and princes led to the oppression of peoples' rights and the promotion of hypocrisy More

At the beginning of the fifth century, Khorasan suffered from insecurity, poverty and disorder as it was the major center of the political revolutions. Also the instability of the kings and princes led to the oppression of peoples' rights and the promotion of hypocrisy and flattery as a culture. In this situation most of the scientists and the official learned men were either pawns in the hands of the authority and the political authorities, or chose to isolate themselves and seal their lips in mere silence and surrender. But Abu-Saeed Abol-Kheir, a social mystic, reacted properly against pretension and seduction by relying on a humorous and affectionate behavior and speech. At the same time he was quite aware of what others thought; counted as a clue for the guidance of people and simultaneously supporting the oppressed and devastated ones. This article intends to show the relation and accordance between the events and incidents of those days and Abu-Saeed's reactions and behaviors. In this relation we have also tried to reveal the extent he was influenced by the social and political events and issues of the time as well. Manuscript profile

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219 - The Analysis of Siavash's Story Based on Yung's Theories
ابراهيم اقبالي حسين قمري گيوي sakineh moradi

The deep researches of Carl Gustav Yung in the field of myths and his findings has turned into a basic working material for many of the critics in the study and survey of literary works. In the present research, Ferdowsi's Shah-Nameh, especially the story of Siavash- as More

The deep researches of Carl Gustav Yung in the field of myths and his findings has turned into a basic working material for many of the critics in the study and survey of literary works. In the present research, Ferdowsi's Shah-Nameh, especially the story of Siavash- as a great series of the Iranian historical and mythological narratives in ancient times- was studied. This story was evaluated within the framework of Yung's process of individuality, and also the archetypes of "self", the hero, shadow, persona, the old wise man, oneself, reactions, and the function of the heroes and the characters in Siavash's story. Then the manifestation of each single archetype was defined as a major issue in this research. At the same time the presence of archetypes such as Anima, Animus, Mother, Mandela, Manna and Rebirth are also of notice in here. The method of research in this study is based on the analysis of content. The results of this study show that Afrasiab stands for the archetype of shadow, while Rustam stands for the archetype of hero, and Afrasiab's interpreter expresses the archetype of the old wise man. Also the archetype of the self is manifested in Keykhosrow's character. Still the ascent of Keykhosrow and Siavash's death are examples of death and rebirth in the Shah-Nameh. The repetition of these themes in the three mythological, heroic and historical sections of the Shah-Nameh show the harmony and integration among these three parts in the method of expressing the archetypes, while it expresses this point that the major theme of the archetypes appears constantly; yet in various shapes and forms. Manuscript profile

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220 - Anvari’s Point of View about the Origin of Poetry and the Poet’s Social-class Identity
مهدي محبّتی

The description of poetry and stating the poet's position among the social classes are the two major features in Anvari's literary point of view. Anvari succeeded to suggest and point to new and solid attitudes and views on the analysis of poetry and also the poet's c More

The description of poetry and stating the poet's position among the social classes are the two major features in Anvari's literary point of view. Anvari succeeded to suggest and point to new and solid attitudes and views on the analysis of poetry and also the poet's class-identity due to enjoying a rational education and being quite familiar with the versified word and its fields, in addition to the pure artistic experiences he himself earned during his life by creating poetry. He founded one of the most significant sources for the sociology of poetry and the poetics in the Persian Literature by both categorizing the poets' classes and the analysis of the poet's role and position in the chain of the social needs. He then compared these productions, or better to say in this field 'the creations', with the products of the other social classes. He also studied the reasons leading to the creation of a variety of poems in the poet's mentality and mind. Anvari himself created a few long and prominent poems in this specific field of study for the first time and expressed the first descriptive-rational attitudes on the nature and essence of poetry and its various kinds. This article reflects Anvari's precise and clear thoughts and ideas about poetry and the poet's class-identity. Manuscript profile

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221 - Narrative Ghazal (Sonnet) and its Origin in the Persian Poetry
احمدرضا منصوری

Ghazal (sonnet) is one of the major forms in the Persian Poetry. Still, the foundation, development, and its various types constantly invite and encourage the researchers towards further studies and contemplation. This research initially offers a new definition on poet More

Ghazal (sonnet) is one of the major forms in the Persian Poetry. Still, the foundation, development, and its various types constantly invite and encourage the researchers towards further studies and contemplation. This research initially offers a new definition on poetry and the narrative Ghazal. Then its various types are recognized and divided within two approaches; the formal-structuralism and the contextual-conceptual approach which are the old literary divisions and forms. The other part of the research is devoted to the origin of the Persian Ghazal and the varieties of opinions are discussed. According to the findings of this research which are supported by some of the Persian poems, the origin of the narrative Ghazal can be surveyed with two attitudes; both in lyrical and also the sonneteer's field of approach. Its different types can be divided on the basis of structure (with the three genres including the narrative, the dialogue, and description in mind), and the content (with social, historical, mystical-cognitive, elegy, trip journals, life stories and etc which are among the subdivisions of the structure of narrative).At the end, the positive points and functions of the narrative Ghazal (such as the poetry's cohesive structure, finding the contents easy to understand, making a better communication with the audience, dramatization, and gaining pleasure and joy) have been pointed to. Manuscript profile

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222 - Reflection of the Constitutional Era in Nasim-e Shomal and Ahmad Shouqi's Poetry
GHsem Sahrai علي نظري

The people's awakening and awareness, seeking liberty and justice, wanting rules, fighting against oppression, patriotism, and in other words demanding the Constitutional situation were among the most important events in contemporary Iran and some of the other neighbori More

The people's awakening and awareness, seeking liberty and justice, wanting rules, fighting against oppression, patriotism, and in other words demanding the Constitutional situation were among the most important events in contemporary Iran and some of the other neighboring countries. The writers of this article intend to reveal this common theme in the poetry of two contemporary poets; Nasim Shomal- the Iranian poet and Ahmad Shoqi; the Egyptian one. Though Nasim Shomal and Ahmad Shoqi lived in two non-neighbor countries with different languages; there are many common concepts and themes related to the Constitution observed in their poetry which show the common cultural and social aspects in both the Iranian and the Egyptian nations. They expect the Constitutional and the parliament system to have deserving, functional and knowing rulers; a system which provides the people's welfare and progress and happiness and blocks any kind of oppression and tyranny. But unfortunately the Constitutional system does not develop in the living era of these two mentioned poets as it is expected and fails. The anti-constitutionals gain power over the parliament and the other governmental positions and therefore the country is threatened by chaos and turmoil. For these reasons both of the poets encourage and call people to protect their countries. Manuscript profile

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223 - Mirzadeh Eshqi and the Modernization Issue
علي محمدي

In the chaotic and overexcited era of the Constitutional Period, Mirzadeh Eshqi was a live and vibrant poet; fortunate enough to think about modernization. Within the versified worldview of Eshqi one can observe all the aspects of the phenomenon now known as "modernizat More

In the chaotic and overexcited era of the Constitutional Period, Mirzadeh Eshqi was a live and vibrant poet; fortunate enough to think about modernization. Within the versified worldview of Eshqi one can observe all the aspects of the phenomenon now known as "modernization". The feature most of notice in the structure of thought and approach of Eshqi is his paradoxical and heterogeneous attitude towards the different dimensions of modernity. Eshqi's ideas constantly flow within a black and white whirlpool approach; in other words there are constant changes. Therefore such an entirety-seeking thinking would be full of paradoxes. In Eshqi's worldview, there is not any share for wisdom and rationality; where this atmosphere mostly represents a picture of destruction, seeking revolution and carnage. Eshqi is so nervous and vehement natured that once he views an instance, he tends towards exaggeration and observes all human beings the same; regardless of whether they are good or bad. In overall, Eshqi's attitude towards the Iranian individuals is filled with paradox and contrasts. This article surveys the concept of modernization in Eshqi's poetry. Manuscript profile

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224 - In search of Seven kingdom of Attar in the Houses of God
ايمان زكريايي كرماني

Mysticism has had a great impact on the Iranian art. In order to reach the most paramount stage in suffism, there are several stages to go through. Each of these stages are defined by different mystics differently. Suffism has even penetrated into industries and art, an More

Mysticism has had a great impact on the Iranian art. In order to reach the most paramount stage in suffism, there are several stages to go through. Each of these stages are defined by different mystics differently. Suffism has even penetrated into industries and art, and this way it was manifested in architecture of mosques. The structure of mosques can be taken as one of the manifestations of mysticism. Manuscript profile

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225 - War Fiction Main Approach (1980-2005)

Types of attitude toward war and also toward the themes, main characters and….. are of four approaches, namely the value oriented, society oriented, critic oriented and human oriented; these approaches in literature have created war fiction. In the value-oriented appro More

Types of attitude toward war and also toward the themes, main characters and….. are of four approaches, namely the value oriented, society oriented, critic oriented and human oriented; these approaches in literature have created war fiction. In the value-oriented approach the defence, protecting country, and the war are the focal points of the story tellers. The story tellers’ main purposes are promoting the heroship, feeling ideology-oriented reponsibility and protecting Islamic and Revolutionary values. The society oriented procedure reflects the war calamities and its effects on the people life and society. The minor and social issues and its devastating image are put on the sharp focus and its impacts on the people life and the cities and villages in which the family bases are changed. Critics oriented approaches deals with the uncertainty in the war and criticizes it. The story tellers’ view toward the war is negative and mostly is focused on the cities. Human oriented approach deals with human in war and the war generated by him regarding the human dignified value. Manuscript profile

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226 - Prolepsis in Sa'di's Tales the Stories of the West
مسعود نوروزیان شادمان شکروی افسانه صحتي

Insofar as it is related to techniques of story writing such as diction, omission, etc. short stories in the west have evolved to a great extent. These elements, that is, literary devices, can also be seen in the Persian classical works of literature. Terms such as Poin More

Insofar as it is related to techniques of story writing such as diction, omission, etc. short stories in the west have evolved to a great extent. These elements, that is, literary devices, can also be seen in the Persian classical works of literature. Terms such as Point of departure, and prolepsis, found in the works of great writers such as chekov, Allen Poe, Pomasant can also be found in Sa'di's "Golestan". Point of departure in stories will lead to the emergence of perception, and neurological curves in the shortest period possible. The present paper is aimed at comparing Golestan with the stories of the west in this regard. Manuscript profile

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227 - Mythological Buildings, Secret of Immortality, in the National and Religious Mythies
هيبت‌الله اكبري گندماني

Ever since man appeared on earth, he has made every effort to achieve immortality. To do this, he has made imaginary symbols of immortality. Of the most prominent of these symbols are the imaginary eternal buildings. In the ancient Iranian mythology, there existed build More

Ever since man appeared on earth, he has made every effort to achieve immortality. To do this, he has made imaginary symbols of immortality. Of the most prominent of these symbols are the imaginary eternal buildings. In the ancient Iranian mythology, there existed buildings in which one would be protected from death and become immortal. These buildings have apparently been made of sacred stones or metal, enjoying supernatural characteristics. Many of these buildings shared the same patterns. Disregarding the formal differences, one comes to understand the deeper hidden layers of these imaginations, and that these imaginations somehow give form to eternity. It has been the objective of this paper to probe into these characteristics in order to illustrate that all these buildings share the same origin, and features. Manuscript profile

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228 - An Introduction to the functionalist poetics
علیرضا خان‌جان Zahra میرزا

Emphasizing the necessity for changing the logical approach to the definition of the nature of poetry from Aristotle's logical dichotomy to the Fuzzy relativist logic, the present paper will first deal with three different viewpoints in the field of poetics. Attempts wi More

Emphasizing the necessity for changing the logical approach to the definition of the nature of poetry from Aristotle's logical dichotomy to the Fuzzy relativist logic, the present paper will first deal with three different viewpoints in the field of poetics. Attempts will also be made to employ the approach which does not take into consideration literature and poetry in particular, as being different from other types of communicative acts. It will thus be possible to analyze poetry within the framework of a general theory. Based on Haliday's functional systemic theory (1985, 1994) and taking into consideration the pattern proposed by Mohajer and Nabavi (1376), The present paper attempts to provide a functionalist analysis of the discourse of the poetry, as well as linguistic and paralinguistic parameters, based on Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

229 - Rostam vs. Arjan A Comparative Study of the Characters In Shahname and Mohabaharat
حسينعلي قبادي Alireza Siddiqui

Mohabahart is an Indian work of epic, which narrates the war of Pandowan between the five sons of Raja Pand and gurus, the sons of Raja, to rule over a region called, Hastnapur. In this eighteen-day war, Pandowan defeats his cousins. Arjan, one of the characters, who s More

Mohabahart is an Indian work of epic, which narrates the war of Pandowan between the five sons of Raja Pand and gurus, the sons of Raja, to rule over a region called, Hastnapur. In this eighteen-day war, Pandowan defeats his cousins. Arjan, one of the characters, who shoulders a large number of responsibilities during different events, resembles Rostam in many ways. It is the objective of this paper to compare the two champions: their relations with gods, their marriage in a foreign land, having a son, becoming aware of revitalizing herb, going on seven dangerous journeys, and finally each killing his own brother. Attempts have been made to prove that due to the immigrations of the tribes from Iran to India, the Iranian beliefs, customs, and mythology, have had a profound impact on Indian epics. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

230 - Story-telling in Iran
علی شیخ مهدی محمود طاووسی محمدرضا خاکی حبیب‌الله لزگی

Story-telling has always existed through time in different lands. However, it so appears that it has not undergone much of a development in Iran. Before the emergence of Islam in Iran, the Parthian Gossans and Sassanind musicians made use of music, dance, songs, probabl More

Story-telling has always existed through time in different lands. However, it so appears that it has not undergone much of a development in Iran. Before the emergence of Islam in Iran, the Parthian Gossans and Sassanind musicians made use of music, dance, songs, probably a number of actors and actresses. In the course of change of religion from Zoroastrianism to Islam, story-telling preserved its nature, though it lost its characteristics such as dance and music, mainly relying on the artistic features of the narrator. Due to restraints existing in the Islamic period which followed the interpretations of the religious teaching concerning arts and drama, story-telling was somehow limited to the narration of merely one person called "Ta'zieh" (passion play). The very same constraint, however, reinforced drama and became the source of development for Ta'zieh. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

231 - A Critical Survey of Lexicography in ANNDRAJ
ابوالقاسم رادفر سیده نرگس رضایی

ANNDRAJ is among the dictionaries compiled in the Subcontinent. The present paper aims to critically survey the method used in the compilation of the dictionary. It also seeks to study its structure based on the general method used in writing dictionaries. Thus, the pre More

ANNDRAJ is among the dictionaries compiled in the Subcontinent. The present paper aims to critically survey the method used in the compilation of the dictionary. It also seeks to study its structure based on the general method used in writing dictionaries. Thus, the present study will describe the structure for the entries, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, examples and resources and the probable faults in this regards. In this study 400 entries have been selected from among the entries beginning with letters B, C, K, and M to be studied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

232 - A Study on the Poetry-Oriented Prose Style in Abhar-ul Asheghein
سعید بزرگ بیگدلی

Roozbahan Baghli Shirazi is one of the most prominent mystics of 6th century. Abhar-ul Asheghein is one of his highly valued persian works, which is notable not only for its significance in the realm of mysticism, but also due to its rich prose. The present paper is aim More

Roozbahan Baghli Shirazi is one of the most prominent mystics of 6th century. Abhar-ul Asheghein is one of his highly valued persian works, which is notable not only for its significance in the realm of mysticism, but also due to its rich prose. The present paper is aimed at dealing with the style of prose used in Abhar-ul Asheghein from the view point of music and order, as well as language of expression, and imagination, which are the three most significant elements of the poetic expression. The paper also introduces its readership to some forms of artistic expression created by the poets. Based on the findings of the present paper, various manifestations of imagination, rhymes, deep affection, are all reflected by the mystic experiences of the autho; moreover, the magnificent language employed by the author, as well as ambiguities deriving from this kind of language, are among the elements of defamiliarization which turn Abhar-ul Asheghin into a poetic prose; and this feature distinguishes it from all other mystic types of prose ever existed. Employing these elements, Roozbehan enhances the usual norms of the standard language, so as to express certain aspects of his spiritual experiences, which are not compatible with the logical norms, nor can they be expressed. Moreover, Roozbehan appears to have always been in search of beauty of the Persian prose, in his mind and soul. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

233 - Analyzing Story Elements of Shams Tabrizi's Maghalat
Ahmad razi مهديه فيض

One of the ways to learn about the works of art in the past, is to investigate the stories used in them. Preaching – the mystic book of Maghalat by Shams Tabrizi is among the works in which ethical and mystic advices are explained in the form of stories. This paper is t More

One of the ways to learn about the works of art in the past, is to investigate the stories used in them. Preaching – the mystic book of Maghalat by Shams Tabrizi is among the works in which ethical and mystic advices are explained in the form of stories. This paper is the result of a crash study conducted through analytic-descriptive method, the rules used in Shams Tabrizi's work which he used intentionally or unintentionally and also it indicates to what extend it has been saved in the contemporary literature. That is why we have put the stories of Revayat, Zavieye Did, Goft-o-Goo, Shakhsiat, Lahn, Daronmayeh and Sahneh in studying SAhams Tabrizi's Story on sharp focus. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

234 - Discourse Analysis of the Poem Peygham-e Mahiha by Sohrab Sepehri
سهیلا فرهنگی

Discourse Analysis, is an interdisciplinary study analyzing speech. Using such method, this paper is intended to study the poem Peygham-e Mahiha (The Message of the Fishes) aimed at showing the fact that analysis of speech can lead to understanding the literary works p More

Discourse Analysis, is an interdisciplinary study analyzing speech. Using such method, this paper is intended to study the poem Peygham-e Mahiha (The Message of the Fishes) aimed at showing the fact that analysis of speech can lead to understanding the literary works profoundly. To achieve such an aim, we have described and interpreted the text, its objective, and its intrapersonal structure by studying the exact word frequency in details, based on which tables have been drawn. The results reveal that this poem enjoys a dynamic and changing atmosphere and its narrative structure is regarded as its main elements for coherence. The words employed, also reveal that the poet had a strong tendency toward nature. The processes of the poem lack human partnership, and thus symbols of the poem’s loneliness and Sepehri’s decisiveness reflects his strong belief in his speech and strength of his speech. Such a speech influences the degree of speech effectiveness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

235 - Iranians Ideal Type of Reign in "Andarz ha-ye Javidan Kherad"
رحمان مشتاق‌مهر

The book of advice in Pahlavi language, attributed to the kings and wise men of the pre-Islamic era, provide not only piece of advice and general philosophy, but also ways of running the country and observing the law, and the king's treatment of his people, which in the More

The book of advice in Pahlavi language, attributed to the kings and wise men of the pre-Islamic era, provide not only piece of advice and general philosophy, but also ways of running the country and observing the law, and the king's treatment of his people, which in the past were orally conveyed from one generation to another and later at the early Islamic period were published in the form of writing, and soon were translated into Arabic. What is available today, is mostly translated from the Arabic version of these writings. Kheradnameye javidan is one of the most important of the translations the Pahlavi version of which no longer exists, however, due to the attempts made by Abu Ali Ahmad Inbn-e Mohammad Maskoyeh. This book has been translated into Persian many times and has left a profound impact on the Persian literature. The book of advice mainly focuses on the viewpoints of the pre-Islamic Iranians regarding the ruling methods of the kings and rulers, rather than the viewpoints of the kings themselves. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

236 - Realism Fundementals and Structure in Fiction
علی شیخ مهدی محمود طاووسی

Realism, in a general sense, means fundamental will and tendency toward the objects outside the mind. Historically speaking, it has drawn the attention of the human mind. Aristotle has regarded the works of art as the imitation of nature. This idea has been strengthened More

Realism, in a general sense, means fundamental will and tendency toward the objects outside the mind. Historically speaking, it has drawn the attention of the human mind. Aristotle has regarded the works of art as the imitation of nature. This idea has been strengthened even after his death. In the 19th century, first in France and then in the other countries, movements and schools emerged aiming at stabilizing the fundamentals of realism. The realist writer always uses convincing psychological innovations, internal and external causes to depict the characters interactions in social and personal structure. The present study describes realism, in a general sense and as a famous school in the 1990s. It also critically deals with its important types in fiction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

237 - A Critical Introduction to Tazkareh Khairol Bayan
طاهره خوشحال سيد مرتضي هاشمي عبدالعلي اويسي

The works regarded as Tazkareh Alshuara in the Persian literature, abbreviated to Tazkareh, are among the most paramount resources of learning about the poets and their works in the Persian literature as well as their social and cultural status. To prove this, poems fro More

The works regarded as Tazkareh Alshuara in the Persian literature, abbreviated to Tazkareh, are among the most paramount resources of learning about the poets and their works in the Persian literature as well as their social and cultural status. To prove this, poems from such writers have been selected and studied; the authors of the present paper have alos probed into the life these writers, shouldering a great responsibility in protecting the works of the different times. Tazkare Khayrolbayan of Malek Shah Hossein ibn Ghisoddin Mohammad Bahari Sistani is one of such works. It has not yet been published although it bears a great importance in the Persian literature. Khayrolbayan is a general Tazkare containing preface, introduction, two chapters, an ending chapter and a final one. The present paper is an attempt to present different dimensions of such books. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

238 - Poetic Inspirations
مهرانگیز اوحدی

There are at least two viewpoints upon the poetry inspiration: 1- inspiration is a phenomenon beyond the nature and outside the poet existence, 2- inspiration is a power originated from the poet unconscious self. Theorisians and poets have spoken a lot on these two th More

There are at least two viewpoints upon the poetry inspiration: 1- inspiration is a phenomenon beyond the nature and outside the poet existence, 2- inspiration is a power originated from the poet unconscious self. Theorisians and poets have spoken a lot on these two theories to accept for and against them. As the human being mind structures are not the same, naturally their treatments toward and conceptions about the same experience, be it objective or abstract, will be different. In other words, each poet, in special situation, understand the message more or less ambiguous. He does not know the origin of it. These new and to some extend ambiguous messages are mixed with the poets presuppositions in such a way that separation of “God given inspirations” or “mind made ones” is generally impossible. In this article tries to study this mind complex procedure which was generally subject of a lot of poets and art theorists’ discussion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

239 - Sohrab Sepehri and Critics
غلامرضا پيروز فاطمه‌زهرا صادقي

This study is an attempt to deal with the critics, made in form of speeches and papers, on the life, thoughts and works left by Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1978), the Iranian poet and painter. The study tries to examine and analyze the critical method and literature critics va More

This study is an attempt to deal with the critics, made in form of speeches and papers, on the life, thoughts and works left by Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1978), the Iranian poet and painter. The study tries to examine and analyze the critical method and literature critics value clear making, critics health, failure and success of the criticisms made by critics on Sepehri, contents of the works by Sepehri, treatment with Sepehri’s works and the likes as of the first time made till 1997 in Farsi literature publications. In the contemporary Farsi poetry extensive speaking has been made on Sohrab Sepehri after Nima Yushij. These parses and blames have continued from the time of the poet life till now. Most of the critics have been made on the links between Sepehri’s poem and painting, hit attention on the East Philosophy and Gnosticism, naturalism, simple style and sincerity of the poems, non dealing with politics-social issues, abstract concepts, language and style of expression. Among the critics, those dealt with Sepehri’s poems and arts on scientific-research viewpoints are handful. Moreover, some viewpoints are imitation and calques from the others’ works. The writers of the present article maintain that the criticisms made by the critics should be criticized aimed at evaluating their correctness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

240 - Lexical archaism in Akhavan Saleth’s works
فروغ صهبا

Akhavan Saleth poetry link to ancient persian language and literature. Using its words, combinations and expressions in a various way and scattered is clear cut to any one. It is one of his poetic arts giving his language epic and fixed form and appearance. This feature More

Akhavan Saleth poetry link to ancient persian language and literature. Using its words, combinations and expressions in a various way and scattered is clear cut to any one. It is one of his poetic arts giving his language epic and fixed form and appearance. This feature is one of the ways toward defamiliarization with the past archaic element of the language called archaism as one of the most important feature of Akhavan’s poetry. This article tries to study and describe Akhavan’s poetry word related elements having ancient form and style and make his poetry prominent. The result of the study shows that Akhavan’s poetry archaism can be divided into two groups: A-The first one concerns the words not used today or used rarely including general, B-epic science related words such as the words used in medicine, musician and the like. The second one concerns the words experienced in archaic way some changes such as aphesis, heightening, mutation and inversion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

241 - Apocalyptic in Sohrab Sepehri’s Hasht Ketab
mostafa gorji

Apocalyptic literature is one of the genre in the area of Sacred Books and religious-faith texts. Apocalyptic literature foresee past and future events by tools of various types based on the culture dominating the society and its opinions and express it in form of art, More

Apocalyptic literature is one of the genre in the area of Sacred Books and religious-faith texts. Apocalyptic literature foresee past and future events by tools of various types based on the culture dominating the society and its opinions and express it in form of art, literature and by codified and symbolic language. Top and complete type of this, exists in Hannah Sacred Book, Nostrdamous universal apocalyptic and Farsi Shah Nemat-U Allah Vali literature. (Divan Ashaar, 1373:228). This issue have been circulated in any period of art and literature specially in Farsi contemporary literature. Among these we can mention Sohrab Sepehri’s, Forokh Farrokhzad and the likes ones poetries. This article tries to criticize and analyze its type of literature in the past and its origins and then criticize Sepehri’s Hasht Ketan from this view point and analyze the apocalyptic singled out in the ten areas such as dream and the likes. The major points is that pointing the first apocalyptic (poetic revelation and apocalyptic), Sohrab points to its second meaning namely apocalyptic while pointing the manifestation related tools proior to deal with the prediction itself and the event concerning the Last Time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

242 - The role of simile in stylistic variety change
Ahmad

Style reflects selection and combination of the language capabilities applied by the poet. On the other hand, it reflects the imitation and innovation in the language various aspects like phonology, words and grammar. Rhetoric system is one of the language systems. Rhe More

Style reflects selection and combination of the language capabilities applied by the poet. On the other hand, it reflects the imitation and innovation in the language various aspects like phonology, words and grammar. Rhetoric system is one of the language systems. Rhetoric system includes all the language decorative tools such as expressive, rhetorical and, in other word, all the language decorative elements. Rhetoric system is the most important and major language system in which literature creation process can be observed. The reason includes that style related changes are occurred in this system. Simile, from which the other systems such as metaphor, personification and even irony are originated, is the basic element in this system. Rhetoric language system change can be simply shown by studying the simile structure. This article tries to have a glance at the style related changes in Modern Poem simile by the statistics available on the full analysis of the similes used in the poetries by Nima, Akhavan and Sohrab Sepehri. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

243 - A critical look at Farsi grammar (2)
سعيد دامني

Various types of grammar have been written on Farsi language and different viewpoints have also been put forward on the “sentence” and “word” elements and features. Variety of the materials generally leads students and those learning Farsi language to the fact that ther More

Various types of grammar have been written on Farsi language and different viewpoints have also been put forward on the “sentence” and “word” elements and features. Variety of the materials generally leads students and those learning Farsi language to the fact that there is no fixed rules and regulations for Farsi language and disagreements on the issue is a must. All are looking for a source in which they can find the scientific procedures in this regards. This article tries to make the readers familiarized with Farsi grammar and to have a look at all the grammars written in this area. Definition of the grammar from a scientific viewpoint and up-to-now written grammars on Farsi also their merits and demerits have been scattered throughout the article. In fact, strong-points and weak-points of the traditionalists and linguists have been dealt with by criticizing the grammar 2 in applied way. All the critics are made based on the scientific linguistic viewpoint. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

244 - Coordinate Structures and Their Aesthetic Function in Kalila - o - Demna
محمدرضا عمرانپور

This paper is the result of a reasearch which has been done for studying and analysis of the coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna. Applying coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna is one of the techniques by Abolmaali for creating dignified prose which is imi More

This paper is the result of a reasearch which has been done for studying and analysis of the coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna. Applying coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna is one of the techniques by Abolmaali for creating dignified prose which is imitated by other writers in the periods after him not only in literary prose but also in writing historical and scientific books. What we mean by "coordinate structures" is two words, two phrases or two sentences which are connected by conjunction particularly ''and''. The coordinate structures may have been made of two parts or more. These parts which may be synonymous, antonym, cause and effect, etc. occupy the place of subject, object, complement, adjective and adverb in sentence structure. The most important using of the coordinate structures in Kalila-o-Demna is for aesthetic techniques. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

245 - Oxford Etymoloical Dictionary and the problem called Farsi “Arabicized” words
فردوس آقا‌گل‌زاده حسن شاهی‌پور

Farsi words along with more other languages words has entered into English language in various ways or for different reasons. These words have been dealt with in different dictionaries as the case may be. Oxford Etymoloical dictionary, known as one of the most reliable More

Farsi words along with more other languages words has entered into English language in various ways or for different reasons. These words have been dealt with in different dictionaries as the case may be. Oxford Etymoloical dictionary, known as one of the most reliable English language expertise etymology dictionary, has dealt with some of the Farsi words entered into English. The important point is that some of the Farsi words entered into Arabic language and changed into Arabicized have been regarded as the Arabic words in etymology. Today those referr to Oxford dictionary think that these words are Arabic. As the article will show, this is not correct. 38000 words have been studied in this research and some 90 words with Farsi origin and some 160 words with Arabic origin have been introduced. Studying the words regarded as the Arabic scattered throughout this survey will show that 20 of the words regarded as the Arabic ones are Farsi. To approve this claim, 10 words of the group have been studied in analytic-descriptive way. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

246 - Critical Analysis of Radviani’s Literary Views in Tarjoman-Al-Balagheh
مهدي محبّتی

As the first prose Persian book about critical literary and rhethoric Tarjoman-Al-Balagheh has a unique role in these debates and subjects and their analysis. Writing this book, Radviani became the leading in prose literary issues and entered common ideas and thoughts More

As the first prose Persian book about critical literary and rhethoric Tarjoman-Al-Balagheh has a unique role in these debates and subjects and their analysis. Writing this book, Radviani became the leading in prose literary issues and entered common ideas and thoughts of poem aesthetics, which was mostly in Arabic language, in Persian language and Iranian culture thereby made those issues vernacular to some extent. While creating this work, he stepped an important pace to theorise Persian prose and make it scientific; prepared the ground for addressing these topics in a greater leisure; and made new wave among thinkers and literary commentators – including Rashid VatVat and his followers – and, through centuries exercised Literature scholars’ and friends’ mind and written. In addition to its prominent role in initiating and linking cultural and literary debates, this book presented many ideas and new opinions concerned to criticism, eloquence, and figures of speech; sometimes tended to practical and even structural criticism of thought and poem in those days and offered new and excellent notes to the learned. In addition to explain the position of Tarjoman-Al-balagheh in Iranian culture and literature – partly addressed by Ahmad Atash and mostly left out -, this article sought to explore Radviani’s thoughts and opinions about poem and its constituents in detail and construction and form and meaning in poem as well. While this book criticized as a whole and analyzed structurally and comparatively, Radviani’s origin, his view point, methods of analyzing literary figures and his defects and strength have been studied and criticized, too. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

247 - Gender Impact on Manner of Stating Request (a Research in the Field of Sociology of Language)
ندا هدايت

This essay seeks to study the gender impact, as a social factor, on how direct is manner of stating request by men and women. To argue about gender impact on imperative speeches employment method, (e.g, request, order. And command), relevant data collected from 80 stude More

This essay seeks to study the gender impact, as a social factor, on how direct is manner of stating request by men and women. To argue about gender impact on imperative speeches employment method, (e.g, request, order. And command), relevant data collected from 80 students in shiraz university. To do so, a questionnaire including 6 questions provided, each of which was explaining distinctive setting (circumstances). A half of respondents were boys and others were girls. Collected data during the research analyzed through several statistic process (Testing, and chie-square). The figures showed that women pay attention to manner of stating their request more than men. Given the results of these studies, one might say that women behave more formally and conservative in this type of act of speech. This may be attributed to regard of social deference in speech. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

248 - Generation Difference and Conflict in Saadi’s Works
ناصر نیکوبخت حسن شاهی‌پور

Of human being concerns throughout the history, was generational relations, generation difference and conflict which have drawn social reformists’ attention, persistently. Social, political, economic developments and evolution of communities and particularly industriali More

Of human being concerns throughout the history, was generational relations, generation difference and conflict which have drawn social reformists’ attention, persistently. Social, political, economic developments and evolution of communities and particularly industrialization, have had tangible impacts on behavioural norms of generations, that, given special requirement of youth, this behavioural difference have been proved in this generation more tangible and obvious. Saadi, during short history and anecdotes, pointing to some of these conflicts and differences, considered it natural and usual, though didn’t seek to address reasons and causes of this divide. Relying on moral teachings, he attempts to invite youth to follow the elders and use of their experiences. Defending social values and traditions, he prefers behavioural patterns of the aged. Subsequently, some Saadi’ advices and his recommendations to the youth and the aged summarized in this essay, and finally the readers will judge to what extent moral teachings belong to past didactic literature might help contemporary generations to repair generational divide. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

249 - Necessity of Revision for Foreign Compositions of Moeen’s Persian Dictionary
دكتر محمود فضيلت

Moeen’s Persian dictionary first published from 1342 to 1352 in 6 volumes, and reprinted frequently up to now. The Master Moeen, collected this dictionary in response to part of students’ needs (requests). He have employed scientific method in three parts: words, foreig More

Moeen’s Persian dictionary first published from 1342 to 1352 in 6 volumes, and reprinted frequently up to now. The Master Moeen, collected this dictionary in response to part of students’ needs (requests). He have employed scientific method in three parts: words, foreign compositions, and persons. The author noted to the names of orientalists and experts who cooperate in compilation of this book, in the first volume introduction. Given importance and republish of this book and extensive and frequently refering, the author points to some cases from “foreign composition’ for revision and edition in subsequent publishing. Noting to Moeen’s method in writing Persian dictionary, the author enumerates the leading of his lexicography. Foreign Composition in Persian dictionary includes Arabic, Turkish, and European words prevailed in Persian speaking and writing. Such compositions, often maintained their main features, since, such composition being limited grammatically to two groups: compositional and verbal the compilor don’t address grammatical features of foreign compositions and in this essay you never find it. Antecedent of critics of moeen’s dictionary returns to a few years after its publishing. For instance, we can point to Dr. Ali Ashraf Sadeghi’s article in journal of literature department of Tehran university. Set aside causes and reasons and type of errors and defects, this article with distinctive perspective tries to revise the moeen’s dictionary. Manuscript profile

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250 - Four Birds of Prophet Ibraham in Interpretative and Gnostic Texts
faride davoudi moghadam

Interpreters and gnosticists said much about implications of Ayeh 260, soureh Baghareh, Accordingly, God indicates to prophet of Ibraham raising from the dead, through killing and raising from the dead of four birds. From this story which apply to prove physical resurre More

Interpreters and gnosticists said much about implications of Ayeh 260, soureh Baghareh, Accordingly, God indicates to prophet of Ibraham raising from the dead, through killing and raising from the dead of four birds. From this story which apply to prove physical resurrection and raise from the dead, gnosticists interpret spiritually and some times give it a completely symbolic and allegory. Like these understandings can be seen in non mystic interpretive texts. In this research, this story extracted from various interpretive and mystic texts and their similarities and difference and different view points (gnostic and non gnostic interpreters) analyzed. According to this research, some Quran’s interpreter affected by prose text of sufia. Also, this project indicates mystics’ interpreter and poems ability, creativity and attempts in the way of fostering (nurturing) different meanings inspired by common Quran stories and adding excellent notes and beautiful accounts to these stories and signe. Manuscript profile

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251 - Naturalistic Novel (Nana), a Realistic Novel, (Lepere Goreiot); an Analytical Comparison
عبدالله حسن‌زاده ميرعلي

Apparent similarity and difficult distinction between principles and rules of naturalism and realism, resulted in many mistakes for critics. So that sometimes naturalistic works introduced realistic works. In this essay principles and rules of these schools criticized More

Apparent similarity and difficult distinction between principles and rules of naturalism and realism, resulted in many mistakes for critics. So that sometimes naturalistic works introduced realistic works. In this essay principles and rules of these schools criticized and analysed in prominent works of Emile zola (Nana) and Balzac (Le pere Goreiot). While persons of NaNa are ordinary and usual, each represents specific social stratum and the author don’t emphasize on type – making. But in Le pere Goreiot persones given special salience (type) though they selected from society. Criticism in naturalistic works considered as struggle with diseases targeting organic unitary of community. But in realistic works, the deepest origins of social conflicts are investigated. Although, scientific rules of naturalism allows to address any object, regardless of class, subjects of naturalistic works often include middle class and lower class. But the realist writer in his/her works mostly focuses on realities and labour class suffers, in spite of dramatizing both high class and lower class. Most of naturalistic novels ended sorrowfully and tragic and annoy readers. yet realistic works, in spite of their dramatic and tragic end, are not catastrophic to this extent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

252 - Dignity of Science in Islamic World and its Reflection in Persian Literature
مهدي محقق

Due to its intrinsic dignity, science has been taken seriously in Islamic world; it has been presented attractive, pleasant and instructive apophthegms about its Value and respect, and dignity of scientists. Partly, these excellent apophthegm found their ways in to mind More

Due to its intrinsic dignity, science has been taken seriously in Islamic world; it has been presented attractive, pleasant and instructive apophthegms about its Value and respect, and dignity of scientists. Partly, these excellent apophthegm found their ways in to minds and speeches of literary scientists and sophisticated literary men and thereby beautiful verses and words in deference to seience and scientists created. This short essay addresses Islamic faith and beliefs of science dignity reflections in Persian literature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

253 - Music and Imagination in Pejman Bakhtyari’s Poem
مريم‌ مشرف

Housein Pejman Bakhtyari (1297-1353) one of the romantic poets has composed with regards to aesthetics models of Iranian ancient poem. According to our knowledge, old poem with its various forms sustained after contemporary modernisms, and dedicated almost prominent poe More

Housein Pejman Bakhtyari (1297-1353) one of the romantic poets has composed with regards to aesthetics models of Iranian ancient poem. According to our knowledge, old poem with its various forms sustained after contemporary modernisms, and dedicated almost prominent poets to contemporary culture and art. Pejman Bakhtyari, is of the same grade poets like Radi Azarakhshi, Rahi Moayeri, Amiri firozkoohi, vahid Dastjerdy and Forouzanfar. He is one of contemporary poets whose poems have not been investigated in detail up to now. This essay explains and analyses music and imagination in his poems and concludes that among main factor of poem, (eg, language, music and imagination), music is salient in his works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

254 - Look through Medical poems In Persian Literature
علي قضاوي حسن شاهی‌پور

Persian poets were conversant in literary sciences, but some were of scientists in other various sciences such as juris prudence, mysticism and philosophy, history and geography, medicine and astrology; and through applying these sciences, particularly medicine, gave an More

Persian poets were conversant in literary sciences, but some were of scientists in other various sciences such as juris prudence, mysticism and philosophy, history and geography, medicine and astrology; and through applying these sciences, particularly medicine, gave an special spirit and fineness to their works. Group of these scientists although have not been physician, have had companionship with physicians and / or were informed of common methods in medical profession, so that its deep influences in their poems demonstrated properly. This article searches for effects of modern medicine in poems of such great poets as Ferdowsi, khaghani, Manouchehri and nezami Ganjavi; and compares with findings of modern medicine. Manuscript profile

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255 - Another Approach to Music of Poem and its Relation to Subject, Imagination and Poetical Feelings
Parand Fayaz Manesh

Music is a component of poem and its constituent. Music highlights the speech and differentiates poem from prose. This article addresses this aspects of poem and connection between song of speech and other elements. To this end, firstly we define music and its sorts in More

Music is a component of poem and its constituent. Music highlights the speech and differentiates poem from prose. This article addresses this aspects of poem and connection between song of speech and other elements. To this end, firstly we define music and its sorts in Persian poem, then the connection between music of poem and subject, imagination and feelings. This study shows that music of poem along side four division by Persian literary men, divides to three categories: external music (prosodic aspect of poem) side music (special song of harmony between ending words of half. Vers “Row and rhyme”) and medial music (different harmonies resulting from rhetorical communications and meaning relevances). But poem is an account of society, principles, faith, and poet’s thoughts; and music of poem is his/her language of heart and his/her feelings. Different styles of poetical music – that is, rhythm, rhyme and raw and words and vocable - are elements which transfer meaning, feeling and imagination of poet to audience and musical variety, in this regard, is an important factor in inducing subject and poetical feelings to others. Maintaining harmony and relations between poetry music and other elements, poet attempts to approach to main purpose of poem, that is, impressing notions and internal contains of poem. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

256 - Features of Prophet Mohammad in Khaqani Shervani’s Poetry Book
روشنك رضائي

Prophet Mohammad’s life, manner, behavior, and lofty spirit counts as a valuable enchanting treasure for mankind. And the vast domain of his features finds a particular and especial manifestation in the mind, soul, spirit and the language of the Muslims. This paper inte More

Prophet Mohammad’s life, manner, behavior, and lofty spirit counts as a valuable enchanting treasure for mankind. And the vast domain of his features finds a particular and especial manifestation in the mind, soul, spirit and the language of the Muslims. This paper intends to survey and analysis the portrayal of Prophet Mohammad in Khaqani’s Book of Poetry; in Persian known as the ‘Divan’. First, there is a brief introduction on the historical events, personal and social characteristics, and also the life of Prophet Mohammad and after that there are precise and clear poems taken from Khaqani’s Divan for further evidence. Also some of the quotes and speeches made by Prophet Mohammad-of notice in Khaqani’s poetry- are highlighted. This feature in Khaqani’s poetry clearly demonstrates to what extent this poet was sincerely devoted to dear Prophet Mohammad. While it can also be said that Khaqani as a matter of fact enriched his poetry through relating to Prophet’s life and words and furthermore blessed his own poetry by this element. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

257 - Analysis and Comparison of Prophet Mohammad's Praise and Ascension in Attar's Four Massnavi Books (Elahi-Nameh, Assrar-Nameh, Manteq Al Tair & Mosibat-Nameh)
Ahmad

The Prophet Mohammad's praise and ascension are among the topics of concern to most poets and writers; in a manner that in our literary tradition these two issues are counted as the major themes of classic works. Attar Neishabouri, who followed this tradition, has discu More

The Prophet Mohammad's praise and ascension are among the topics of concern to most poets and writers; in a manner that in our literary tradition these two issues are counted as the major themes of classic works. Attar Neishabouri, who followed this tradition, has discussed these two topics in detail at the beginning of his four versified works; “Elahi-Nameh”, “Asrar-Nameh”, “Manteq-Al Tair” and “Mosibat-Nameh”. This research has studied the mentioned themes in the four works. The result of the research revealed that the praise and spiritual ascension found two different structures in these works. While in Elahi-Nameh and Manteq-Al Tair these two parts are intermingled, they are quite separate in Asrar-Nameh and Mosibat-Nameh. Still the praise of the Prophet have one structure in all the four works; yet the story of the Prophet's ascent is more reliable in Mosibat-Nameh. These two parts do not possess much poetical parts and one can only regard the story of the Ascent as the most poetical part in Elahi-Nameh. Ambiguity was Aattar's most favorite literary figure. Within the linguistic domain and its related features, the repetition of words and the repetition of a linguistic phrase at the beginning, are the most significant linguistic features in these two parts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

258 - The Reflection of Prophet Mohammad’s Character in Sanayie’s Language and Mind
manouchehr akbari

There is no doubt that the survey and analysis of Prophet’s life is one of the most significant and influential topics in the series of the Persian Literature Researches. This study took place through focusing on the valuable literary work entitled as “Hadiqa” and was More

There is no doubt that the survey and analysis of Prophet’s life is one of the most significant and influential topics in the series of the Persian Literature Researches. This study took place through focusing on the valuable literary work entitled as “Hadiqa” and was done by a descriptive-analytic method. Sanayi, the author of Hadiqa, respected the character of Prophet Mohammad, the prominent points in his life, his spiritual, moral dimensions, his lofty position and even his other subtle aspects to the extent that he actually devoted one of the ten chapters of his book on the dear Prophet. Sanayi has poetically offered the story of the Prophet’s Heavenly Ascent, his superiority over all the other prophets, his amazing manners and behaviors, the never-ending spirit of blessing- as the major medium for the essential creation of the universe- his superiority over Adam and the other prophets, his role within the allusions mentioned in the Holy Quran, and the reflection of the most significant matters within the Prophet’s life in his book. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

259 - Theological analysis of Exclusive Prophecy in Sanayi's "Hadiqat"
Ahmad Khatami

Despite all the attempts made by researchers on the interpretation and analysis of the Persian versified texts and works, including Sanayi's works and especially his book “Hadiqat-Al Haqiqat”, still there ought to be a lot more research done on the study of most of the More

Despite all the attempts made by researchers on the interpretation and analysis of the Persian versified texts and works, including Sanayi's works and especially his book “Hadiqat-Al Haqiqat”, still there ought to be a lot more research done on the study of most of the verse texts; including the mystical verse texts as well. Most of the mystical works have the potential for further survey, and from other aspects in addition to the mystical aspect; one of which can be the theological survey of such works. Obviously, Sanayi, and the mystical-spirited poets after him that have mostly been influenced by his thoughts, style, ideas and methods and manners as well, have all expressed deep theological insights along with mystical issues in their works. Actually, without access to these thoughts and ideas, which shows the basics of their faith and belief principles, a precise evaluation and survey of their mystical position becomes impossible. The present article intends to make a theological study of the exclusive prophecy from the perspective of the Islamic dialectics, search and inspect the same issue in Hadiqat-Al Haqiqat. Then it reveals Sanayi's approach towards the dear Prophet Mohammad, evaluates, and finally analyzes the findings with the well-known theological findings of his own time. In the final section it means to show what Sanayi followed due to the subject of the religious theological topic and in which parts he has offered his own point of view or refused to follow the special religious ideas in particular cases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

260 - Prophet Mohammad in the Paraphrasing Attitude of Shams-Eddin Mohammad Tabrizi
mostafa gorji

Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is parap More

Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is paraphrased and at the same time, their sayings are interpreted according to the author's beliefs and ideology. These Maqalat were written either on the basis of reasoning and solid proofs, and also for elaborating the author's attitude, or for blessing, rejoice, as flashes of mind or for introducing a perfect human in all aspects. In this regard, Prophet Mohammad is the high and superior example of such a human. This article discusses the Prophet's features from this perspective within Sham's Maqalat. It then shows the paradoxical points in Sham's works. The important point is that in this work, Shams has had in mind the most general topics in the domain of prophetical manners to even answers for some of the taboo questions; which are at times innovative and new. For example, there is even a comparison made between the author himself with Prophet Mohammad or other prophets and at times, he disagrees with them. The implicit comparison of Rumi with the Prophet of Islam is another one of the issues mentioned. The other matters discussed include; major features of Prophet Mohammad, Mohammad's obvious sciences, the value of the voiceless Quran versus the speaking Quran, the magnificence of the Quran for the sake of Mohammad and not for the sake of God, God's special guest, the beloved Mohammad in the cloth of the lover, Mohammad's spiritual light, Prophet Mohammad as the great starter of life in the universe, other people as wandering birds, God's need for Prophet Mohammad, the inherent knowledge imparted by God (known as "Elme-Ladonni") etc. The article surveys and interprets all the mentioned issues. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

261 - Analysis of Rumi's Attitude towards Prophet Mohammad
بخشعلی قنبری

Prophet Mohammad enjoys a very exclusive position for Rumi. In his eyes, compared to the other prophets, Prophet Mohammad is like a fruit created by the tree of prophecy. Therefore, although Prophet Mohammad is the last prophet, he is the most superior one. Rumi believe More

Prophet Mohammad enjoys a very exclusive position for Rumi. In his eyes, compared to the other prophets, Prophet Mohammad is like a fruit created by the tree of prophecy. Therefore, although Prophet Mohammad is the last prophet, he is the most superior one. Rumi believes that Prophet Mohammad brought messages with himself that a human will need as long as he is alive. That is because Prophet Mohammad has opened locks which no one else ever even made any attempt to open. However, of course one can utilize them on these conditions; first; feeling the need and necessity to use them, in other words man must be aware of his spiritual and physical needs in the first place; so that this awareness leads him towards Prophet's discourses. Second; one must seek to practice them in life as an individual. Third; make a comparison between an undesired life with the desired spiritual life so that he would realize and be grateful for the Prophet. Certainly being aware of the great Prophet's position and statue can lead any individual towards this path, because regarding this stand and the Prophet's precious discourses one can use his words. There is no doubt that morality, knowledge, and mystics are among the learning issues that the contemporary human being can make most use of in life according to the Prophet's discourses. Once such points are noticed precisely, then one can point to Prophet's great deeds and services and finally utilize the related findings in life. Manuscript profile

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262 - Criticism and Analysis of Massnavi's Allegorical Narratives on Prophet Mohammad's Character
فاطمه كوپا

The literary language is one of the linguistic genres that speaks of a specific experimental and conceptual domain. The reason is that one can merely discover the literary language of objects within the domain of conceptual texts, and within the allusive and symbolic re More

The literary language is one of the linguistic genres that speaks of a specific experimental and conceptual domain. The reason is that one can merely discover the literary language of objects within the domain of conceptual texts, and within the allusive and symbolic relations. What is in fact considered as the pleasant and nice part of the literary word roots from these deep and internal layers of the conceptual and passionate parts of the work as reflected in the language. One of the means and functional devices of the literary word that possesses a vast potential in the symbolical expression of pictures and concepts is "allegory” which has found a considerable power in Rumi's Massnavi Ma'anavi. Apparently, the structure of the stories in Massnavi shows that the speaker has had the concealed and inner concepts of the words in mind. The order of the elements, the incidents and the phrases within the allegorical narratives in Massnavi is in a manner through which the audience will be led towards the concealed and implied concepts in the depth of the narratives; due to the coordination between the artist and the art-seeker. This research intends to respond to two questions; 1. What is the precise concept of allegory and allegorical literature? Moreover, what are its practical functioning fields and areas? 2. In what method has Rumi utilized the allegorical potential of the narratives related to Prophet Mohammad? The criteria for choosing and selecting the narratives have been the prominence of the narratives in enjoying allegory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

263 - Reflection of Prophet's Character in Contemporary Persian Poetry
سعید بزرگ بیگدلی مریم صادقی گیوی

The high, lofty and the humane manner, in addition to the unique behavior of the Prophet Mohammad, have always been of notice to the poets and writers in the Persian literature. After Islam, the Persian poets praised that dear character due to a variety of occasions. Es More

The high, lofty and the humane manner, in addition to the unique behavior of the Prophet Mohammad, have always been of notice to the poets and writers in the Persian literature. After Islam, the Persian poets praised that dear character due to a variety of occasions. Especially after rejoicing God and the creator of the universe, they have focused on the praise and the commemoration of this dear Prophet, the high rank of the Prophet; as the last Prophet and especially by emphasizing on one point; that Prophet Mohammad is the center of the whole universe. Based on Ibn-Arabi's interpretation and the mystics following him, they believe that Mohammad's truth lies at the center of the universe and is indeed the major reason for the creation of the world in the first place. The Iranian literary poets and writters have reflected the life events and the different aspects of this perfect and ideal character, as the perfect human and man's role model in all life in their works. This issue is observed in the traditional Persian poetry. This article intends to survey the contemporary Persian poets' works regarding the Prophets' character. The purpose of this study is to survey the quality of such reflections through comparing the traditional and modern poetry. this research reveals that the contemporary poets reflect the Prophet's character through four aspects; praise, incidental, narrative and illustrious within their poems. In addition, most of the prominent poets who have composed poetry in the four mentioned aspects are also analyzed and evaluated too. Manuscript profile

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264 - Jahez and his viewpoints importance to Iranian – Islamic criticism and literature
حسن شاهی‌پور

Undoubtedly, Jahez is a prominent and unique figure among the founders of Islamic culture and literature. His extensive information, deep knowledge and special attitude toward literature and its arts resulted in his prominent personality. In addition to his general know More

Undoubtedly, Jahez is a prominent and unique figure among the founders of Islamic culture and literature. His extensive information, deep knowledge and special attitude toward literature and its arts resulted in his prominent personality. In addition to his general knowledge and command of literature and Islamic sciences, he is unique figure in literature criticism, especially in rhetoric criticism. Although much attentions have not been paid to his works and ideas in Islamic civilization and especially in Farsi language environment, most of the theoreticians of the rhetoric and poets and writers interested in rhetoric have been considerably affected by Jahez’s ideas. He has some new and considerable ideas in the areas of the origins of poetry and the reasons of its emergence, the characteristics of good poetry and speeches, the distinction of meaning and speech and the features of structure and content and context, the psychology of poetry and poems, the reasons for nations’ different approaches toward poetry and prose and nonexistence of some in forms of writing. He has some new numerous ideas upon etymology, comparative phonetics, semantics and the likes whose understanding and interpretation give a new life to the Persian literature and Islam theoreticians. Although he has created more than 360 works, his literature related ideas have been stipulated in his two books of “Albayan o Altabyeen” and “Alhayvan” and he also has created some independent literature theses. This article is aimed at revealing two points: first, analyzing, interpreting, classifying and studying Jahez’s literature and criticism works and expressing his status as the founder of rhetoric sciences. Second, the deep and extensive impact of Jahez on Iranian thinkers especially its writers and poets and literature criticism and rhetoric approaches because the writer believes that rhetoric approach has been the most important literature criticism in Persian language and literature and Jahez is the founder of rhetoric sciences in Iran – Islam world. Manuscript profile

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265 - Analyzing the Iranian, Islamic and Creek reflection components in Souhravardi’s interpretation upon the Rustam and Esfandiar Story
حسن شاهی‌پور

Although, interpretation of the anecdotes has thousands – year history in the west and it is now considerable in the west literature, it has not been paid so much attention in Iran classic literature due to some reasons including their being profane. Along with the scat More

Although, interpretation of the anecdotes has thousands – year history in the west and it is now considerable in the west literature, it has not been paid so much attention in Iran classic literature due to some reasons including their being profane. Along with the scattered and little interpretation by Sanaie, the poet of the 5th century, Sheikh Eshragh, the mystic and philosopher of the 6th century is the last person interpreted and reflected upon the Iran ancient myths. He wants to make a concrete link between three separate dimensions of Islamic culture, Iranian ancient wisdom and Creek philosophy. For he, as a believer Muslim, is familiar with Islamic culture and its components including mysticism in one hand and he is the heritance to the pre-Islamic period as Iranian generated one on the other hand and so can not ignore the Creek philosophy as the result of human valuable reason and wisdom. Souhravardi, with his especial perceptivity, has found that the three mentioned apparently opposing cultures essence is the same and in case of their unification and harmony, Men can have a great experience in Human development and leadership. This article tries to show this great genius attempts for linking the Human thinking follows reflected in his interpretation from the Rustam and Esfandiar Story, revealing and the reasons for such interpretation while showing the elements of the cultures said above. It is clear that during Souhravardi day, this story and Shahname stories were famous in such a way that,deconstructing them was not an easy task except for some specified reasons but, Sheikh Eshragh could do so by his special thought background and broke the structure of this story aimed at finding his views within the layers of it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

266 - A study on musical terms in Khajoy-e Kermani’s Divan
حسن شاهی‌پور

Poetry and music are closely interlinked, but today their development has resulted in the gap between them. Nevertheless, we can see some historically relations between them and they are correlated and complementary to each other. Particularly, music doesn’t enjoy the r More

Poetry and music are closely interlinked, but today their development has resulted in the gap between them. Nevertheless, we can see some historically relations between them and they are correlated and complementary to each other. Particularly, music doesn’t enjoy the required freshness. This article is an attempt to study the musical terms used in Khajoye Kermani’s Divan and to reveal the relations between the songs of the tonalities, branches and chansons. It means that if, for example, the poet has pointed to the Rast and Esfahan tonalities, their coincidence has not been accidentally occurred, but the poet has considered the musical relations of these two tonalities and the appropriateness of the songs. In this regard, we used the old musical books of Maghasedul-lahan, Jame0ul-lahan written by Maraghi and Bahor-ul-lahan written by Forsatudduleh Shirazi and also some today books and articles on music, in order to prove this claim. Manuscript profile

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267 - Analyzing Sōvashōn themes from the viewpoint of Literary Schools and Social Discourses
حسن شاهی‌پور

This essay tries to analyze the novels written by Simin Daneshvar, specially Sovashons which is the bestseller. The essay starts with analyzing this work from literary viewpoints. As the Persian literature works are not so much adopted with the West ones, the attempt More

This essay tries to analyze the novels written by Simin Daneshvar, specially Sovashons which is the bestseller. The essay starts with analyzing this work from literary viewpoints. As the Persian literature works are not so much adopted with the West ones, the attempt has been made to recognize the initiatives and Daneshvars’ works prominent features. The themes of her works have been also analyzed from social discourse viewpoints and further her viewpoints in the recent year’s interviews and meetings are considered. It seems that the secret of readers’ intention to read Daneshvar’s works lies in the fact that she has created the prominent works by reliance on her special literary ability, aesthetics knowledge, initiative and honesty in literature creations, and also enjoys the ability for artistic and literature recreation while taking advantage of mythic heritance and Islamic valuable cultural resources. The more exact point is that she could express the realities of the national and human facts, colonialism; clear and hidden occupations comprehensively through her initiative approach and make the contemporary literature localized. It was the case while these discourses were the imitation of the material export and Marxist modes or that of nothingness due to modernism wondering and found the way into the Persian contemporary fiction. So, the modern way opened by Daneshvar, is primarily upon the principles and Iranian and Islamic Mythical heritance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

268 - An analysis of the fictions stipulated in Persian Memories
حسن شاهی‌پور

Among the new literature works such as novels and stories, the fictions (tales, memories, anecdotes and …) fictions are regarded as the Persian past literature types. Fictions are defined as the works composed in animals’ tongue or in the form of syllabic verses aimed a More

Among the new literature works such as novels and stories, the fictions (tales, memories, anecdotes and …) fictions are regarded as the Persian past literature types. Fictions are defined as the works composed in animals’ tongue or in the form of syllabic verses aimed at amusing children. It might consists of the life stories of the poets, mystics and … which gradually developed and stipulated in memories books and other works with decorated prose. Fictions show the ups and downs of the poets’ life and their various literature, spirit, moral and thought dimensions. This article analyses and critics the main features of fictions from different dimensions in addition to defining the fictions. The present study can be applied in different sciences such as literature history, stylistics, literary criticism, figures of speech, and rhetoric and also it clarifies the unclear points in the literature history and reveals the details of the mentioned sciences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

269 - The Structural Analysis of Sadi’s Argument with Claimant upon Fortune and Humility
حسن شاهی‌پور

The argument of Sadi with the Claimant is one of the anecdotes created as the result of essay writing impacts in Persian and Arabic literature. Sadi has been affected by the mystical works written before him and also the book “Ehyaye Ulom Al Din” written by Imam Mouhamm More

The argument of Sadi with the Claimant is one of the anecdotes created as the result of essay writing impacts in Persian and Arabic literature. Sadi has been affected by the mystical works written before him and also the book “Ehyaye Ulom Al Din” written by Imam Mouhammad Ghazzali and addressed the current issue put forward by the Sofia namely, poverty and fortune and the priority of the one over the other. It seems that all the thing the mystics and especially Ghazzaly about the poverty and fortune could meet Sadi’s desires and he wanted to approve the priority of the fortune over the poverty by planning an argument essay. This article is an attempt to study the structural elements of the text such as personification, the style of narration, the structure of phonetics, terms and words balance, grammatical, syntactical, terms and relationship coherence regardless of the style for reasoning and the content of the disputants. Although the structure of the anecdote is strong but, the major principles of the discussion namely, observing the civility and respectfulness and giving opportunity to the parties have not been complied with. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

270 - Revelation Magic
حسن شاهی‌پور

The mystical texts while including some secrets, mystery, conceptual and meaning complications and also using the symbolic, impressive, magic and tuneful language, differ from the others literary and non-literary texts considerably. These differences are only considered More

The mystical texts while including some secrets, mystery, conceptual and meaning complications and also using the symbolic, impressive, magic and tuneful language, differ from the others literary and non-literary texts considerably. These differences are only considered by some of the intellectuals as the differences in language structure and know the meaning related complexity originated in the especial features of that language. Opposed to the mentioned viewpoints, this essay brings the priority of the concept and meaning over the language in mystical texts into sharp focus and reveals that revelation, understanding, interpretation and explanation of the meaning have priority over the terms and appropriateness of the language. Although the new findings based on revelation of meaning and concept creates a new language, it will be different from the other languages. In this regard, the understanding and interpretation by the general interpreters upon a the Holy Quran verses as well as the Khorasan mystics and Ibne Arabi’s ones in Fososelhekam, have been studied. The result of this essay and study have shown that meaning has priority over the terms and thought, in mystical texts. It also shows that the complementary development of the mystics’ understanding of the Holy Quran till the period of Ibne Arabi and their effects and interplay on each other. Manuscript profile

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271 - A Study on new Epistemology Mysticism
حسن شاهی‌پور

This essay deals with the new epistemology theories in three sections titled “mysticism and science”, “mysticism and logic” and “mysticism and religion. In the mysticism and science sectoin, the issue discuseed is that new epistemology on mysticism well as the new relig More

This essay deals with the new epistemology theories in three sections titled “mysticism and science”, “mysticism and logic” and “mysticism and religion. In the mysticism and science sectoin, the issue discuseed is that new epistemology on mysticism well as the new religion epistemology is developed through new science epistemology. Some theses with content based classification are studied in this section, the theses upon the objectivity concept as the discussion principle provides a threatening perception or near wideninig conception or far widening conception. The mystic and logic section studies some other theses upon the relation between these two phenomenons in order to study the conceptual and non-conceptual aspects of mysticism. This section ends with putting forward the logic, non-logic and ultra logic dimensions of the experience. In this section, the relations between religion and mysticism and also two conceptions from religion, namely the religion and empirical tradition, is put between the two theses for accepting and rejecting the tie between them along with third theses, mystic experience being ultra religion, reveals the scattering of the thesis in this regard. Totally, three types of thesis can be identified about the mysticism, science and logic and religion. The theses which believe in mystic being non-logic and non-religious. The proving theses which believe in being logic and religious of this type of experience and the clashing theses which regard it as ultra science, ultra logic and ultra religion. Undoubtedly, the third groups of theses reached by epistemology in the last stage of development are in line with mystic experience more. Manuscript profile

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272 - A comparison between the stories of Khosro and Shirin by Ferdowsi and Nezami
حسن شاهی‌پور

This article is aimed at comparing two stories of Khosro and Shirin written in two different verses. First, a summary of two verses namely Shahname and Khosro and Shirin are presented as a total framework and outline of the stories in front of the readers’ eyes. The More

This article is aimed at comparing two stories of Khosro and Shirin written in two different verses. First, a summary of two verses namely Shahname and Khosro and Shirin are presented as a total framework and outline of the stories in front of the readers’ eyes. Then two versions of the story have been compared with a historic source in order to reveal that which of the poets was more obligated to the historical narration. Certainly the refer should be made to a source which had been written before the two verses were written because it is highly probable that the dates following the two verses had been effected by one of them. Meanwhile, the stories might have been changed through the history. For this reason we have chosen the book Tarikhe Tabari which is the oldest source in order to measure the two summaries. There were some points in Tarikhe Tabari, not written in Shahname or Khosro and Shirin. In such a case, we referred to the books Majmaoltavarikh and Tarikhe Saalabi written before Nezami period. Manuscript profile

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273 - Phonotactics and repetition in Khaghani’s poem
حسن شاهی‌پور Saeed Hessampour

This essay is an attempt to study the literature devices in Khaghani’s Divan which are used widely and repetition of the morpheme is its major constructive element. At first, the issue which is put on the sharp focus is that all the issues regarded as literature devices More

This essay is an attempt to study the literature devices in Khaghani’s Divan which are used widely and repetition of the morpheme is its major constructive element. At first, the issue which is put on the sharp focus is that all the issues regarded as literature devices are in deed some kinds of artistic repetition or phonetics because their common aspect is only the repetition of the voice used by the poets widely, with especial skills. In the distribution and repetition order, the poet repeats the morphemes freely when he / she sees it appropriate in any part of the poetry but, the voices are repeated based on the specified order in any parts of the poets in homophony, inversion, derivation, epanalepsis etc… .In homophony, for example, the voices are repeated in parallel words. In derivation or inversion the voices are interchanged. In epanalepsis, the specified voices are used in especial places as the particular words. Khaghani, with his skillfulness in language and words, have use all the styles and skills in order to create the meaning and apparent arrangement widely and skillfully. It should be said that the coordination of most of these methods and total structure in considerable. The internal and figurative music can boost it. Manuscript profile

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274 - PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PERSIAN LYRIC LITERATURE (ON KHOSROW-SHIRIN, LEYLI-O-MAJNOON AND VAICE-O-RAMIN)
ebrahim eghbali حسين قمري گيوي

In this survey three Persian lyric i.e. Khosrow-Shirin and Leyli-o-Majnoon by Nezami Ganjavi and Vaice-o-Ramin by Fakhrodin Asad Gorgani are chosen as main sources of psychological interpretation. The method is content analysis, three hypothesis are used and the adjustm More

In this survey three Persian lyric i.e. Khosrow-Shirin and Leyli-o-Majnoon by Nezami Ganjavi and Vaice-o-Ramin by Fakhrodin Asad Gorgani are chosen as main sources of psychological interpretation. The method is content analysis, three hypothesis are used and the adjustment degree of latest concepts of psychology in these works with Freud’s psycho-analysis approach and analytic psychology of Young is surveyed. Manuscript profile

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275 - THE BEGINNING OF PERSIAN MYSTICAL POEM
Alireza Fouladi

This article is surveying two theories about persian mystical poem. One is the evolutionist theory, that believes, emergence of this kind of poem is the result of the evolution of Ascetic poem and the other, is the cohersivist theory which believes that there is coheren More

This article is surveying two theories about persian mystical poem. One is the evolutionist theory, that believes, emergence of this kind of poem is the result of the evolution of Ascetic poem and the other, is the cohersivist theory which believes that there is coherent background for emerging mystical poem. Studying the backgrounds of persian mystical poem within non-mystical one, mystical Arabic and Persian prose, Arabic and Persian mystical poem made this writing as a field of expressing the theory of cohersivists. This discussion with introducing some of beginners of this type of peom will be ended. Manuscript profile

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276 - THE WORD OF IMAM ALI IN PERSIAN POEM
Ahmad razi

The poets of persian literature, from beginning up to now have recited many pure and prominent poems in prais of Imam Ali. All these praises indicate the multi dimentions of unique personality of Imam Ali and fascination of peots toward him. With a little consideration More

The poets of persian literature, from beginning up to now have recited many pure and prominent poems in prais of Imam Ali. All these praises indicate the multi dimentions of unique personality of Imam Ali and fascination of peots toward him. With a little consideration in the works of peots, we come to knowing that they did not only praised the Imam, rather they made Imam's words as their own thoughts and works backing and support of their literal accuracy. They mixed it with their gentle expression and used it in their subject matter makings and portraitings. In this article, the fields, history and the way of being affected with Imam Ali's words, is being studied. Manuscript profile

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277 - CRITIQUE AND STUDY OF POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTENT OF TALE COLLECTION OF "SHAHRI CHUN BEHESHT" (A CITY SAME AS HAVEN)
ليلا يوسفي قدرت‌ الله طاهري

A tail collection called "shahri chun behesht" (A city same as haven) by Simin Daneshvar, is the product of political, social and cultural conditions of the years of fear and violence of the post-coup-d'etat of 28 Mordad 1332. the period in which aspirations of a nation More

A tail collection called "shahri chun behesht" (A city same as haven) by Simin Daneshvar, is the product of political, social and cultural conditions of the years of fear and violence of the post-coup-d'etat of 28 Mordad 1332. the period in which aspirations of a nation who demanded independence and liberty, by conspiracy of alien counteries agents and some mistakes of religio-political leaders dissipated and feelings of hopelessness and defeat and failure spreaded in cultural society of Iran. In this collection, Daneshvar with her accuracy and intelligence has tried to show a part of bitter socio-political truths of those dark years of Iran's people. Short stories of Daneshvar, despite their importance in contemporary narrative literature, have been ignored in the shade of her more prominent novels such as Sovushon, Jazireh Sargardani and Sarban–e-Sargardan. This article is trying to reflect the light on one of the short stories collection of a such. Manuscript profile

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278 - NEGATING GOOD-NAME AND PRAISING BAD-NAME BY SUFFIS
Reza Shajari

Runing away of good-name and praising of bad-name and public disgrace, is one of the characteristics of libertine school and amatory mysticism which is emphasized in sayings of mystics, works of poets and behaviour of libertines. The cloth of famousness, is a troublefu More

Runing away of good-name and praising of bad-name and public disgrace, is one of the characteristics of libertine school and amatory mysticism which is emphasized in sayings of mystics, works of poets and behaviour of libertines. The cloth of famousness, is a troublefull finding which splashes the dye of hypocrisy and sham on the stature of worship and devotion and covers the face of sincerity and honesty. Therefore, the fight with such a characteristics, always has been one of the mental disturbances of the real mystics and truth finders. They always have shown the various ways of breaking jar of name and shame, self-respect and dignity. Showing these ways and pointing to the cause and signs of these pests, in the form of tales, examples and poems have come in the works of mystics particularly Attar, Moulana and Abusaid-Abulkheir which will be discussed in this article. Manuscript profile

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279 - DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE STORY OF CONFLICT BETWEEN SAADI AND CLAIMER IN REFERENCE TO THE FACTORS OF DIALOGUE
mostafa gorji

Saadi is one of the five speakers of Persian culture and literature and one of the three prophets of Persian Poem and one of the most popular poets of the world. In his collected works, Saadi is interpreting some problem and factors, which in case of fulfillment, we wil More

Saadi is one of the five speakers of Persian culture and literature and one of the three prophets of Persian Poem and one of the most popular poets of the world. In his collected works, Saadi is interpreting some problem and factors, which in case of fulfillment, we will be having an utopia and a perfect man that all these characteristics such as tolerance, humility, virtue, introspection and moreover, attention to human kind and dialogue will be dominate. This article with articulating Saadi’s contradictions in the realm of theory and practice, analysis his approach towards dialogue and it’s elements. In my view, Saadi was not pro-dialogue in the sense of Aristotelian logic. The story of Saadi’s conflict with claimer is a obvious type of this. Though this conflict has elements of dialogue in itself, but it is only in the realm of description and expression, but not in the real life and practice. According to many evidences, Saadi was not a pro-dialogue poet. It is to be noted that it is not because of Saadi’s characteristics, but, the norms of classic societies of those days. Manuscript profile

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280 - SANAAEI AND HIS VIEWS ABOUT SATAN
faride davoudi moghadam

In the history of mysticism, some mystics for their praise of Eblis (satan) are known as defenders of satan. People like Hallaj, Aeinol-Ghozat Hamedani, Ahmand Al-Ghazali, Kharaghani and so, have defended Satan in two following ways. One, because of putting it in tr More

In the history of mysticism, some mystics for their praise of Eblis (satan) are known as defenders of satan. People like Hallaj, Aeinol-Ghozat Hamedani, Ahmand Al-Ghazali, Kharaghani and so, have defended Satan in two following ways. One, because of putting it in trial by God (ebtela) and the other, because of deep devotion and intuition of Satan. Sanaaei Ghaznavi with his following ode (ghazal) is considered to be one of those Satan defenders: با او دلم به مهر و مودت يگانه بود سيمرغ عشق را دل من آشيانه بود The aim of this research is to put light on this problem, whether we are able to consider Sanaaei as a Satan defender with referring to only an ode (Ghazal) which is attributed to him, whereas he has got many other poems against Satan. So, whether we are right to consider him as a pro-Satan or anti-Satan with referring to his texts and verses which are collected in his Masnavis, Diwan and Hadigahtol-Haghigheh. With surveying his texts, we are coming to know that Sanaaei could not be considered as Satan defender, but, on the other hand this ode also is expressed in all his manuscripts. Manuscript profile

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281 - THE ANALYSIS OF MYSTICAL EPIC AS A SPECIAL GENRE IN PERSIAN LITERATURE
حسینعلی قبادی

Epic and mystry, in spite of their apparent heterogenerous, "epic texts" and "mystical texts" have compatibility and harmony. The author blieves that the epic texts and mystical texts, at least in Persian language, both are the creature of imagination of literary men th More

Epic and mystry, in spite of their apparent heterogenerous, "epic texts" and "mystical texts" have compatibility and harmony. The author blieves that the epic texts and mystical texts, at least in Persian language, both are the creature of imagination of literary men that by use of literary art and creativity they have been created. More than being thought and relate to reflection, epic and mystical texts relate to literary technique and is creature of art ability of literary men. Manuscript profile

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282 - OPPOSITENESS OF KNOWLEDGE AND LIVING BASE ON A SHORT STORY OF MATHNAVI
مهدي محبّتی

Mathnavi is one of the great Islamic and human knowledge, compiled by Mawlana Jaloloddin Mohammad Balkhi known as Romi, that has satisfied the soul of the loving people from the biginning and guides needy people step by step in order to represent mystical position and h More

Mathnavi is one of the great Islamic and human knowledge, compiled by Mawlana Jaloloddin Mohammad Balkhi known as Romi, that has satisfied the soul of the loving people from the biginning and guides needy people step by step in order to represent mystical position and help them to past these stages. Mathnavi is also part of human knowledge and has quality of human knowledge such as social condition, historical situation and place and time limitations. In this research the author tried to consider these limitations through one of short stories. It is clear that when a social culture and political thoughts direct the society towards a special direction, no one can save himself from these changes. The social paraphrase of the Arab and philosopher story in Mathnavi shows the influence of history, society and especial condition of Islamic culture during 5th and 7th centuries on Moulana's thoughts. Manuscript profile

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283 - MYSTICAL EPIC AND THE REFLECTION OF IT ON SHAMS NAMEH OF MOWLANA

Manuscript profile

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284 - A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONCEPTS OF WORDS IN THE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN ERA
علي حسين‌پور

Beside the three form of epic (national epic, historical epic, religious epic) the fourth form of epic can be accepted that is "mystical epic". This kind of epic can be found in mystical composed after fifth century. In this kind of epic sufi or mystic like a hero fight More

Beside the three form of epic (national epic, historical epic, religious epic) the fourth form of epic can be accepted that is "mystical epic". This kind of epic can be found in mystical composed after fifth century. In this kind of epic sufi or mystic like a hero fights against inner devils and in a bloodshed war gains uper hand over enemies. We can find this king of epic in mystical poems of Attar, Sanaee and especially in Mowlana's odds. This article attempts to consider the meaning and concept of mystical epic and the reflection of this kind of epic in Mowlan's odds "Shams Nameh" and study the Mowlan's mystical epic in three field; "the epic characteristic, the epic imaginary and epic statement". Manuscript profile

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285 - THE ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORERY MOVEMENTS IN STORY WRITING
Mohammad نقي‌زاده

Transmutation of terms and the permutaion of their concepts which bring about the transformation (and not evolution or conscious transformation) of culture, is one of the issues observed abundantly in the interactions with other cultures and ideologies, especially in tr More

Transmutation of terms and the permutaion of their concepts which bring about the transformation (and not evolution or conscious transformation) of culture, is one of the issues observed abundantly in the interactions with other cultures and ideologies, especially in translations, exclusively in contemporary era. This trend is one of the factors contributing to the crisis of the cultural identity of societies. In order to perform the duty of promoting the Iranian culture, the following article endeavors to briefly compare the original Persian meanings of terms and foreign equivalents. Hoping that it will be an introduction for future investigations and researches. Manuscript profile

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286 - THE DIALOGUE AMONG CULTURES AND ANALYSIS OF ITS FACTORS IN MATHNAVI
قدرت‌الله طاهري

The modern story literature of Iran has a rised and down condition from the beginning. The structure and form of this genre has been affected by poletical and social movements. The coup d'etate 1953 in Iran was the end point of Iranian struggle for independence that hap More

The modern story literature of Iran has a rised and down condition from the beginning. The structure and form of this genre has been affected by poletical and social movements. The coup d'etate 1953 in Iran was the end point of Iranian struggle for independence that happened by external and internal intrigues. This great political event, not only effected on economy and political condition but also influenced on art and culture, so that literature movements of this era (60s, 70s) have been surpassed. Literature of this period, in spide of many works in early years after coup d'etat, no seriouse works have been presented. But some valuable stories and novels composed and presented during these critical years. In this article we tried to show the main tendencies and happenings of story writing after coup de'tate until 1964 and classify and analyse them. Manuscript profile

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287 - ANEMONE POEM (Considering Subjects, Meaning and Forms of War Poems)
mostafa gorji

Dialogue is a worthy and valuable matter that in culture and civilization has a special presentation and utilization. So the aquintance with its basis in present time is necessary. Dialogue is a kind of verbal communication if it will be mutual, in other word, dialogue More

Dialogue is a worthy and valuable matter that in culture and civilization has a special presentation and utilization. So the aquintance with its basis in present time is necessary. Dialogue is a kind of verbal communication if it will be mutual, in other word, dialogue is converting unknown and ambiguous information to known and clear information and emergence of potentiality to realization. This communication and mutual relationship will happen correctly if it has six communicable factors. This article tried to arsewer this question that whether the communication happenes in the art and beauty stage or on the polelical and scientific scene. With reference to a story from Mathnavi and criticize the philosophers point of views such as Plato, I consider the history of dialogue and hint to the factors of dialogue among cultures and civilizations. Manuscript profile

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288 - Bilateral contrasts and their functions in text; by focusing on contrast ofLight and Darkness in Farsi works of Sheikh e Ishraq
m r

Bilateral contrasts is a key term in Ferdinand de Saussure linguistics, constructuralism, deconstructuralism and Bakhtin school which plays a pivotal role in understanding the meaning and human thinking system. All these schools have a same approach in accepting contras More

Bilateral contrasts is a key term in Ferdinand de Saussure linguistics, constructuralism, deconstructuralism and Bakhtin school which plays a pivotal role in understanding the meaning and human thinking system. All these schools have a same approach in accepting contrasts as a pivotal forming factor in different human life systems; however, they have different interpretations in the kind of encountering of both sides of a contrast. Regardless of the consequences of interpreting bilateral contrasts in different philosophical, social, cultural and historical fields, what is important is the difference in attitude and reading of literary text every one of which result in a different interpretation. This article analyzes the concept of interpreting contrasts in constructuralism, deconstructuralism and Bakhtin school; then proves the contrast of interpretations by concentrating on contrast of light and darkness in Suhrawardi's works; The results show that the attitude of creator of the literary text and text reading, based on these theories, result in bilateral contrasts and result in reproducing different texts which get different voices based on mono-vocal or multi-attitudinal approach of author. It is the same as Sheikh e Ishraq works, contrasts as the end that constructuralism gives to contrasts, they have besting or unifying quality. Manuscript profile

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289 - Structural analysis of symbolic contrasts in Hafiz Shirazi Ghazaliat; by focusing on Roland Barthes theory
Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili سیده فاطمه ذبيح‌پور

The structuralists consider human thought based on bilateral contrast and believe that reviewing that will result in understanding intellectual and thinking areas of people and societies. In their view, as ideologies give meaning to opposite elements in social domain, l More

The structuralists consider human thought based on bilateral contrast and believe that reviewing that will result in understanding intellectual and thinking areas of people and societies. In their view, as ideologies give meaning to opposite elements in social domain, linguistic contrasts are meaningful or full of signs in a value system of language too; sign is something which lead to another thing and is rooted in social beliefs. However, semiotics is an approach to text analysis. Barthes, using Saussure ideas, states two kinds of significations: One is explicit and implicit. The sign contrast in form of words/terms are mentioned in five categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and demonstratives in Hafiz Ghazaliyat. The results of this study show that sign contrast of Hafiz poems reflects the Khanqah Sufi contrast and romantic Sufi; every one of them have special signs and systems. Khanqah Sufism has two systems: one ascetic and the other prayerfully; and romantic Sufism has also two systems one is intoxication and the other is festive. Ascetic and prayerful systems focus on special signs and make a contrast between conqueror and conquered and introduce themselves as conqueror side and consider intoxication and festive as conquered side; Hafiz destroyed the signs of conqueror side and strengthened the signs of conquered side and changed the status of these two. Language and artistic methods of Hafiz makes the sign contrast of nouns extraordinarily acceptable of implicit implications. Moreover, Hafiz applied different kinds of lexical contrast like gradient, directional and complement, but implicit or deep structure implication of most of them are based on complement contrast and their aim is to reject Khanqah Sufism and prove romantic Sufism. Manuscript profile

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290 - Analyzing the symbolic aspects in Joseph and zoleikha story by Jami focusing on Bergamot (Toranj)
hoorieh asadi habib fateme kouppa گلرخ‌سادات غنی

Joseph and zoleikha story is rooted in Quran and, before that, in Torah; it is full of secrets and points. Bergamot (Toranj) is one of the key words and full of secrets of this story that has not been studied in due manner. Proving the presence of Toranj in this story, More

Joseph and zoleikha story is rooted in Quran and, before that, in Torah; it is full of secrets and points. Bergamot (Toranj) is one of the key words and full of secrets of this story that has not been studied in due manner. Proving the presence of Toranj in this story, and focusing on Quranic and Torah interpretations, this article seeks the roots of Toranj and its role in forming this story. Previous studies show that Jewish people believe that Toranj is a symbol of human heart and as healthy heart is the location of divine love in Islamic culture, one can come to this conclusion that the presence of Toranj in Josef and Zoleikha is a symbol of love. Thus it is not impossible that what makes Zoleikha’s love an earthly and impure love would be cosidered a heavenly, ulterior and pure love in a different view of mystical of Jami. Manuscript profile

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291 - Reviwing Time in "A crypt for otter" by Hooshanf Golshiri from Content Criticism
معصومه حامی‌دوست محمدعلی خزانه‌دارلو

Time is a special and abstract quality of human life that is understood through a concrete and objective thing. Due to this, although we live in Time, we are surprised when we want to talk what Time is and consider it as different from other realities. “George Paulet” ( More

Time is a special and abstract quality of human life that is understood through a concrete and objective thing. Due to this, although we live in Time, we are surprised when we want to talk what Time is and consider it as different from other realities. “George Paulet” (1902-1999), a critic following content criticism, reviews the quality of understanding of authors of different Times (periods) and attempted to have a better angle of “world of awareness” of author and a more exact reading of text by analyzing the apprehension of story characters. “Hooshang Golshiri” is one of Iran modern story writers who -using stream of consciousness method- designs his contemporary human identity and his/her apprehension. His story characters are all somehow involved with Time. Using analytic-descriptive method and based on Paulet attitude, the current article reviews Golshiri idea about Time in his story of “A crypt for otter”. This review shows that Golshiri reflects a special kind of Time in story writing that is different from usual and routine Time. Imagination, love, expectation and hope to reform things and persons are some outstanding features of such a Time. However, a pure moment which Golshiri and his heroes seek never occurs in moment of living and this time cannot save them too. Manuscript profile

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292 - Elegy composing in Poetry and Literature of "Laki"; (Literary-psychological analysis of concept of lamentation in culture of Lak)
حسین نظریان سيد امير قدمي

Elegy is one of the literary-lyric genres that two elements of emotion and feeling have pivotal role in it. According to this, from psychological view, the root of elegy shall be sought in psychological issues and human’s will of eternity. In authors’ view, the backgrou More

Elegy is one of the literary-lyric genres that two elements of emotion and feeling have pivotal role in it. According to this, from psychological view, the root of elegy shall be sought in psychological issues and human’s will of eternity. In authors’ view, the background of this literary genre is rooted in Iran culture and literature like single-couplets that are being throat-read in lak-living areas of Zagros named Mour and Hooreh. Scholars have collected info, used descriptive-documentary method, and reviewed different kinds of elegy and concept of lamentation from Literary-psychological analysis in culture of Lak. Results show that our cognitive gap about spiritual and psychological treasures of our domestic culture and literature caused us to face the phenomenon of “inter-generational gap” in transition of traditional society to a modern society. Thus focusing on domestic culture and literature and making a bridge between old and current societal values is an unavoidable necessity. Manuscript profile

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293 - Reviewing Farsi Ashurai Poetry in Lorestan; (from its birth to Islamic Revolution Victory)
Ali Noori احسان حیدری جمشیدی

Lorestan people accepted Shiah faith from their deep heart and have a strong belief in it. Even the ruler of this area believed in Shiah from 1000 years agon and some of them like Atabakan-e Lor-e Kuchak who ruled Lorestan from 570 to 1006 (hegira) considered themselves More

Lorestan people accepted Shiah faith from their deep heart and have a strong belief in it. Even the ruler of this area believed in Shiah from 1000 years agon and some of them like Atabakan-e Lor-e Kuchak who ruled Lorestan from 570 to 1006 (hegira) considered themselves as relatives from the generation of Abbas ibn Ali (PBUH). Lorestan people interest to the Prophet’s Household particularly Imam Hussein (PBUH), and Abbas ibn Ali (PBUH) is so deep that there are perfect reflections and representations of this in their culture and literature. We reviewed the “Farsi Ashurai poetry in Lorestan” as a sign of Ashurai culture in Persian literature. Most important result is that Moharram, Ashura and Imam Hussein (PBUH) have brilliant and outstanding display in different poetry genres of this province and also Persian poetry and this display is so dominant that, although its literature is oral, but its signs are so dominant among few available works and poems. This point proves the interest and respect of Lorestan people to the Prophet’s Household and also their manhood, gentility, nobility and freedom; features whose most brilliant reflections is Karbala. It should also be mentioned that Lorestan Farsi Ashurai Poetry can be categorized in 4 kinds and these kinds of poems are so extensive and dominant in Lorestan Literature and it involves Lorestan literates from very old times until today. Manuscript profile

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294 - Reviewing and criticizing the formal aspects of language in the works of main poets in the movement of speech poetry
ساناز رحيم‌بيكي غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده قدرت‌ الله طاهري

In the process of creating poetry, all the elements involved are formed in the language. So, the language is one of the most basic factors in creating the poetry. Speech poetry is a new branch of Iranian modern poetry in 1370s and 1380s. While the speech poets argue tha More

In the process of creating poetry, all the elements involved are formed in the language. So, the language is one of the most basic factors in creating the poetry. Speech poetry is a new branch of Iranian modern poetry in 1370s and 1380s. While the speech poets argue that they use all capacities of language used among the mass, reviewing the form aspects of language in this branch of Iranian poetry is very important. Introducing and explaining the forms and contents of this branch is an important step in knowing the contemporary literal evolution, while the branch has not been explored in academic literature. For this purpose, in this paper we try to define the speech poetry, its history and its linguistic aspects by focusing on the works of Reza Baraheni, Ali Babachahi, Merdad Fallah, Hafiz Musavi and Seyed Ali Salehi. The method of research is based on the style-linguistic study; the main aspects of language are reviewed in three formation: vocal, lexical and syntactic of public language. The poets of this branch use the voices of periphery, in addition to the terms, expressions, metaphor, proverbs, to enrich the language of their poems. Manuscript profile

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295 - An Archeological Account of Kiumarth as Narrated in Shahnameh
حسن شاهی‌پور عبدالله واثق عباسی

Mythologists have adopted various approaches to the study of myth. But, archaeological approach to myth is unprecedented. There were some attempts like that of euhemerists to degrade the mythical gods, suggesting that they are real personages (humans) by desanctifying t More

Mythologists have adopted various approaches to the study of myth. But, archaeological approach to myth is unprecedented. There were some attempts like that of euhemerists to degrade the mythical gods, suggesting that they are real personages (humans) by desanctifying them. Though, none of these attempts were based upon archeology which can be considered a new science, and also is deeply different from what has been done in this research. This paper aims at analyzing the mythical character of Kiumarth according to archeology. The surprising result of this research is as follows: Kiumarth era matches Mesolithic period and Kiumarth man matches Neanderthal man and his culture matches Mousterian culture, and the climate at his era matches the last glacial climate. Methods used in this research are derived from archeology (stratigraphy and typology). This study can be a starting point for exploring myths from an archeological perspective. Manuscript profile

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296 - Irony in Bayazid Bastami's Shathiyat
الهام روستایی‌راد مهين پناهي

Irony is a figure of speech which refers to the expression of the meaning by using a language which signifies the opposite. Irony is used to express a prominent meaning and to signify a special signified, and it results in highlighting a specific part of the discourse. More

Irony is a figure of speech which refers to the expression of the meaning by using a language which signifies the opposite. Irony is used to express a prominent meaning and to signify a special signified, and it results in highlighting a specific part of the discourse. This figure of speech expresses the meaning implicitly through satire, metonymy, praising and blaming and contributes to the rhetoricity of the text. This research using a descriptive analytic approach aims at explaining the status of irony in Bayazid Bastami's Shathiyat. Bayazid Bastami has controversial Shathiyat rooted in mysticism and ascetisim accompanied by love. In this article, the concepts of irony, satire, and surrealism aspects are defined at first. Then, Shathiyat will be represented in their structural framework. By reflecting on the language in Shathiyat and their symmetries we can understand that wisdom or knowledge is related to surrealism too. Finally, surreal and paradoxical Shathiyat will be illustrated and explained within the principles of Sufism and mysticism. Manuscript profile

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297 - Pathology of Ascetic Behavior in Persian Sufi Literature
علی‌اکبر کیوانفر

Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the More

Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the domain of asceticism pathology, and have identified and fixed the damage from different angles. General account of this subject reveals that damages like falling into traps of arrogance, pride, an unfaithful and tradesman- like attitude towards ascetic efforts and using hypocrisy to gain public acceptance, have been noticed by the prominent characters of this domain since the first centuries of spreading Islamic asceticism and Sufism, and it has even been accelerated as the damages expanded more. This critical intra- discoursal view which is a prominent part of the Sufi literature has been much more successful in refining the Islamic asceticism. This article tends to display the unique and special role of pathological intra-discoursal view by refining it. Manuscript profile

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298 - Discourse in “The Guest-Killing Mosque” Story in Masnavi Based on Michel Foucault’s Ideas
Ali Dehghan nazila yakhdansaz

Language and discourse are the two important elements of life that sometimes generate other elements. One of these elements is the category of “power” which itself is the cause of the creation of other processes like “threat”, “resistance”, “blame”, and “terror”. Molana More

Language and discourse are the two important elements of life that sometimes generate other elements. One of these elements is the category of “power” which itself is the cause of the creation of other processes like “threat”, “resistance”, “blame”, and “terror”. Molana Jalal Adin Mohammad Balkhi, the great poet of seventh century (AH), has been able to state the cultural, political and ideological discourses of that time in an artistic and implicit way through the characters of Masnavi stories. The main goal and domain of this research is to analyze one of the stories in Masnavi from the recent historicism point of view to shed light on its features and functions within the new definition that Michel Foucault, the French philosopher, has proposed. The discourses discussed in this research indicate the plurality of power in texts of the stories under study, and consequently in Molavi’s era. Language as a power tool is considered to be a power factor in the relationship between story characters and the society. Believe in superstition and encouraging it is considered to be the main discourse and the main code in “The Guest- Killing Mosque”. According to the discourse under studied, Molavi lives in a society which is covered by the dust of darkness. This mysterious fable reveals Molavi’s concern for such atmosphere. Manuscript profile

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299 - A Comparative Study of Education in Saadi’s Works and Tagor's Poems
Ahmad حسنی رنجبر کاینا ابراهیمی

Undountedly different nations owe their educational doctrines to their intellectual characters. In order to understand the educational doctrine in Iran and other countries that is close or similar to Iran, studying Saadi’s and Tagor’s thoughts considered to be reasonabl More

Undountedly different nations owe their educational doctrines to their intellectual characters. In order to understand the educational doctrine in Iran and other countries that is close or similar to Iran, studying Saadi’s and Tagor’s thoughts considered to be reasonable and significant. This research aims at dealing with this fundamental question that “what are the similarities and differences between the lyrical themes in Saadi’s works and Tagor’s poems?” Undoubtedly, the effect of cultural, climate, scientific, political and social factors has important role in forming these ideas, and is the reason of the similarities and differences in fundamental themes like paying attention to the nature of education, the value of life, death, aging, word, and etc. However, each one of these poets sometimes has his own ideas regarding a specific subject which is quite the opposite or independent of the other. In this article, the ups and downs of these poets’ ideas and their concordance and independence will be studied. Manuscript profile

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300 - Comparative Analysis of Religious Experience of Sohrevardi and Hafez
ایمان زرگران حسینعلی قبادی

Persian literature and especially mystical literature, is largely mixed with illuminationist thoughts of Sohrevardi (Suhrawardi). This blending and the resulted effect are mainly due to his mysterious works in which he expressed his philosophical ideas in a literary lan More

Persian literature and especially mystical literature, is largely mixed with illuminationist thoughts of Sohrevardi (Suhrawardi). This blending and the resulted effect are mainly due to his mysterious works in which he expressed his philosophical ideas in a literary language. In his works, the religious experiences are expressed in different ways: sometimes directly, sometimes in the form of mysterious stories, and sometimes he classifies and systematizes these experiences as an external observer. Hafez as a poet, who has always been connected to the previous literary heritage, sometimes communicates such unique experiences through sonnet which considered being significantly similar to Sohrevardi’s experiences. Facing a holy idea which is indefinable and formless in nature, this is the experiencer’s mind which forms the experience in this process. It can be claimed that Sohrevardi’s works played a role in forming the structure of Hafez’s mind. Sometimes these experiences are similar regarding the location of the events which is Sohrevardi’s “world of ideas” or “hovargheliya”, and sometimes the similarity is in the quality of the experience manifested in the form of visual, auditory and olfactory experiences. The description of experiences as a fleeting lightning or midnight son, meeting the sacred witness (Shahid) and the holy Pir (leader) are some of the common features in Hafez and Sohrevardi’s works. Manuscript profile

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301 - Comparative Morphology of MahPishani, Yeh-Shen and Cinderella Tales

Comparative studies in folk literature and children’s literature can pave the way for the growth of human lofty thoughts through explaining the ideological and cultural similarities among the people of the world. In this research, using Propp’s morphology theory, the au More

Comparative studies in folk literature and children’s literature can pave the way for the growth of human lofty thoughts through explaining the ideological and cultural similarities among the people of the world. In this research, using Propp’s morphology theory, the author explains and analyzes the structure of an Iranian tale “MahPishani”, a Chinese one “Yeh-Shen”, and “Cinderella” as a Western tale. Since the tales studied in this research are from the fairy tale category, it is quite consistent with the Prop’s morphology model which is the result of Russian fairy tales analysis. After matching the structural similarities of the three tales, the author proposes a proto structure (mother structure) which is derived from the common functions of the three tales upon which their plots are based. In order to find out which tale is the most ancient one, a meta- structural analysis was inevitable. The analysis reveals that the very well-known archetype in MahPishani goes back to Paleolithic Age (Hunting Age). Eventually, the author deduced that the structural changes in these three tales follow a descending pattern, i.e. “Mahpishani” is the oldest narration, and over time, the diversity of characters and the number of functions have been decreased to the extent that the morphological diagram of Cindrella tale is the same as the mother diagram derived from the comparison of these three tales. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

302 - The Metamorphosis of Divine Power Discourse in Persian Literature from Avesta to Mystical Texts
هادی قلیزاده فیروز فاضلی محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور

The analysis of the discourse formation of Farrah-e Izadi (divine glory) in texts belonging to different periods, with a special focus on Avesta and Shahnameh, Shows that formation of this discourse has undergone various metamorphoses. From among the vast meanings and p More

The analysis of the discourse formation of Farrah-e Izadi (divine glory) in texts belonging to different periods, with a special focus on Avesta and Shahnameh, Shows that formation of this discourse has undergone various metamorphoses. From among the vast meanings and propositions in these two works, the gift of the divine glory among Iranian kings, being divine mediators, and having a divine right to govern the people have been articulated and foregrounded as special signifiers in an interrelated and interconnected network. Other meanings of the divine glory discourse have been kept on the periphery to harmonize other properties around this central point and to reduce or block their meanings. This study shows that divine glory discourse has been formed and fixed as an obvious truth, using language strategies such as repetition of the compatible propositions, otherness, finality of its own discourse, reductionism, elimination of the rival discourse, and marginalization of lots of properties. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

303 - Anvari′s Dual Approach to Mysticism and Sufism
محمدحسین کرمی ناهید دهقانی

In the whole Persian literature history, you cannot find many poets who contradict themselves as much as Anvari does. The most obvious example of this poet’s self-contradiction is noticeable in his dual approach to mysticism. The themes of Anvari′s poems in odes, Moghat More

In the whole Persian literature history, you cannot find many poets who contradict themselves as much as Anvari does. The most obvious example of this poet’s self-contradiction is noticeable in his dual approach to mysticism. The themes of Anvari′s poems in odes, Moghattaat is different from that of Sonnets and quatrain (a poem consisting of four hemistiches, rube). The poet, who developed eulogy and satire in odes and Moghattaat, also developed a mystic appearance in sonnets and quatrain. Anvari’s numerous self-contraditions especially regarding mysticism have caused the readers of his poems not being able to make a certain and precise judgment about his character and his poems. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical approach, Anvari’s contradictory views on mysticism and the origin of this duality are investigated. It seems that, poetic period in Anvari’s time, more than any other factor, had an impact on the creation of these contradictions. Usually, in works in middle style or the style of transition period, such chaos is noticeable. These contradictions are found not only in Anvari’s poems, but also more and less in the poems of other 6th –century poets. Based on this, penetration of mystic themes in Anvari’s poems can not necessarily be considered as a proof of his tendency towards mysticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

304 - Aesthetic Analysis of Some Story Elements in Three of Reza Amirkhani’s Novels (Ermia, Man-e- Ou, Bivatan)
گلرخ‌سادات غنی مینا احمدی manouchehr akbari

Reza Amirkhani is a writer with a unique style which discriminates his stories from other contemporary writers. Strange orthography, language games and proper use of various meanings and forms of the words in are some of the features of this writer’s unique style which More

Reza Amirkhani is a writer with a unique style which discriminates his stories from other contemporary writers. Strange orthography, language games and proper use of various meanings and forms of the words in are some of the features of this writer’s unique style which have been studied in this article. The story elements have been analyzed in three of his novels, namely, Ermia, Man-e-Ou, and Bivatan. The results show that the appropriate use of story elements, lively and skillful description of places, characters and their feelings in a way that the reader can fully visualize the scenes of the story and imagine himself as part them, are some of the properties of Amirkhani’s writing style. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

305 - The Function of Myth in the Postcolonial Discourse of Persian Novels (Analyzing Savushun, Secrets of My Native Land, The Drowned)
Nafiseh Moradi maryam آخسسثهده

A number of contemporary Iranian writers in the pre and post Islamic Revolution period focused on explaining the western colonialism and the resistance to it as the theme in their novels. These writers tried to react to the political and cultural influences of the Weste More

A number of contemporary Iranian writers in the pre and post Islamic Revolution period focused on explaining the western colonialism and the resistance to it as the theme in their novels. These writers tried to react to the political and cultural influences of the Western colonialism and imperialism through the effective use of myths in post colonial discourse. Simin Daneshvar, Jalal Ale Ahmad, Reza Barahani, Shahrnush Parsipur, Moniru Ravanipur, and Ghulam Hussein Saʽedi are among the post colonial writers. In this inquiry, the use of myth will be analyzed in three novels, namely, Savushun (Daneshvar,1970) Secrets of My Native Land (Reza Barahani,1982) and The Drowned (Ravanipur, 1990). The results of this study show that the use of political and cultural myths created by novelists based on Iranian ancient myths has an essential role in the formation of the postcolonial discourse and representation of colonial period in Iran’s history. The writers of these three novels succeeded in depicting their abhorrence of Iran’s occupation by western colonizers, and they could well show the invaders’ face and the Iranians’ resistance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

306 - An Analysis of the Relationship between Moral Discourse and Method of Expression in Two Stories of GholamHossein Saedi
Zahra Hayati

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that More

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that the artistic text is based on connotations, and the meaning of the text is hidden. For this, the method of expression in literary text is of more interest than the subject. This research seeks the answer to the question that how the writer of a literary story deepens his/her own and his/her audience’s moral understanding through narrative methods. The subject of the study is Gholam-Hossein Saedi’s works. By analyzing and reviewing the researches about this writer, several conclusions can be drawn: 1. the main semantic domains to which Saedi paid attention are political, social, and psychological. In these semantic domains, the basic theme of his works is the connection of social issues with damages to individuals as well as the immorality caused by society showing traces of Marxist morality; 2. In integrating new story writing methods with political and social ideals, Saedi formed his moral discourse by aesthetic expression and narrative devices; 3. Realism is the feature of Saedi's stories’ surface structure, and integrating this feature with symbolism in the inner structure of narrative enriches the moral or immoral aspects of events; 4. In most stories, character dominates the plot, and the effect of a sick society on the immorality of a person can be depicted by tracing the characters’ actions and reactions, and visualizing their complicated minds and souls; 5. Dramatic visualization dominates rhetorical and verbal ploys, and the negative influences of an immoral action are suggested by creating an atmosphere. At the end of this article, examples of Saedi’s moral discourse and his method of expression have been presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

307 - A Linguistic Survey of the Postmodern Literary Style in Persian Novels
ساناز رحيم‌بيكي محمود براتي محمدرضا نصر اصفهاني

In recent decades, along with the global wave of postmodern literature, we have been witnessed novels in Persian fiction which claim to have new attitudes and a new approach to writing in this genre which naturally includes language and style. Since language is the most More

In recent decades, along with the global wave of postmodern literature, we have been witnessed novels in Persian fiction which claim to have new attitudes and a new approach to writing in this genre which naturally includes language and style. Since language is the most important element of the style in literary studies, any change in the form and content of the language in a literary work would be a sign of alteration in the artist attitude towards his/her external and internal world. So, it seems significant to analyze the influences of the postmodern literature philosophy on the language of Persian novels, since language and its associated elements and concepts have a central status in postmodern literature known by its way of using language to recreate the fictional world. The present article will analyze the linguistic patterns of Persian postmodern novels, and with a critical approach, explain different ways in which linguistic elements have been used in these novels. In order to find the linguistic arrangements that create this style, the linguistic elements ,inspired by layered stylistics, will be determined and categorized at three levels: phonetic, lexical, and syntactic. Also, linguistic characteristics of the text and their roles in reproducing the postmodern attitude or moving away from it at these three levels are described and examined in the fictional world of these novels. Investigating the language in these works reveals no distinctive stylistic properties at phonetic level; and at the lexical level, words have both literary and conversational functions. They are also grammatically cohesive. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

308 - Religious Trend in Post-Revolutionary Persian Novel
داوود شادلو Zainab Saberpour

In contemporary fiction, a new trend in story writing emerged after revolution. Its agenda was to record the religious values as human virtues. This research aims at investigating the ups and downs and changes in this trend while the diversity and multiplicity of the wr More

In contemporary fiction, a new trend in story writing emerged after revolution. Its agenda was to record the religious values as human virtues. This research aims at investigating the ups and downs and changes in this trend while the diversity and multiplicity of the writers and the works have also been considered. In this research, 15 stories of three different time periods including Islamic revolution, reconstruction and reforms have been chosen and analyzed in a targeted way to illustrate all the aspects of Iranian writers’ efforts in writing religious novels. In doing so, in order to analyze the texts and explain their relation to historical, social and political contexts, methods introduced in discourse analysis have been used with a focus on narrative components. An overview of novels in these three decades shows the general trends related to the main political and social discourses. In 1980’s, some first time novelists mostly consisted of sensational revolutionary young writers published their novels. Revolution, war and the related values were the main themes in these writers’ works, and in most of their works, religious insights have been affected by the dominant political discourse. In the second period, religious novels targeted more diverse themes and audiences, and tried to communicate their insights in a more diverse and novel ways. In the third period, the writers paid more serious attention to the artistic form for reflecting the themes which match the writers’ worldviews and approaches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

309 - Functions of Description in Some Contemporary Persian Short Stories
مینا اعلایی محمد جواد شکریان

In literary works, narratives and descriptions have always been interconnected in an indistinguishable way. In accordance with narratological studies during last decades, several theories have presented models of various functions of description in different literary wo More

In literary works, narratives and descriptions have always been interconnected in an indistinguishable way. In accordance with narratological studies during last decades, several theories have presented models of various functions of description in different literary works and ascribed a specific form of description to each of the literary genres. Among these genres, the importance of description in realism and naturalism, and its role in developing the events and characters, is irrefutable. This research, aims at applying the theories an literary description to several realist, and naturalist contemporary Persian stories. After studying the history and importance of description in novels, this research tries to explain its role in defining spatio-temporal framework, and the educational and generally aesthetic goals of several Persian short stories. In this regard, stories from Jamalzadeh, Hedayat, Alavi, Al-e-Ahmad, and Choubak have been selected, and different functions of description in these stories have been investigated. The results of the Research show that in the above mentioned authors’ works, description has not been a neutral element, and it doesn’t put a stop to the narrative process, but it helps the development of the story through different ways of camouflaging it. In addition to expressing the behavior and actions of characters, in the stories studied, description occasionally results in the preparation of spatio- temporal framework of the story, and sometimes it turns into a collection of encyclopedic insights and finds an educational function. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

310 - A Study on the Functions of Contradiction and Conflict in the Aesthetic Analysis of Attar’s Sonnets Imagery Based on Jorjani’s Views
عطیه مشاهری فرد حسینعلی قبادی maryam آخسسثهده علیرضا نیکویی

Abdolghaher Jorjani is one of the well known rhetoricians and syntacticians of fifth century who is best known for his “construction theory” and “the meaning of meaning”. Two of his great books named Asrar al-balaghah and Dala'il al-I'jaz explain aesthetic issues of the More

Abdolghaher Jorjani is one of the well known rhetoricians and syntacticians of fifth century who is best known for his “construction theory” and “the meaning of meaning”. Two of his great books named Asrar al-balaghah and Dala'il al-I'jaz explain aesthetic issues of the discourse. What he has expressed about these imageries can also be useful for studying other literary devices. Although he has referred to simile, allegory, metaphor, and metonymy to explain the effective elements of aesthetics, the method he has used to analyze the aesthetic value of the text, and the effective factors he presented for aesthetic analysis of the imageries can also be useful in studying other figures of speech. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, and according to Jorjani’s views, this study aims at analyzing the function of contradiction and conflict in the aesthetic analysis of Attar’s sonnets. This study attempts to show that what Jorjani had considered to be important aesthetic factors can be found in different representations of the elements of contradiction and conflict (e.g. antonyms, different types of paradox, etc.). Based on the findings, contradiction is one of the effective elements of literariness of the text. Manuscript profile

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311 - Analysis of the Metamorphosis of the Myth of Mithra in the Poem of “Arash-e Kamangir” Composed by Siavash Kasraei
یوسف نیک روز Jalil Khalili Jahromi

The mythological narratives have always been accompanied by mysterious indications and implications. One of these surprising things is the transformation of creatures and phenomena into one another. Metamorphosis is a change in the appearance, or identity of a person or More

The mythological narratives have always been accompanied by mysterious indications and implications. One of these surprising things is the transformation of creatures and phenomena into one another. Metamorphosis is a change in the appearance, or identity of a person or a thing through the use of supernatural power. The myths about Iranian gods and goddesses who are created by human imagination can be transformed into different forms and shapes, especially the rulers or heroes living on the earth. Although so far, numerous books and articles have been written about the transformation of mythological phenomena and their analyses, as well as about the myth of Arash-e kamangir (Arash the Archer), the poem of Arash, by Siavash Kasraei is considered to have a mysterious multiplicity due to the re-creation and utilization of the principles of Mithraism and the myth of Mithra (Izad-e Mehr) and its conformity with the conditions of the society of that time. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the instances and aspects of the Metamorphosis of the myth of Mithra into Arash in this article through an innovative and deep examination of the poem. Then, the compatibility between poet’s ideas and social situations will be examined. The results show that the amazing power of Arash in defending his homeland, overcoming the deadlocks and humiliating the enemy through the use of the special Ahurai equipment is due to this metamorphosis, and could have the same function in the poet’s time. Manuscript profile

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312 - The Origin of the Battle Between Elephant and Sheep in a Parable in Golestan

Parables (proverbs) as a part of culture and experience of old-time people represent lots of thoughts, perceptions and beliefs that have endured the course of times. Therefore, researching the parables can lead us to the origins of our ancestors’ thoughts. Sometimes, my More

Parables (proverbs) as a part of culture and experience of old-time people represent lots of thoughts, perceptions and beliefs that have endured the course of times. Therefore, researching the parables can lead us to the origins of our ancestors’ thoughts. Sometimes, myths which are related to group unconsciousness in a mysterious way are used in parables, or in another word, sometimes parables mirror group unconsciousness, especially mythical thoughts. One of these parables which the writer believes represents a very old belief in Iranian culture is “Sheep is clean and the elephant is carrion” in the first chapter of Golestan of Sa’adi. The mythical origin of this parable is studied in this research, and it is shown that how the elephant as an Ahrimanic creature confronts the sheep as an Ahurai force, and how the fight between an elephant and a sheep can represent a fundamental belief in Iranian culture in the form of a parable. . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

313 - Analyzing the Process of Selecting Compounds as Headwords In “Sokhan” and “Moaser” Dictionaries
روح الله افراه Seyyed Mahdi Samaaee Belqis Rowshan Bahman zandi

This study aims to reveal whether different contemporary Farsi dictionaries lexicographers choose those compound words made by productive word-formation processes as the headwords, and whether they follow the same procedure for selecting the headwords in lexicography or More

This study aims to reveal whether different contemporary Farsi dictionaries lexicographers choose those compound words made by productive word-formation processes as the headwords, and whether they follow the same procedure for selecting the headwords in lexicography or not. To do this, two monolingual Farsi Dictionaries have been selected based on their closeness to today's Spoken Farsi: “Sokhan” by Hasan Anvari (2003) and “Moaser e Emrooz” by Gholamhosein Sadri Afshar (2002). In this descriptive research, First, the compound words which were headwords in the dictionaries mentioned before were extracted (495 words in Anvari’s , and 605 words in Sadri Asher’s dictionaries). Then, these words have been classified into twenty five categories based on Tabatabaee (2010-2007). The analysis revealed that even those compounds formed by the productive and predictable word formation processes (e.g. noun + present verb stem( have been used as headwords in these dictionaries. It has been concluded that the concept of wordhoodness or wordness which refers to the changing of the constituents larger than words, e.g. sentence, phrase and etc. into a word is the main criterion for selecting compounds as the headwords. On the other hand, this research revealed that the lexicographers follows almost the same method in selecting the headwords. Manuscript profile

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314 - “Nobat” Reading An Approach to Michael Riffaterre Semiotics of Poetry

Colloquial poetry is one of the prominent trends in contemporary poetry. This kind of poem, in which induced speech act is the most important factor in communication between text and reader, is audience-oriented. In this paper, “Nobat”, a generative and open poem from “ More

Colloquial poetry is one of the prominent trends in contemporary poetry. This kind of poem, in which induced speech act is the most important factor in communication between text and reader, is audience-oriented. In this paper, “Nobat”, a generative and open poem from “Safar be kheyr” Collection by Seyyed Ali Salehi, is investigated by descriptive-analytical method with an approach to Michael Riffaterre Semiotics of Poetry. The purpose of this study is to understand the capacity and a new reading of colloquial poetry. In heuristic reading of “Nobat”, which is based on direct signs, the final implication of the poem is an explicit description of combined senses of leaving and grief. But, in another reading of the poem, in which Riffaterre’s theoretical framework is employed, a reader moves from marked and indirect signs of the narrative space to a political-emotional space; as if death is the ultimate indication of poetry and imprisonment - chanting – death is a cycle in accordance with non-grammatical elements, accumulations, descriptive systems, hypograms, and the intertextual space of Shamloo's voice and the sound of two poems by "Ahmad Reza Ahmadi" and "Hafez Mousavi" with similar implications network of death.. Manuscript profile

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315 - Children's Literature and Contemporary Ideologies
Ayeshe Khoje

Children’s literature does not have a long history in Iran and works in this field goes back to the era of Iranian constitutional revolution and the modernization of Iranian society. It is clear that modernism and its ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and Marxi More

Children’s literature does not have a long history in Iran and works in this field goes back to the era of Iranian constitutional revolution and the modernization of Iranian society. It is clear that modernism and its ideologies such as liberalism, nationalism and Marxism have contributed to the emergence and development of children’s literature. The fact that how two of the most famous children works of that time (“Ahmad's Book” and “Little Black Fish”) were ideological, can be considered as a proof for this claim. For this reason the main question in the present research is the nature of the relation between contemporary ideologies and children’s literature, and to answer this question two stories, Ahmad's Book (1932) and Little Black Fish (1968) and also the poems in the textbooks of the first Pahlavi era (1925-1941) are studied while each one of them can be assigned to one of the main ideologies in Iran's contemporary history before the Islamic revolution. Due to the fact that different contemporary ideologies have different attitudes towards children, they provide different norms and patterns for children's literature. For example, according to liberalism, which is represented roughly by Talboof’s “Ahmad’s book” the appropriate literature for children is the one that acquaints them with various aspects of critical thinking while nationalism – the poems selected from children’s textbooks in Pahlavi era reflect this ideology- want to create and institutionalize a sense of devotion and sacrifice in children. According to Marxism as the most revolutionary contemporary ideology, the appropriate type of literature for the children is the one that enlightens them (class consciousness, etc.), and make them ready for the final battle to transform the society. Manuscript profile

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316 - A Phenomenological Analysis of the Approach Towards “God” in the Second and Third Rounds of kashf al-Asrar
Nayere Pakmehr

Identical phenomena appear differently to different people, and this is according to the difference in phenomenological attitudes each person adopts to look through the same thing. Phenomenologists believe that the things identified do not reveal anything by themselves, More

Identical phenomena appear differently to different people, and this is according to the difference in phenomenological attitudes each person adopts to look through the same thing. Phenomenologists believe that the things identified do not reveal anything by themselves, but these are the humans who can understand things by looking through them and entering the soul of the world. Kant also said that we do not understand things as what they really are, but as what they appear to us. Our relationship with the world is not with the world as it really is, but with the world which is appeared to us. The author of Kashf al-Asrār who has a religious and a mystical approach towards the phenomena in Quran Verses, has been unconsciously influenced by the accepted worldviews (Weltanschauung) in each one of these two domain of thought, and in fact, by accepting the perspective of these religious or mystical approaches, the verses and the phenomena reflected in them are analyzed and interpreted according to these viewpoints. An example of these dual approaches is clearly visible in author’s attitude towards “God”. Therefore, this article aims at analyzing the author’s dual approach towards God, and the world views compatible with each domain of thought (religious and mystical) regarding this phenomenon in this work, by reviewing Maybudi’s discursive formations in the religious and mystical accounts in Kashf al-Asrār. A descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted in this research, and the results show that “Maybudi” applies different discursive formations in order to represent the things to be identified in accordance with the context of each discourse. Manuscript profile

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317 - A comparative analysis of narratives about “Rostam” and “Goshtasb” in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh (Based on the Interaction of Cyclic and Lnear Patterns of Time, in the Formation and Critical Study of the Narratives)
محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور

In Persian literature, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has been used as the resource of many researches and an interesting subject for many literary and non-literary scholars. The special multidisciplinary structure of this masterpiece and the diversity and the extent of its nar More

In Persian literature, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has been used as the resource of many researches and an interesting subject for many literary and non-literary scholars. The special multidisciplinary structure of this masterpiece and the diversity and the extent of its narratives provide an opportunity for different interpretations using methods like historicism, discourse analysis and narratology in contemporary research arena. Searching in historical origins, this article aims at studying the way of narrative building in narratives about Rostam and Goshtasb, and they interacted in epic. The use of cyclic pattern in codification and organization of historical narratives mainly leads to the formation of narratives with mythical and epical contents that limits and transubstantiate events and historical characters in the predetermined substructure patterns. As much as the historiography method under the influence of cyclic pattern of time leads to the ambiguity of historical origins of events and characters, identification, and repetition in this method of historiography, the linear transition of events with story-like narrating ploys, provides narratives about events with different historical and temporal origins that appear to be coherent since they are formed under the domination of cyclic perception of time, and they do not transfer the whole past. For this reason, and according to neo-historicism perspective, every historical narrative is a story about the past which is not equal to the past. After matching the dual patterns of time perception with epistemology schools of history, by using discourse and narratology approaches, this article displays how the cyclic and linear patterns influence the narratives related to Rostam and Goshtasb, and their permutations. Manuscript profile

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318 - An Analysis of Jung’s Process of Individuation in Nezami’s “Eskandarnameh”
maryam آخسسثهده

The two epopees, Sharafnameh (The Letter of Dignity) and Eqhbalnameh (The Letter of Luck) by Hakim Nezani Ganjavi, which are known as Eskandarnameh, are stories about the travels and wars of Alexander of Macedon. In the creation of these epopees, Nezami employs not only More

The two epopees, Sharafnameh (The Letter of Dignity) and Eqhbalnameh (The Letter of Luck) by Hakim Nezani Ganjavi, which are known as Eskandarnameh, are stories about the travels and wars of Alexander of Macedon. In the creation of these epopees, Nezami employs not only the historical events, but also the myths and legends, and has created a new pattern. In these two epopees, Alexander is not that famous conqueror in the history, but he is a legendary and prophet-like character whom all the earthly and unearthly forces helped through the vicissitudes of his journeys, and throughout the process of developing individuality, and the path of self- awareness. In Sharafnameh, Alexander is a sage who departed on a journey to gain wisdom. However, in Eqbalnameh he experiences an inner journey as a prophet. Psychological analysis of these two epopees indicates that this young king, encounters the elements of unconsciousness, such as: Shadow, Anima, and the Wise old man in his journeys. Eventually Alexander achieves selfhood and the sublime truth of existence. This article aims at analyzing these archetypes based on Jung’s views. Manuscript profile

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319 - An Analysis of Beihaghi’s Ppolitical and Religious Views

Abolfazl Beihaghi was a clerk and writer in Ghaznavid court (Mahmood and masud) and what he wrote in his book, Tarikh, sometimes is actually the justification of the Ghaznavid’s malfunctions. In this article, using a qualitative content analysis, Beihaghi’s political an More

Abolfazl Beihaghi was a clerk and writer in Ghaznavid court (Mahmood and masud) and what he wrote in his book, Tarikh, sometimes is actually the justification of the Ghaznavid’s malfunctions. In this article, using a qualitative content analysis, Beihaghi’s political and religious views are studied. Beihaghi’s main views which have been studied in this research are theocracy and fatalism, consolidation of the discourse of the higher power, stabilization of the governmental structure, confirming evaluations with compromise, repression of the opponents, and religious fanaticism. Abolfazl Beihaghi has shown in his book, that the principles and substructures of Ghaznavid government and empire are based on the political principles and biography (Sira) of the prophet of Islam and Islamic Caliphs. Manuscript profile

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320 - The Dissolution of Panegyrist Identity in Praised Identity A Study Based on Panegyric Poems of Farrokhi in Ghaznavid Court
Reza Zarrinkamar Ahmad

In panegyric poem, as the panegyrist interest necessitates, the panegyrist identity fades away in the identity of the person who is praised. The panegyrist’s favor and disfavor are determined by the praised one’s, as “the other praised ones in shadow” are subject to the More

In panegyric poem, as the panegyrist interest necessitates, the panegyrist identity fades away in the identity of the person who is praised. The panegyrist’s favor and disfavor are determined by the praised one’s, as “the other praised ones in shadow” are subject to the praise or blame under the influence of the will and wish of the main praised man. In this article the panegyrist and praised relationship, and dissolution of the panegyrist’s identity in the praised one’s is studied, and a historical sample is reviewed in this regard. One sample of the dissolution of the identity of panegyrist in the identity of the praised can be found during the long period that Farrokhi Sistani was in the Court of Ghaznavid during the rule of Sultan Mahmoud who could have lots of victories due to a very powerful army. During that period, Farrokhi praised not only the king but also “The others”, whose literary relationship with them was due to Sultan’s political will and wish. An example of this kind of relationship can be found in the way Farrokhi reacted to Ghaznavid cycle of ministers, which started by dismissal of the chancellor, Ahmad Hassan Meymandi, and substituting him with Hasanak, and again substituting Hasanak with Ahmad Hassan. In praising these “praised in shadow”, he does not have any personal choice or identity, and only speaks according to the “main praised” wills. Manuscript profile

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321 - A Critical Review and Analysis of the Narrative Technique in a Story of the Golestan of Saadi
mostafa gorji

One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest th More

One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest the value of the previous works, but also helps today’s writers in achieving the effective narrative techniques. Discovering the deeper layers of the Golestan of Saadi demands deep thinking, and through reviewing and reinterpreting it, new literary potentials can be found. This research aims at a critical study and analysis of narrative discourse and the structure of narration in the story about a young boxer in the third chapter of Golestan. It shows how much Saadi has been successful in induction of his beliefs through finding the proper forms related to them and based on the assimilation of form and content, he creates a piece of work which has different dimensions of a literary work all together, a work which satisfies the audience through different eras. Manuscript profile

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322 - A study on the Function of “vav” from a Semantics Perspective

Persian language, regarding the extension and richness is one of those languages which has the possibility to express meaning in different aspects and ways. One of the effective tools in doing that is conjunctions and their meanings. Conjunctions in Persian cause brev More

Persian language, regarding the extension and richness is one of those languages which has the possibility to express meaning in different aspects and ways. One of the effective tools in doing that is conjunctions and their meanings. Conjunctions in Persian cause brevity in discourse, and among them “vav” (and) is highly important. In this research, the potentials of this conjunction, its various and numerous functions in the creation of meaning, and artistic innovation in the structure of literary and rhetoric texts will be explored. Obviously, the approach adopted in this research is a semantic one, and not grammatical. In this article Seventeen functions of “vav”, for example, elimination, interpretation, conclusion, quality, causality, emergency, and … will be studied and documented using sufficient examples. The main question is that “what were the different meanings of “vav” in ancient texts, and how knowing these meanings can help us with understanding, and interpreting these texts?” This research is a detailed and authentic answer to this question. Manuscript profile

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323 - Conceptual Blending of War, Hunting and Love in Saadi’s Ghazals Based on Fauconnier and Turner
nasrin fahgih malek marzban

The aim of this research is to explain the conceptual blending of war and hunting, and to analyze the specific dimentions of this blending in Saadi’s Ghazals based on Fauconnier and Turner. One of the frequent cognitive concepts in Saadi’s Ghazals is war and hunting as More

The aim of this research is to explain the conceptual blending of war and hunting, and to analyze the specific dimentions of this blending in Saadi’s Ghazals based on Fauconnier and Turner. One of the frequent cognitive concepts in Saadi’s Ghazals is war and hunting as the input domain of love. The theory of conceptual blending is an effective instrument for understanding the interaction between a conceptual system with its domains. Fauconnier and Turner introduced the theory of multispace or network model. In the network model, the common concepts of two input domains create a generic space. Moreover, the interaction between these two input domains creates a blended space in which the conceptual structure can not be percieved only from the input spaces. In this research we will show that most concepts of love are related to the beloved and specific terms used to describe him/her. In the blended domain, there are some paradoxical concepts like considering death as eternal life, or captivity as freedom. After demonstrating the dimentions of conceptual blending of war and hunting , we will try to find out how the resulted paradox in the blended domain is created. The hypothesis is that this paradox is resulted from the effects of mystical concepts of love in Sufi discourse on the poet’s mental models, even if the Ghazal is categorized as a love one. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

324 - Analysis of Hujwiri’s Viewpoint on Shia in Kashf-ul Mahjoub
صدیقه ایفایی khalil hadidi Ali Dehgan

Ali bin Usman Hujwiri is well-known for his role in the mystic literature of Sufiyya who achieved writing Kashf-ul Mahjoub based on his knowledge of Quran and Prophet’s life and through a deep study of great Sufis. Due to the time and place of his life, and under the in More

Ali bin Usman Hujwiri is well-known for his role in the mystic literature of Sufiyya who achieved writing Kashf-ul Mahjoub based on his knowledge of Quran and Prophet’s life and through a deep study of great Sufis. Due to the time and place of his life, and under the influence of the dominant Kalam schools, specially Ash’ariyyah, Hujwiri has had a very misled and contradictory understanding of shia and has conveyed anti- rationale and unreasonable statements about shi'ism. This study aims to review Hujwiri’s ideas on Shia through a general survey of mystical and Kalami approaches. To do this, the content will be with an intra-religious attitude and by evaluating factors analyzed like internal contradictions, contrasting Quran, tradition, and history, selection, and elimination, fanatical acceptance, or denial are parts of this systematic analysis. The authors came to the conclusion that Hujwiri, like his predecessors, had mixed right with wrong in a sophisticated way, and had a distraught attitude towards Shia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

325 - Meaningful Word Choices in Nizami’s Khamse
mohammadmorad irani fateme kolahchian زهرا منصوری

One aspect of studying the language of poetry is the analysis of the choices of words used in the poetry. By studying the reasons of the choice of words, you can learn about issues related to the poet’s inside and outside world, things which are hidden in the words used More

One aspect of studying the language of poetry is the analysis of the choices of words used in the poetry. By studying the reasons of the choice of words, you can learn about issues related to the poet’s inside and outside world, things which are hidden in the words used in the poems. Poet’s Characteristics and moods as the most important factors in the word choice make the words carry meaning beyond their main and primary meanings which is known as the secondary or implicit meaning. Secondary meaning, show the poet's feelings towards other phenomena and is communicated through some words in the poems. Nizami Ganjavi is one of those poets who not only paid attention to verbal aesthetics which makes his words more powerful, but also tried to express his emotions, feelings, thoughts, worldview and opinions. Therefore, the linguistic study of his works is an appropriate way to gain better understanding of his thoughts and feelings. By exploring the domain of highly applied vocabulary with implicit meanings, and analyzing their significance in Nizami’s Khamse we have tried to demonstrate the features related to his worldview, and his spiritual tendencies. The words analyzed in this article based on their frequencies are as follows: "Blood", "shadow", "key", "light" and "love". Sometimes the implicit meanings of the words will be reinforced because of proximity to other words in the context. The findings of this study also show the effects of the adversity and violence of the turbulent time the poet lived in, and also it shows how he searched in order to achieve security and peace and tried to deal with problems. Manuscript profile

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326 - Critical Analysis of Governmental Discourse in the First Chapter of Saadi’s Bustan

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten More

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten chapters of Bustan, the first chapter “On Justice, council and administration of government” was selected for the analysis of the governmental discourse because many stories and anecdotes mentioned in this chapter are about the administration of government and social relationships while in the other eight chapters just a few number of stories address government and relations between the essential elements of the society. The data gathered (stories in the first chapter of Bustan) is analyzed based on a critical discourse analysis approach. Among the critical discourse analysis theories, the methodology introduced by Norman Fairclough is chosen according to which the analysis of the three dimensions of text, discourse and society is based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: Although Saadi’s Bustan is considered a book written to support the government of that time, and it’s not an anti-government text, Saadi’s point of view towards the government which is accompanied by the emphasis on the welfare of the poor, and the development of the country is very interesting. This can be perceived by considering both the discourse analysis data and the social conditions of that era. Manuscript profile

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327 - A Comparative Analysis of Five Adapted Films of Iranian Cinema and their Respective Literary Works
Siavash Golshiri Nafiseh Moradi

In this research, the literary adaptations and the adaptation techniques in the cinema of the eighties in Iran will be discussed and therefore, five cinematic films of the eighties (‘White Nights’, ‘Gav Khouni’, ‘I Saw Your Dad Last Night Aida’, ‘This is Winter’, ‘The R More

In this research, the literary adaptations and the adaptation techniques in the cinema of the eighties in Iran will be discussed and therefore, five cinematic films of the eighties (‘White Nights’, ‘Gav Khouni’, ‘I Saw Your Dad Last Night Aida’, ‘This is Winter’, ‘The Reward of Silence’) have been compared with the works of the fiction which the scripts of the mentioned films are based on, respectively. These works of fiction are: ‘White Nights’, ‘Gav Khouni’, ‘Nora's Dad’, ‘Voyage’, ‘I am Your Son's Murderer’. This research is aimed to study and analyze these fictional works with their adapted cinematic films in regard to the narrative axis of the work, the manner in which a cinematic film borrows from a fictional work, the manner in which the text markers of the story are turned into the movie pictorial signs and at the same time kept loyal to the origin of the work. Furthermore, the interpretative effort in converting subjectivity to objectivity and subject to object or Vice versa in the process of changing the script to the movie, has been analyzed in order to Indicate the extent to which the mentioned works were successful in adapting their designated novel or short story. Also this paper is aimed to answer a main question which is the defining the characteristics of a successful adaptation of a work of fiction into a movie and the features that should be chosen to make the adapted movie favored. Manuscript profile

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328 - Shariah in Hojviri’s Kashf-ol-Mahjub
حسین یزدانی

By studying different periods of the history of mysticism, one can find some deviations which caused the strong objection of some great mystics. One of these deviations which remained till the present time, is the theory of ‘escaping from the duties’ and ‘voidance of Sh More

By studying different periods of the history of mysticism, one can find some deviations which caused the strong objection of some great mystics. One of these deviations which remained till the present time, is the theory of ‘escaping from the duties’ and ‘voidance of Shariah’. Shariah is one of the key words in all mystic texts and a gauge for identifying the right path from the wrong one in mysticism. Kashf- ol-Mahjub which is one of the important Persian mystic books and one of the important and valuable works of the fifth century (Hijri) which also considered to be among the first noteworthy sources according to scholars, has paid special attention to this topic. Therefore, it has been chosen for this study. In this article a descriptive- analytical research method based on some evidence from Hojviri’s Kashf-ol-Mahjub is used. According to this book, Shariah is not just some religious and jurisprudential duties, but in a broader sense it includes all the practical knowledge and teachings. On the contrary to distorted and ‘anti Shariah or irreligious interpretations, in none of the stages of spiritual journey you can escape from Shariah since there is no difference between Shariah and the absolute Truth. Hojviri’s reason in accepting or rejecting any issue is in concordance with principles of Shariah. According to Hojviri Shariah is a criteria for identifying the Leader, dignity, etc. Furthermore, he believes that the principles of Shariah, Quran, Sunnah and Ejma, and also wisdom confirm Shariah. Manuscript profile

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329 - The Classical Approach of “Yaghma Magazine to the Fiction”
صفیه جمالی Habibollah Abbasi Moradali Vaezi Vaezi

A general belief about the modern story in Persian fiction is that this genre, unlike modern poetry, has never been subjected to the critique of traditionalists in its evolutionary process. The present article claims that the story has gone through similar difficulties More

A general belief about the modern story in Persian fiction is that this genre, unlike modern poetry, has never been subjected to the critique of traditionalists in its evolutionary process. The present article claims that the story has gone through similar difficulties as modern poetry. To determine the classical approach to fiction, this research has chosen Yaghma Magazine which has indisputable classical approach. Categories such as old and new genres fiction, the commentaries on storytelling and authors published in Yaghma Magazine are analyzed. The results of this research show that Yaghma considers the contemporary fiction as the sequence of its classic forms of storytelling in Persian literature. Therefore, the observance of the rules and principles of modern narrative is not required and furthermore, following the classical rhetorics is counted as an advantage. Since the mission of the story is education and entertainment, in many cases in this magazine, pseudo stories take the place of the fiction and even an ancient genre, such as the fable, occupies much of the fictional literature of this magazine. Yaghma’s stories, apart from the works of translation, is divided into two categories: Historical stories based on classical works, whose structure is inspired by classical literature and stories that have been formed by the influence of Western literature, still trying to draw closer to their Iranian identity. Another point is that Yaghma has not published a story from any of the famous and well-known persian writers other than Jamalzadeh. Manuscript profile

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330 - Comprative Study of Motion Verbs in the Middle and Modern Persian
Faeghe Shahhoseini Belqis Rowshan Narjes banoo Saburi Arezu Najafian

Cognitive typology is focused on conceptual principles, experience, and cognition to analyze language universals and differences in the representation of categories, experiences, etc. among the languages of the world. One of the fundamental principles of cognitive lingu More

Cognitive typology is focused on conceptual principles, experience, and cognition to analyze language universals and differences in the representation of categories, experiences, etc. among the languages of the world. One of the fundamental principles of cognitive linguistics, and thus cognitive typology is the rejection of the distinction between diachronic and synchronic linguistics. In fact, neglecting the changes a language goes through time, results in neglecting the evidences that historically affected today’s language use. Therefore, this research aims to study different ways of using motion verbs in the Middle Persian (focusing on Zoroastrian Middle Persian) and comparing them with Modern Persian to find out about the changes in representation of motion verbs through the history of Persian language. Theoretical framework of this research is cognitive typology (Talmy, 2000) based on which languages are classified into two types of verb-framing and satellite-framing. In verb-framing languages, the information about path of movement is expressed in a verb, but in satellite –framing languages, information about the path is expressed outside the verb. One of the main elements of events is the path of motion which is represented in different ways in different languages based on their features and capacities. Therefore, motion verbs represent different information about the path of motion. In this article motion verbs in Middle and Modern Persian are analyzed and compared based on a cognitive approach. Results show that in this regard, Middle Persian is verb-framing, but Modern Persian is both verb-framing and satellite framing which may be due to the cognitive development of the speakers through time, and the growing capacity of languages to communicate the concepts. Manuscript profile

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331 - The Nature of the Dark Romanticism in the Persian Poetry of the 1950s
Reza Satari

One of the most important literary currents that was strengthened in Iran's poetry in the 1950s following the coup d'état of August 19, 1953 was romanticism that prevailed the field of poetry. Dark themes became commonplace with extreme and unprecedented emotions; theme More

One of the most important literary currents that was strengthened in Iran's poetry in the 1950s following the coup d'état of August 19, 1953 was romanticism that prevailed the field of poetry. Dark themes became commonplace with extreme and unprecedented emotions; themes that diverted this version of romanticism from the essence of lyric which often meant that the poets either speak of death of love, or brought it down to its lowest level. These poems, belonging to a current known as dark romanticism, reflect themes such as thoughts of death, feeling of being cursed, rebellion, declaring sin, disbelief and immorality, Satanism, despair, and so on. Some scholars have defined these poems as lyrical romanticism, while lyrical and dark romanticism have fundamental differences, including in their world views, themes and contextual factors. In this article, after examining the nature of dark romanticism and its sentimentalism in Iran, common dark themes in the poems of some poets such as Nader Naderpour, Nosrat Rahmani, Karo, Hasan Honarmandi, Hamid Mosadegh and Forough Farrokhzad are evaluated. The results of the study shows that, with regard to the focus on themes such as thinking of death, disappointment and despair, rebellion and being cursed, fear, satanism, addiction and inebriation, and opposing the ethics and social norms, disbelief and denunciation of love in the poetry of dark romanticism, these poems cannot be identified as lyrical romanticism. Accordingly, romantic and sensual poetry of the 1950s was divided into two categories which is lyrical and non-lyrical romanticism. Manuscript profile

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332 - The Analysis of the Themes and Linguistic Elements in the Satirical poems of Gholam Reza Rouhani
ali akbar bagheri khalili Ahmad qanipour malakshah

The satire of "Gholam reza Rouhani", while reflecting the social conditions of Iran during the first Pahlavi and early Pahlavi II periods, is an illustration of the author's co-existence and sympathy with the masses and is linguistically and sociologically significant. More

The satire of "Gholam reza Rouhani", while reflecting the social conditions of Iran during the first Pahlavi and early Pahlavi II periods, is an illustration of the author's co-existence and sympathy with the masses and is linguistically and sociologically significant. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to investigate the most important theme of satire in Rouhani's poems, his attitude towards social issues and their representation in his works. While presenting critical views on society and politics, Rouhani uses different linguistic and expressive elements to make the representations more artistic and influential. For instance, using lexical combination and semantic contradiction provides the appropriate framework for challenging discriminations as well as socio-political and ideological contradictions. The abundance of the folk words and compounds as a mean of expressing social issues in a popular language is one of the linguistic features of Rouhani’s satire. Since Rouhani's satire is simile-based, simile is more powerful in representing social issues and also in understanding it by the masses. Criticisms of the environmental conditions such as urban pollution and the lack of required infrastructures, the unveiling incident, the world war and its impacts on Iran, economic problems and some social issues, such as westernization, women's rights, unemployment and the bureaucratic complexity are some of the issues that are reflected in Rouhani’s satire. The analysis of the poet's satirical works reveals his social action to be modifing, changing or rejecting the hegemonic discourses. In some cases, such as the progress, education, and employment of women or the protection of national commodities, the poet often criticizes and rejects the situation of society and seeks to change that. Manuscript profile

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333 - Mixed Metonymy in Bidel’s Ghazals
سیاوش حق‌جو محسن سرمدی

Mixed metonymy, as a figures of speech, is the result of combining metonymy with implicit metaphor or Iham. Although there are instances of this kind of metaphor in Khorasani style, and it has attracted so much attention in Iraqi and Azarbaijani styles, it has been most More

Mixed metonymy, as a figures of speech, is the result of combining metonymy with implicit metaphor or Iham. Although there are instances of this kind of metaphor in Khorasani style, and it has attracted so much attention in Iraqi and Azarbaijani styles, it has been most frequent in Hindi style; in a way that it is the most style-related figure of speech in this literary school, and hence, from a general point of view, you can not talk about Hindi literary style without considering this figure of speech and other figures close to it. The frequency of this figure of speech in Bidel’s Ghazals (1054-1132) is so much that it can be found in all his Ghazals even more than once. In this research, this figure of speech is studied in 300 Ghazals which were chosen randomly among 2900 Ghazals of Abdul-Qader Bidel Dehlavi. Using this figure of speech, Bidel related different range of words (From nature to man-made objects; from the most delicate feelings to the finest abstract concepts) to metonymies which are combined with Iham and are mostly related to human, and in this way he created novel images. Manuscript profile

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334 - Rostam and Searching for Individuality in Jahangirnameh
Reza Satari Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili sogol khosravi

Jahangirnameh, written by Qāsem-e Mādeḥ is one of the epic poems that describes Rostam’s life after the death of Sohrab and then explains his acquaintance with Delnavaz, the daughter of Messiah, the praytal (Massihā-ye Ābed) and the birth of Jahangir and the narration o More

Jahangirnameh, written by Qāsem-e Mādeḥ is one of the epic poems that describes Rostam’s life after the death of Sohrab and then explains his acquaintance with Delnavaz, the daughter of Messiah, the praytal (Massihā-ye Ābed) and the birth of Jahangir and the narration of his courageous actions. In the first section of the story, Rostam who feels lost, confused and sad after killing Sohrab, leaves his home land and goes to Mazandaran to start an inner journey through entering the unconscious world which transforms his personality. Rostam‘s journey to Mazandaran, the events he goes through and what he experiences can be reviewed as an archetype. This research Using the notion of the process of individuality based on Jungian analytical psychology studies the archetypes in Jahangirnameh, including mask, Anima, shadow, the sage, etc. and analyzes the process of individuation of Rostam. In this story, Rostam, after killing Sohrab, becomes ready to regain his lost individuality by leaving the conscious world (Iran) and entering an unknown unconscious world (Mazandaran) and confronting the elements and aspects of unconsciousness. Rostam’s individuality which has been distorted after the death of Sohrab, is reconstructed after facing Jahangir who is a substitute for Sohrab. Manuscript profile

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335 - Folk Literature and Culture and Official lyrics
Narges Oskouie

Official literature is full of poetic claims in different themes (eulogy, love, mysticism, libel, facetiousness, epic, exposition, glory, complaint and etc.). Although it seems that poetry and literature are not in need of analogy and affidavit and other ways of logical More

Official literature is full of poetic claims in different themes (eulogy, love, mysticism, libel, facetiousness, epic, exposition, glory, complaint and etc.). Although it seems that poetry and literature are not in need of analogy and affidavit and other ways of logical reasoning to prove the exaggerated literary claims, in fact the poets and a literary person usually benefit from methods similar to logical reasoning (claim, evidence, reasoning) like simile, allusion, and allegory (proverb, story and fable), proverbial method, discursive practices, and oath in order to express what they have in mind and to objectify the abstract concepts. Meanwhile, paying attention to “Folklore” plays an important role in strengthening and explaining the poet’s mental and intellectual principles in literary expression, and it acts like supporting evidence and the background for proving the claim in literary causal methods. This article analyzes the important role of folk literature and culture in consolidation of semantic and rational foundations of official literature Manuscript profile

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336 - The Relation of Human to Nature in Mawlana's View
Seyyed Hamidreza Raoof Mehdi Hassanzadeh

Human interaction with nature is an important part of human life which due to the devastating effects of recent attitudes, needs to be seriously reviewed and to be provided with new approaches which can promote this interaction into a more sustainable and meaningful one More

Human interaction with nature is an important part of human life which due to the devastating effects of recent attitudes, needs to be seriously reviewed and to be provided with new approaches which can promote this interaction into a more sustainable and meaningful one. One of these effective approaches is Rumi's mystical view that emphasizes the special position of man in the universe and its link to humanity. Studying the principles of human interaction with nature according to Rumi’s world view, this article presents a pattern based on which, humans should consider the nature as the manifestation of God’s various names and attributes, and as the Caliph and his trustee, they should be the guardian of the universe. Additionally, human actions will impose inevitable reactions on him, among which humans must try to remove the negative ones. As a result, according to Rumi, understanding the special position of human beings in the world and recognizing the characteristics of humans and the nature, the empathic connection between man and nature will be revealed Manuscript profile

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337 - The Effect of Social Classes on the Poems of Mashrooteh Poets with A Focus on Farokhi Yazdi And Iraj Mirza
عبدالله حسن‌زاده میرعلی Ahmad Khatami - -

From sociology of literature point of view, literary creation is not a personal matter, but rather a social one. Since the society plays a fundamental role in formation of individual characteristics, and the style is not separated from writers’ characteristics, we can More

From sociology of literature point of view, literary creation is not a personal matter, but rather a social one. Since the society plays a fundamental role in formation of individual characteristics, and the style is not separated from writers’ characteristics, we can say that in creation of any literary work, society has the most significant role. The writer’s social insight and his position against different events are remarkably affected by social status and social classes. Hence, we can analyze a writer’s literary style based on the social class he belongs to. Presenting an introduction on how writers’ world view is related to their social classes according to Goldman¬’s theory of social classes, this paper also has a glance at IrajMirza and Farokhi Yazdi's social status. Then, the major stylistic differences between them will be compared. The findings show that the aforementioned writers’ outlooks are different in some domains such as social/religious criticism, freedom, patriotism, anti-colonialism, anti-authoritarianism, defiance and tendency to luxury Manuscript profile

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338 - An anlysis on the Poetry and Literary History of Kohgilooye and Boyer Ahmad since Safavid Era with an emphasis on a few poets (Mirza Showghi, Hossein Panahi)
- - سیدجعفر حمیدی

Due to being away far from the capital of Iran as well as its economic deprivation and sociopolitical limitations, the literary status of Kohgilooye and Boyer Ahmad has not yet been analyzed in a proper way. This article, first introduces the social and political status More

Due to being away far from the capital of Iran as well as its economic deprivation and sociopolitical limitations, the literary status of Kohgilooye and Boyer Ahmad has not yet been analyzed in a proper way. This article, first introduces the social and political status of this province since Safavid era. Then, the literary history of this part of Iran will be studied. In doing so, biography of some of the late and recent famous poets have been studied in this location and during this time section. Among them, two poets from two different eras seem to be more famous and influential comparing to the others.The first poet is Mirza Showghy from Naseri era. Through expressing publicly accepted religious concepts including the event of Karbala, praising the holy prophet of Islam and the leading Imams as well as writing his poems in the dialect of Kohgilooye and Behbahan, he could perpetuate his influence on the people’s minds of that era, as well as the next generations. Amongst the contemporary poets, Hossein Panahi has been recognized as a national figure. He was a cinema, theatre, and TV actor and director. By publishing his poems, he could be recognized by different audiences inside and outside of Iran Manuscript profile

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339 - Comparison of the Irony in the Works of “Abolghasem Payandeh” and “Jalal Ale-e Ahmad”
محمود براتي Zahra Hosseini Sajzy

Irony is a type of lyric which aims at modifying the disorganizations by picturing and criticizing the disadvantages and deficits of the society. In this regard, they can be considered as the most effective type of criticism. This method of expressing is not the result More

Irony is a type of lyric which aims at modifying the disorganizations by picturing and criticizing the disadvantages and deficits of the society. In this regard, they can be considered as the most effective type of criticism. This method of expressing is not the result of prejudice or hatred, but it is a critical review on various disadvantages in the society which is mentioned in a special kind of language accompanied by laughter resulted from sorrow and sadness. Irony has an extended application nowadays while in the past it overlapped libel, facetiousness, and ridicule. “Abolghasem Payandeh” and “Jalal Al-e-Ahmad” are two contemporary writers, and critics who have satirical style. Through using satire in their stories they reveal the shortcomings and vices of the society aiming at awakening people and repairing the situation. Although they both had the same goal and they both used the same tools and ploys, due to the difference in the origin, social status, and approaches the employed, the product of their efforts are different. The aim of comparing these two writers is to show these similarities and differences. Although regarding time and language they are close to each other, Abolghasem Payandeh’s criticism is more socio-cultural, and Jalal Al-e-Ahmad’s is more socio-political. They both employed techniques like similes, irony, folk interpretation, strange word formation, etc, but satirical similes are more frequent in Abolghasem Payandeh’s works, while in Jalal Al-e-Ahmad’s works Irony and folk interpretation are more frequent. Manuscript profile

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340 - Point of View in Three stories in “Bizhan Najdi”
Shiva poornaddaf Haghi - - - - Abbas Khaefi

The point of view is like a window through which the author wants the reader to look at the story. In short stories because of the size of the book, the point of view is very important. “Najdi” who is a modern and outstanding story writer, has a special position in cont More

The point of view is like a window through which the author wants the reader to look at the story. In short stories because of the size of the book, the point of view is very important. “Najdi” who is a modern and outstanding story writer, has a special position in contemporary short story. He pays attention to the form and structure of the story more than the content. He make use of “point of view” skillfully in a way that by altering the point of view , he creates a new meaning and form in the story. In this paper, after introducing “point of view” and its different types, the point of view in three stories “A Pool Full of Nightmare”, “The Day of Horseshed”, and “Again from the Same Street” are studied. In the "A Pool Full of Nightmare", the point of view is the third person with a change from traditional to a modern one. In "The Day of Horseshed”,by shifting between first and second person point of view, two different worlds are represented in the same general world. In the "Again from the Same Streets", the story is begun with the third person point of view, but turns into the first person and due to the objection of the main character of the story to the writer, the theory of the “death of the author and uncertainty” is presented. Generally the point of view in the three stories has undergone changes that cause de-familiarization which is related to the formalist view where the content is less importance Manuscript profile

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341 - A Comparative Critical Study of the Influence of “One Hundred Years of Solitude” on “Touba and the Meaning of Night” with an Emphasis on the Conflict between Tradition and Modernity
Nader Shayegan Far Zeynab Saber

In this paper, the influence of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez on Touba and the Meaning of Night by Shahrnush Parsipur is discussed through a comparative-critical approach. In these two novels, confrontation and conflict between tradition and mo More

In this paper, the influence of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez on Touba and the Meaning of Night by Shahrnush Parsipur is discussed through a comparative-critical approach. In these two novels, confrontation and conflict between tradition and modernity is one of the most significant themes. So, this paper tries to depict the discursive and inter-textual connection between the above mentioned novels based on their similar content and themes. It also aims at demonstrating the way these two work confront the modern world based on the voices in the novels, explaining how the authors of these two novels, had a dialogue with modern world through a fusion of reality and illusion, physical and metaphysical world; and death and life. After a comparative study, this paper aims at revealing different aspects in these two novels regarding the discourse of tradition and modernity, according to a critical approach. It will be revealed how Parsipur’s narration suffers from the lack of integrity and coherence, in a way that “Touba and the meaning of night” doesn’t have the same firmness and complexity of One Hundred Years of Solitude. As a result, it couldn’t make proper use of elements like irony, credibility of characters and significant correlation of the events. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, the reaction to the foreigners is evidently critical, explicit, and contradictory. While, in Touba and the Meaning of Night, this reaction is chaotic, confused and somehow passive Manuscript profile

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342 - The Study of "Tone" and Its Function in Attar’s Elahi-nameh
ali mohammad moazzeni

Elahi-nameh is one of Attar Neishabouri’s mystical and ethical poems with two major and minor narrative plots, which has been written to inspire readers with important mystical and ethical issues. A careful review of this book shows that the obvious weakness in narrativ More

Elahi-nameh is one of Attar Neishabouri’s mystical and ethical poems with two major and minor narrative plots, which has been written to inspire readers with important mystical and ethical issues. A careful review of this book shows that the obvious weakness in narrative elements such as suspension and setting has made the "tone" of the stories the most important factor in influencing the reader. In Elahi-nameh, The key element in promoting the plot of major and minor narratives in is the dialogue, and the tone of the book has been repeated in a regular manner with the least variation, in a way that it fits the characters taking part in the dialogues. The main contrast between the characters in the major narrative is the opposition of the father and the son, which is manifested in the themes and the tones of the dialogues. The dominant tone of the father is preaching and the dominant tone of the son is persisting. The contradictory preaching/ ignorant tones are repeated in short stories, amongst the characters "the wise and the fool", "the lord and the peasant", "the king and the slave", "the mystic and the ignorant" and so on. The preaching tone is the resultant of wondering, blaming, fanatical and pseudo-philosophical tones. For this reason, elements such as the question, condition, adjective, and exclamation are used repeatedly in the dialogues, which are the main elements of the creation of the above-mentioned tones. Another important tone in Elahi-nameh is the ironic tone that is found only in short anecdotes. Elements such as prayer, sarcasm, paradox, condition, and questions have been used to create this tone. The positive character of most of the comical anecdotes is the fool which is in contrasts with God and the wise. Manuscript profile

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343 - Analysis of Personality Disorder in “Ghale-Morghi; the Pyramidal Age” Novel
دکتر سید علی قاسم‌زاده

The novel of “Ghale-Morghi, The Pyramidal Age” authored by Salman Amin, is one of the successful novels which is Concerned with unemployment and its consequences as a special social problem. Based on the American Robert Merton’s (1901– 2003) “Theory of Opportunity” thi More

The novel of “Ghale-Morghi, The Pyramidal Age” authored by Salman Amin, is one of the successful novels which is Concerned with unemployment and its consequences as a special social problem. Based on the American Robert Merton’s (1901– 2003) “Theory of Opportunity” this research studies different types of personality and behavioral disorders within this novel. According to Merton’s theory, social problems are the result of the gap between desirable goals of the society and the ways of achieving them. By describing the desirable goals for their members, societies can also introduce their solutions and strategies; however, when there is a gap between goals and the institutionalized means of reaching them, deviation and disorder will occur. According to this theoretical model, “Ghale-Morghi, the Pyramidal Age” represents an image of a society that has determined the same accepted goals for every one; but choosing between the possible ways of reaching them is related to individual’s social status and class. Although the main character of the novel begins to discover new ways by means of Promethean rebellion; at the end, he finds no choice other than isolation and letting go of the goals.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

344 - Ahmad-e Jam and Tadhkira Writers in a Story in a Manuscript and "Maqamat-e Zhandeh Pil"

Changes in linguistic potentials and the expansion of vocabulary storage, and the development of syntetic and rhetoric patterns in different periods of time may result in different readings and recreation of the texts. Tadhkirah (memorandum) and biographies are no excep More

Changes in linguistic potentials and the expansion of vocabulary storage, and the development of syntetic and rhetoric patterns in different periods of time may result in different readings and recreation of the texts. Tadhkirah (memorandum) and biographies are no exceptions. Infact, each revision of literary texts creates a new picture of the previous text. In order to find the facts in the texts with real and historical basis, especially in the history of literature, comparing writings in different periods of time and the differences between narratives according to linguistic features and intellectual features of that period is very important. It shows the difference in people’s thoughts in each period and the effect of external factors on the creation of the literary works. In " Maqamat-e Zhandeh Pil" there is a narration about Ahmad-e Jam which is narrated in one of the manuscripts of Tehran University too, but in a different way. In addition to correcting this manuscript, this research aims at finding those instances that show how narrators and those who write memorandums with some subtle changes in describing his characteristics and manners through a sentence or just a word demonstrate an obscure picture of Sheikh-e Jam. Comparing these two narratives show that in addition to some linguistic and rhetoric differences, there are some changes in the setting, and description of the events and actions which indicate that the narrators have not been that loyal to the original text. However, their similarity in sentencing and narration indicates the existence of an alder narration of the story which has probably been the source of both these manuscripts. Considering contents, both writers explicitly illustrate the same historical and geographical information about the subject with no discordance. Furthermore, this story is a clear document indicating the power and state of Suffiya in that era. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

345 - Story of Siavash in Shahnameh Based on Julia Kristeva’s Theory of Abjection
fatemeh babashahi

The story of Siavash is one of the most tragic stories of Shahnameh which has a great potential to be studied in different ways. Furthermore, it contains some of the principal messages regarding national epic and Iranian myths, like the battle between good and evil, Ira More

The story of Siavash is one of the most tragic stories of Shahnameh which has a great potential to be studied in different ways. Furthermore, it contains some of the principal messages regarding national epic and Iranian myths, like the battle between good and evil, Iran and Aniran, fighting the dirt and filth in human soul, and etc. One of the theories that has a psychological approach to the analysis of literary works, and seems appropriate for analyzing this story is the theory of Abjection introduced by Julia Kristeva, a post-structuralist critique, based on this theory, the poet or writer projects the filth and dirt in human souls through the text. The story of Sudabeh’s sinful love, Siavash passing through fire to prove his innocence, and his tragic death in Touran are some of the obvious aspects of the story that makes the theory of abjection appropriate for the analysis of this story. Therefore, in this article, the story is analyzed focusing on the such elements of the story like Sudabeh’s love, and other events that led to his tragic death. The article tries to answer these questions: how much is the application of this theory efficient in this story? Is it possible to achieve a new analysis by applying this theory? The results are as follows: Using Kristeva’s theory of Abjection in the analysis of this story can provide us with an explanation, and a novel reading of the story from this point of view. It also provides the readers with a new judgment about Ferdowsi, the poet of the story. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

346 - Poetic Function of Pronouns in Masnavi-E-Manavi
sina bashiri mahmud forutan Ahmad Khatami

Mowlavi's Masnavi-e-Manavi, aside from being the most prominent mystical texts of Persian literature has a great poetic value. One of the most poetic aspects of the language in Masnavi is the pronouns and their functions in aesthetic and semantic features of this valuab More

Mowlavi's Masnavi-e-Manavi, aside from being the most prominent mystical texts of Persian literature has a great poetic value. One of the most poetic aspects of the language in Masnavi is the pronouns and their functions in aesthetic and semantic features of this valuable collection of poems. In this article, the concepts of defamiliarization and deviation from the norm are described based on the views of Russian formalists on the poetic function of language; then the semantic, stylistic, syntactic and lexical deviations and extra-regularity related to pronouns in the poetic evidences of Masnavi-e-Manavi and their relationships with the poet's ideas are investigated. The results show that the pronouns have a major role in the poetic and imaginative aspects of Masnavi-e-Manavi, and besides their aesthetic role, they make a great contribution to convey meaning and concepts. Manuscript profile

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347 - Semiotic Analysis of Conversations in the Screenplays of “Rooz-e Vaghe’eh”, “Ayyarnameh” and “Toomar-e Sheikh Sharzin” Written by Bahram Beyzaie
Mohammad Ali Khazanehdarlou

With prevalence of screenplay publication, the conversation’s role in developing the plot of the story and transferring its theme has come to much attention. Keir Elam's functional approach towards discourse, which she calls the theory of applied semantics, is the first More

With prevalence of screenplay publication, the conversation’s role in developing the plot of the story and transferring its theme has come to much attention. Keir Elam's functional approach towards discourse, which she calls the theory of applied semantics, is the first coherent theory that explores the elements of conversation (utterance) according to the different systems of signs in drama, in contrast to the other literary genres. Speech act is a unit of applied semantics and forms a part of the conversation analysis of screenplays. The present study intends to find an answer to its main question regarding the role of speech acts in the semiotics of epic conversation writing through analyzing the speech acts in three screenplays "Rooz-e-Vaqe'eh", "Ayyarnameh" and "Toomar-e Sheikh Sharzin". The results show that the five speech acts introduced by Searle are repeated in the same way in the conversations throughout these screenplays. In all three works, commisive and declarative acts are used to develop the story. Declarative act in these screenplays is represented in a special linguistic arrangement to create meaning and the epic style of screenplays. The three main characters aim at changing the outside world; they create epic through using declarative act and making the audience accompany them. The character of Abdullah (Shibli) in "Rooz-e-Vaqe’eh" declares something about Imam Hussein. In two other screenplays, the characters of Soha and Eidi (Sheikh Sharzin’s disciple) along with the characters of Pahlavan and Sheikh Sharzin take an oath. In these three screenplays, all assertive, verdictive, and locutionary speech acts are used in reaction to a declarative act. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

348 - The Stucture of “Gioumard” Myth Based on Lévi-Strauss’ Theory
rahman zabihi parvin paykani

In this study, based on the structuralist theory of Claude Lévi-Strauss, and by using a descriptive-analytic method, the mytheme, binary oppositions and the main structure of the narratives about Gioumard myth in the ancient texts will be explained and analyzed. In this More

In this study, based on the structuralist theory of Claude Lévi-Strauss, and by using a descriptive-analytic method, the mytheme, binary oppositions and the main structure of the narratives about Gioumard myth in the ancient texts will be explained and analyzed. In this article, the function of Mithra, Mashi and Mashyaneh myth, the two main oppositions in Gioumard myth i.e. death/ rebirth, and supernatural/ natural creation will be explained and it will be shown that Gioumard’s confrontation with devil reflects the battle of good and evil which is the basis of Iranian thoughts about dualistic world- view. The everlasting battle between Gioumard as the representative of humans with Ahriman, demonstrates the continuity of life and death circle since Gioumard defeat Ahriman in his life and by his death he gives Ahriman the chance to win. Then, Ahriman unknowingly reaches the end of “the limited time” and loses the battle. Manuscript profile

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349 - Description in The Story of Rostem and Sohrab
Ghodsiyeh Rezvaniyan Ahmad

Description is a part of most literary texts. Considering its great importance, description has not been given the attention it deserves especially, in Persian literature. In this article in addition to reviewing the previous definitions and theories, by using a method More

Description is a part of most literary texts. Considering its great importance, description has not been given the attention it deserves especially, in Persian literature. In this article in addition to reviewing the previous definitions and theories, by using a method close to that of structuralists, a new classification of types of description is presented which is achieved through the analysis of description in the story of Rostam and Sohrab. According to this method, description is considered a dynamic linguistic proposition (not a static one) which represents features and consists of three basic elements: subject (the descripted), describing words, and the feature. This research intends to prove that description has a crucial role in any literary text since it is the foundation of narrative and poetry. Thus, the form and content of various types of description are analyzed in the story of Rostam and Sohrab as a descriptive narrative text. It is also tried to achieve a theory of description in Persian literature based on the results. Manuscript profile

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350 - Philosophical Perspectives on “Creation of the World” in Shahnameh
mahmood modaberi mohamadreza sarfi

The mystery of creation as a complicated concept is present in all aspects of life, thinking, and imagination of human beings. Art and literature provide appropriate grounds for the reflection and representation of this amazing issue. Abolghasem Ferdowsi, is a poet who More

The mystery of creation as a complicated concept is present in all aspects of life, thinking, and imagination of human beings. Art and literature provide appropriate grounds for the reflection and representation of this amazing issue. Abolghasem Ferdowsi, is a poet who was born in the era which was the climax of the flourishment of Islamic civilization and formation of Mu’tazila, Ash’ari , and Shia schools of Kalam, and his poems are based on his wisdom and thoughts about God, man and existence. In this article “remarks about the creation of the world” as a part of Shahnameh is analyzed through studying the important philosophical principles and framework (e.g. creation of the world, pre-eternity or creation in time, the primary essence and the stages of creation) about the creation of the world in Ferdowsi era. This paper tries to show whether common beliefs of Ferdowsi era have been reflected in his remarks about the creation of the world. The results show that in Shahnameh the intellectual and philosophical thoughts of ancient Iranians and Islamic philosophers are accompanied together in a way that it is impossible to delimit Fedowsi to a specific discourse or thought, and he can be considered a representative of the wisdom of “ Islamic Iran” in his era. Manuscript profile

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351 - Architextual relations (longitudinal and Genre-related) in Poetic Iskandarnamehs

Arcitextuality is one of the quintuple issues of transtextuality by Gerard Genette which analyzes genre-related relations and Arcitexuality in a piece of work and the genre it belongs to. This category is appropriate for the analysis of literary works which have undergo More

Arcitextuality is one of the quintuple issues of transtextuality by Gerard Genette which analyzes genre-related relations and Arcitexuality in a piece of work and the genre it belongs to. This category is appropriate for the analysis of literary works which have undergone changed from their initial type, due to social and ideational, and audiences’ expectations in a specific period of time. One kind of such works is "Iskandarnameh" which consists historical epopees, but has also features from other genres which change them to something more than just historical epopees. How such features can affect the epic nature of these works and how they are related to the title “Iskandarnameh” can be analyzed in these works. Therefore, the elements of these three genres are extracted, and the relationship between different lyrical and pedagogical genres, and epic architext was analyzed. The results reveal that the overlap of the genres in Iskandarnamehs after Ferdowsi and prominent features of pedagogical genre paved the way for a change in the title of these works to Kheradnameh (letter of thought/wisdom) although the epic aspect of these works has not been lost. So in this essay, arcitexuality of poetic Iskandarnameh( Ferdowsi, Nezami, Amirkhosrow) and the type and genre they belong to are analyzed in order to determine their textual relations and the transformations they have undergone. Manuscript profile

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352 - The investigation of mythological structure of the first fight of the Indo-Iranian Hero

This study aims at analyzing the structure of narratives about the first battle of the three Iranian heroes Garshasb, Sam and Rostam to define the common structural pattern in them and compare it with the myth of Indra’s fight who was the Indo-Iranian god of war, with V More

This study aims at analyzing the structure of narratives about the first battle of the three Iranian heroes Garshasb, Sam and Rostam to define the common structural pattern in them and compare it with the myth of Indra’s fight who was the Indo-Iranian god of war, with Vitra, the evil god of drought. With this purpose, and using a structural analysis of myth, narrative segments of these heroes’ first battles will be defined and their mythemes will be compared. Then, it will be revealed how the structural patterns in these narrative are in consistent with Indra’s first and famous battle. The aforementioned battles take place in parallel with an event that is the young hero/god becomes his father’s successor by removing his authority. Thus, the result of the research suggests that there is an intertwined relationship between the fight of Indo-Iranian hero with dragon, and the elimination of the venerable status of the hero’s father. It seems that these two events are somehow the transformed forms of one another and each is the alternative for the other one. Here, there is one linking element that keeps the two sides of the equation connected like a chain, and it is the weapon of having a father, i.e. the symbol of father`s power to defeat the dragon and consequently denying the father’s authority. Manuscript profile

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353 - A Survey on Logical Layers of Reasoning in Allegories of Marzban nameh
Mohammad Khosravishakib

Ethical Allegory is a story in which the theme overcomes the image and the form of the story and the characters are just devices to communicate a predefined and ordinary message. Ethical stories in Marzbannameh are the exact instances of such allegories. In most stories More

Ethical Allegory is a story in which the theme overcomes the image and the form of the story and the characters are just devices to communicate a predefined and ordinary message. Ethical stories in Marzbannameh are the exact instances of such allegories. In most stories in Marzbannameh, Allegories consist of three logical kevels based on reasoning, and it is possible to draw the pattern ABA for all the allegories in Marzbannameh, i.e. Allegory in Marzbannameh is a movement which starts from point A, and moves to point B, and then it refers back again to point A. The structure of allegory in Marzbannameh is a recursive and closed one. This pattern proved to be effective in satisfying the reader, communicating the message, emphasizing and fixing the meaning, searching the sense, eliminating the delusion, and excluding neglect. This specific uniform pattern of allegory has become powerful through convincing and satisfying the readers. The structure of allegory will be analyzed in this article. Manuscript profile

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354 - Recognizing the Women in “Safvat al- Safa”
azar akbarzade ebrahimi

Safvat al-safa is one of the mystical books in the 8th century written by Ebn e Bazzaz about the characteristics of Sheikh Safi Ardabili. This book, written in late Mongol era, has been always considered as a historical document because it illustrates the features of My More

Safvat al-safa is one of the mystical books in the 8th century written by Ebn e Bazzaz about the characteristics of Sheikh Safi Ardabili. This book, written in late Mongol era, has been always considered as a historical document because it illustrates the features of Mysticism and Sufism in that era especially in the west of Iran. Discovering the identity of the characters in the book while some of which have not been studied so far, gives us more information about Mysticism before the advent of Safavid. By studying the book Safvat- al-safa, we figure out the effective role of women in this era. Some of them were mystics or disciples of sheikh Safi and some of them were prominent characters in that era due to their influence on the government and society, besides their mystic trends. In this research, after the introduction, by presenting examples from stories in Safvat al-safa, 15 women are introduced in two fields of mysticism and politics , and their roles in these fields are studied. Manuscript profile

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355 - An Analysis of Folkloric Elements in Moniro Ravanipour’s Stories (Ahl e Ghargh, Siria Siria, Sanghaye Sheytan, Kanizu)

Folk beliefs, is a very important part of the culture and life in different cultures and societies. By knowing about different nation’s beliefs we can become familiar with their habits, manners, feelings, art and thoughts. Some folk beliefs are reflected in literature, More

Folk beliefs, is a very important part of the culture and life in different cultures and societies. By knowing about different nation’s beliefs we can become familiar with their habits, manners, feelings, art and thoughts. Some folk beliefs are reflected in literature, and folk literature has inspired lots of poets and writers. Moniro Ravanipour is one of the contemporary writers who has mentioned some of the folk beliefs and native and local cultural elements of people in south of Iran especially in an area called Jofreh ( her birth place). In this article these works have been analyzed to see how folkloric elements and folk culture were applied. Folk beliefs in these stories root in the environment they live in and their problems, pains and suffers. Presence of some imaginary creatures like Boosalmeh the ruller of the sea, red and blue mermaids is another feature of these stories. Folk beliefs, have key role in narration, characterization, and defining the setting in Ravanipour’s stories. She uses native and local symbols of her birth place to talk about the her issues and concerns, and to critisize some social and political issues. Manuscript profile

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356 - The concept of Towhid (monotheism) in Baha Walad’s Thoughts

Kalam and mysticism are very important in Islamic sciences. Although they have different methodology and each introduces the religious topics in its own way, they share lots of subjects. Baha Walad, who is a sixth century mystic, is one of the mystics whose unique work, More

Kalam and mysticism are very important in Islamic sciences. Although they have different methodology and each introduces the religious topics in its own way, they share lots of subjects. Baha Walad, who is a sixth century mystic, is one of the mystics whose unique work, “Maaref” represents the only clues that help to know his scientific and spiritual character, and in this work in addition to presenting mystic thoughts, he has mentioned some beleifs and Kalami thoughts. Baha Walad following mystical method has introduced Kalami topics as a mystic and an Ashʿari scholar, and he paid attention to find solutions for religious problems regarding some principles like monotheism, names and attributes of God, theological determinism and free will, possibility of visiting god, multiplicity of religions,… . Manuscript profile

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357 - Criticizing Misapplication of Theories:The role of misapplication of theories in creating false awareness

Nowadays, the researches which are based upon one of the literary theories (Formalism, structuralism, narratology, deconstructionism …) have been very popular among researchers, and academic society. This increasing growth had and have been the subject of some critics t More

Nowadays, the researches which are based upon one of the literary theories (Formalism, structuralism, narratology, deconstructionism …) have been very popular among researchers, and academic society. This increasing growth had and have been the subject of some critics too. Each one of them for some reasons have criticized the unconditional application of these theories, and asked for critical and pathological review of these theories, and the articles and books which have been written based on them. The present article has also a critical and pathological perspective in reviewing the researches (articles) which have been written and published based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s ideas and works (logic of dialogue and intertextuality). The results show that most of these articles have fundamental and numerous weak points, but the main ones are as follows: neglecting the backgrounds and presuppositions based on which these theories have been formed, making mistake in choosing the theories (inter textuality instead of structuralism, intertextuality instead of criticizing the resources, logic of dialogue instead of genealogy), simplification, arbitrary relation between theory and text, prejudice and ignoring the facts. Manuscript profile

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358 - The Influence of Poets of Shiraz (Sa’adi and Hafez) on Russian Poems
Janolah Karimi Motahhar

In this article some Russian poets like Mikhail Alekseevich Kuzmin, Igor Vasilyevich Sourianin, Dmitri Borisovich Kedrin and Ilia Lovich Slivinski who are inspired by poets of Shiraz, Sa’adi and Hafez are introduced, and their poems with themes similar to Persian litera More

In this article some Russian poets like Mikhail Alekseevich Kuzmin, Igor Vasilyevich Sourianin, Dmitri Borisovich Kedrin and Ilia Lovich Slivinski who are inspired by poets of Shiraz, Sa’adi and Hafez are introduced, and their poems with themes similar to Persian literature and aforementioned Shirazi poets’ thoughts will be analyzed. This article aims at studying the Russian poets’ approach towards Sa’adi and Hafez’s poetry, and those motifs in their poems that the Russian poets were interested in. For example, how are the moral themes reflected? In addition to ethics, have they shown any interest to the literary styles? Since some Russian poets got familiar with the style of Ghazal in Iranian poetry, have they used this style under the influence of Persian poets? Who are those Russian poets that used this style, and which Iranian poets had influenced them more? This article focuses on the period in Russian literature in which the greatest attention had been paid to the poets of Shiraz, and looks for reasons for this tendency. Some famous Russian poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the Russian literature have paid special attention to the ideas of Sa’adi and Hafez. This study reveals that there are various kinds of effects and tendencies. The reasons for the Russian poets’ interest and tendency towards the poets of Shiraz (Sa’adi and Hafez) is discussed. Manuscript profile

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359 - Reviewing the Rituals of Siavash's Mourning and Imam Hossein's Ta'zieh (Based on the analysis of the images of Siavash's mourning in Central Asia and a painting of »Hossein Zendehroodi«)
kaivan shafei anvar khalandi mehdi ghadernezhad

Siavash's mourning and its associated rituals is one of the most important stories of mourning in mythology of Iran. The adventure's of Siavash has been mentioned in many classic Iranian texts and also an important part of Shahnameh is dedicated to it. Traces of many an More

Siavash's mourning and its associated rituals is one of the most important stories of mourning in mythology of Iran. The adventure's of Siavash has been mentioned in many classic Iranian texts and also an important part of Shahnameh is dedicated to it. Traces of many ancient rituals can be identified in Siavash's mourning. By investigating the mourning of Siavash and comparing it to the narration of Imam Hossein’s Ta'zieh, this study tries to answer the questions of why and how in Iranian mythological thinking a mundane character has transformed into a heavenly and spiritual one and this transformation is being repeated in mourning rituals. In the absence of sufficient historical resources and archives on Iranian culture and arts, one of the most important ways to review the myths and rituals is using visual resources. For this purpose, in this article, in addition to using Shahnameh and other historical texts, we have also used the images of mourning obtained from Central Asia and have compared them to a painting of the Iranian modern painter Hossein Zendehroodi. The main concern of this research is pursuing the consistency of the myth of Siavash and its ritual signs with the symbols in the mourning ceremonies of Imam Hossein and the reason of this continuity and unity of ritual signs in these two different ceremonies. In order to do so, we try to identify the similarities between the mourning rituals of Imam Hossein and Siavash mourning in a painting of Zendehroodi through comparing it with images obtained from Central Asia. According to the findings, although it seems that Zendehroodi’s work which portrays all scenes of mourning for Imam Hossein, depicts the martyrdom of Imam Hossein, in fact it represents an eternal pattern namely death and martyrdom which itself is the repetition of rituals and their associated ceremonies of ancient history. Moreover, there are many similarities, including black color, black horses, crying over the hero's body, between the visual depictions of these mournings. This has been studied using written and visual resources and prioritizing a kind of visual-iconographic reading. Descriptive-analytic method is used in this study. Manuscript profile

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360 - Structure and Content Analysis in the Novel “Mim-e-Aziz” as a Metafiction
Nafise Liaqi Motlaq Mohammad mahmoodi

Metafiction is a very popular genre in Iran because of its unfamiliar nature. But a large number of texts published in Iran as Metafiction, just focus on the mefaliction form and don’t represent postmodern experiences. Novel as as a reflective media, has to be integrate More

Metafiction is a very popular genre in Iran because of its unfamiliar nature. But a large number of texts published in Iran as Metafiction, just focus on the mefaliction form and don’t represent postmodern experiences. Novel as as a reflective media, has to be integrated with its own Zeitgeist (spirit of the times) to be able to analyze the issues of contemporary life and culture of the society. Therefore, metafictional techniques must match the postmodern concerns and current issues in the postmodern societies so that the form and content confirm and reinforce each other. In this article, Metafiction and its components have been reviewed based on theorists’ views in the field. Then, the metafiction components in “Mim-e-Aziz” have been analyzed and the postmodernist contents of this novel is explained. The results show that this novel could successfully create a coordination between content and form through combining the two categories of literary criticism and fiction, creating uncertainty, ontological content, linguistic prominence, and also paying attention to the concept of postmodern family. Different types of families have been presented in “Mim-e-Aziz” to change the concept of Nuclear Family that has been considered the only normal form of family in modernism so that the existing chaos and irregularity in contemporary society is represented. Manuscript profile

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361 - The Myth of Doppelganger in “Bouf-e Kour” and “Peikar-e Farhad”
Atefe Moosapour fateme casi

The belief of doppelganger (spirit doubles) has always existed in the culture and myths of different nations. In western literature, the myth of doppelganger is explained through psychology. In Iran, under the influence of western works, Sadegh Hedayat paid attention to More

The belief of doppelganger (spirit doubles) has always existed in the culture and myths of different nations. In western literature, the myth of doppelganger is explained through psychology. In Iran, under the influence of western works, Sadegh Hedayat paid attention to the myth of doppelgänger. In Bouf-e Kour there are characters with the same identity that represent the doppelgangers for a person. These similarities will result in the lack of difference and a static society in different centuries. This research aims at studying Sadegh Hedayat and Abbas Ma’roufi’s new approach towards doppelganger in “Bouf-e Kour” and “Peikar-e Farhad”. The myth of doppelganger is studied in both novels using an analytical method. We aimed at discovering the origin and the results of this belief. Therefore, the research begins with studying the origin of doppelganger in ancient myths and legends; Otto Rank’s thoughts have also been mentioned here. Then, we will deal with the lack of change in the history as a consequence of this phenomenon. . Manuscript profile

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362 - Criticizing Mohammad al-Forati ’s Translation of Hafez Shirazi's Poems (Case study of the sonnets 454 and 486)
mohsen sifi Abbas Eghbaly Reza Shajari

Translation as a connecting link between languages and cultures has always strengthened the link between Persian and Arabic languages, and the poems of Persian language poets have always been a source of interest for Arabic-language translators. Syrian poet Mohammed al- More

Translation as a connecting link between languages and cultures has always strengthened the link between Persian and Arabic languages, and the poems of Persian language poets have always been a source of interest for Arabic-language translators. Syrian poet Mohammed al-Forati (1880-1978) was one of the Arab poets and translators who translated Hafez's ghazals into Arabic poetry. In this essay, using a descriptive analytical method the translation of two ghazals of Hafez by al-Forati is analyzed. Based on Reception theory, it is discussed that although the translator had a good knowledge of Persian language, he sometimes made mistakes in understanding metonymy and Iham in the poems, and as a result, he was not successful in receiving the message from the source language and transferring it to the readers of the target language. Of course, his translation is very beautiful despite the shortcomings caused by the failure in perceiving the purpose of Hafez, and he has tried to reconstruct Hafez's poetic language regarding rhythm and rhyme. It has also become clear that he has been more successful in understanding the poems that were not open to mystical interpretation. Manuscript profile

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363 - The Role of Word Selectivity in Geometrical Perfection of Contemporary Poetry

Discovering the meaning, musical and aesthetic capacity of the words and the smart use of them in the content of the text is a criterion to evaluate the poet’s mental discipline. In this article, using a descriptive – analytical method, and based on formalist criticism, More

Discovering the meaning, musical and aesthetic capacity of the words and the smart use of them in the content of the text is a criterion to evaluate the poet’s mental discipline. In this article, using a descriptive – analytical method, and based on formalist criticism, the role of “word selectivity” in geometrical perfection and harmony of the poems of some of the most prominent modern poets has been studied. This research reveals that most important aesthetic functions of “word selectivity” of contemporary poetry are: spacing, creating harmony and geometry in verbal texture, creating multi-layered verbal and semantic harmonies and associations, and persuasiveness. Hereby, “word selectivity” leads to consistency in the internal structure and texture of the poem, and a perfection in the geometrical and artistic system of the poem. Manuscript profile

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364 - Common Discourses in Suhrawardi's Era and the Narrative Construction of "Moones Al Oshagh"
gholamreza shamsi parsa yaghoobi janbesaraei

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from More

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from “the First Intellect” or “Aghl’ e Avval”, and mixed it with the names of the characters and the events in the romantic-mystical story of Joseph and Zoleikha. The researchers under the influence of Sheikh’s illuminationist viewpoint present a philosophical-mystical analysis of this narration without getting involved in the political and social aspects hidden in the deep structure of this work. Social and political events and generally the co-text and the context of situation reinforces the assumption of the existence of political and ideological thoughts in Sheikh's works, and in this story. Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach is one of the most comprehensive methods to study the ideological attitudes of the texts. Analyzing this story by this method in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation shows that Suhrawardi has described and criticized three common discourses in his era in this story, which are manifested in mystical texts under the terms "Shariat", "Tariqat" and "Haghighat". Through selecting characters, places, collocations, opposite words and metaphoric and symbolic aspects, he enriches the discourse of the second group as the dominant discourse. The discourse of the second group is a symbol of his own ideological discourse that has been emerged through the allegorical character of love and the historical figure of Zoleikha. Manuscript profile

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365 - Persian Writing in the Most Viewed Websites in Iran from a Technical Editing Point of View
vahid khaliliardali Mohammad hakimazar asgar rezaporian

The cyberspace and internet have caused so many problems for the national languages and writing systems all around the world due to the extensive access and the production of large-scale writing. There are not so many researches that have published accurate information More

The cyberspace and internet have caused so many problems for the national languages and writing systems all around the world due to the extensive access and the production of large-scale writing. There are not so many researches that have published accurate information based on statistics about the status of Persian writing in different cyberspace platforms (Web, Desktop, and Mobile). In this study, through the non-probabilistic purposive sampling methods, about 8000 sentences from a corpus of 50 of the most popular databases in the country were examined in ten separate topics. The degree of deviation from Standard Persian Writing was estimated based on the "technical editing" criteria. Results show that the most common mistakes according to technical editing indexes were as follows: rules of writing (39%), punctuation (30%), word independence (22%), spacing (6%), number writing (2%), typographical or typing mistakes (1%). Finally, solutions and suggestions were made to help improve writing correctly in cyberspace. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

366 - Morphology of the story of Solomon (pbuh) in Tarjomeh-ye Tafsir –e –Tabari
مرتضی حیدری

In this research the story of Solomon (pbuh), one of the well-known religious stories in the world that has also been narrated in Tarjomeh-ye Tafsir-e-Tabari (Persian translation of Tabari’s commentary of Quran) is analyzed and evaluated based on Propp’s morphology of t More

In this research the story of Solomon (pbuh), one of the well-known religious stories in the world that has also been narrated in Tarjomeh-ye Tafsir-e-Tabari (Persian translation of Tabari’s commentary of Quran) is analyzed and evaluated based on Propp’s morphology of the Folktale. The number of characters and their functions in this story are in accordance with the framework and notes of Propp’s model, and all of the three movements of the story have displayed the patterns suggested as the first of the sextet movement patterns of this model. Since Propp’s theory has been organized by studying the structures of the Russian fairy tales and pays less attention to cumulative embellishments in the tales, it is proved to be useful in studying Quranic stories. The events happened in Solomon (pbuh) story, are too similar to fairy tale events and based on that the author came to the conclusion that there is historical intertextual relationship between them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

367 - Theological Thoughts on Tawhid in Attar’s Masnavies
Farideh Mohseni Hanjani Ahmad Khatami

Mystical literature has always been accompanied by secrets and mysteries; and understanding the concepts, interpretations, terms and themes mentioned in mystical poems and proses such as theological themes has never been easy since they are mixed with special symbols an More

Mystical literature has always been accompanied by secrets and mysteries; and understanding the concepts, interpretations, terms and themes mentioned in mystical poems and proses such as theological themes has never been easy since they are mixed with special symbols and allegories. The elements of mystical literature, though not that complicated, bring up deep questions in mind, for which finding the answers requires true understanding of mystical, religious and theological insights of the authors. Attar is one of those mystic poets who has incorporated his beliefs and religious attitudes with a mystical virtue in all his works. Using a descriptive-analytical method, assuming that Attar’s mystical thoughts are incorporated with his theological thoughts, this paper tries to investigate the effects of different theological schools on the intellectual and mystic basis of monotheism (Tawhid) theme in Attar’s works with respect to his well-known four Masnavi books. The results show that the influence of theological issues on these works is too much that any account of Attar’s works without learning about his theological insights would be incomplete. However, it would be useless to insist on assigning him to one specific theological school. Manuscript profile

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368 - Methods and Criteria for Evalmating the Transition Verse in Ode
Zohreh Ahmadi Poor Anari

Takhallos (transition verse) in ode (qasideh) refers to the transition from introduction (Tashbib, Nasib) to the body of the text (praise). Transition verse is an important part of the ode, and its literary function in rhetorics is called skillful transition verse or ‘h More

Takhallos (transition verse) in ode (qasideh) refers to the transition from introduction (Tashbib, Nasib) to the body of the text (praise). Transition verse is an important part of the ode, and its literary function in rhetorics is called skillful transition verse or ‘hosen- e-takhallos’. Poets were aware of its importance, and have used various literary methods when they wanted to move from introduction to praising. In this research the poems of some prominent poets in 5th and 6th century like Farrokhi Sistani, Onsori, Manuchehri, and Anvari will be studied thoroughly first, and considering other poems of the other prominent poets different methods they used to connect introduction to the praise. Furthermore, criteria for transition verse criticism will be studied in the books of rhetoric to find out the rhetoricians’ views about this issue. The results of this research which was done using a descriptive-analytical approach showed that rhetoricians paid attention to the praised dignity, the poet’s self-respect, and the rhetoric in their critiques about the transition verse. This study shows literary critics pay attention to praised position, poets’ magnanimity and poetry coherence. The most important methods for transition-verse are literary images and narrative possibilities. The most important methods for Takhallos consist of figures of speech like simile, euphemism, and narrative tool, especially creating the setting. It is also revealed that the theme of the introduction plays role in the quality of the transition verse, for example in the odes which start with complaint the transition verse is not that interesting and usually has changed into demand and request. Manuscript profile

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369 - Introducing and Analyzing the History of Tankalucha Manuscript 1074 A.H.
Mahmood Tavoosi Minoo Asaadi Zahraei

According to the ancient sources, Tankalucha manuscript is one of the oldest works related to astronomy which has been written in Sassanid era based on Iranian astronomy and stories of the time it was written. According to astronomical literature, after being written in More

According to the ancient sources, Tankalucha manuscript is one of the oldest works related to astronomy which has been written in Sassanid era based on Iranian astronomy and stories of the time it was written. According to astronomical literature, after being written in middle Persian (Pahlavi), Tankalucha has been translated into Syriac and later into Arabic in Islamic era. This work has been an information resource for the large number of other works related to astrological literature. Although, there is no evidence of its Syriac translation, there are some manuscripts of its Arabic and Farsi translations, and Tankalucha 1074 H.A. is one of its Farsi translations. Tankalucha 1074 A.H. was rewritten by “Mohammad Taghi-ibn-e-Haji Mohammad Mashadi” in Nastaliq by the command of the king. Subject of the manuscript is foretelling and explanation of the fortune in 360 degrees in ecliptic circle. The unique characteristic of the manuscript which makes it different from the former and latter manuscripts is its motifs. In fact the motifs are visual interpretations of the foretelling texts. No significant difference is observed in any of the other manuscripts except for “the style of calligraphy” and “the date of writing”. This article has two goals. First, it answers the question that whether Tankalucha 1074 A.H. was the only manuscript containing motifs. According to the description of the illustrated Tankalucha in the poems of the two poets of the 6th (hijri) (Khaqani and Nizami) illustrated Tankalucha (11th century) goes back to 6th century, and this rejects its uniqueness. On the other hand, in historical resources, Tankalucha goes back to pre-Islam era. The main goal of this article is learning about the history of the book, and finding the answer to the question that Tankalucha expresses the beliefs of which group of people. According to some external old resources and focusing on some of the elements in Tankalucha 1074 A.H. text, and its representation in motifs lead us to Citation to the beliefs of Sabian religion. Manuscript profile

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370 - Encountering “Others” in Anvari's Invectives
Reza Zarrinkamar

Encountering “others” is one of the humans’ basic issues in their social life while its quality and the quality of human life are directly related to each other. It involves selecting between violence and tolerance. Through studying the approach of one of the greatest p More

Encountering “others” is one of the humans’ basic issues in their social life while its quality and the quality of human life are directly related to each other. It involves selecting between violence and tolerance. Through studying the approach of one of the greatest poets of Persian literature regarding this issue, this research tries to study how encountering “others” has been described in invectives as a genre in Persian literature. Anvari's invectives are among the most important resources for identifying his personality and viewpoint. Contrary to ode (Qasida) and Ghazal, the poet has more freedom of speech in invectives; thus, it is possible to learn more about the poet’s world and identity through studying this literary genre. studying the components of encountering “others” reveals the attitude of the poet and his discourse towards tolerance and violence. The results of this research indicate that Anvari encounters “others” in a violent way in his invectives, in a way that is far from tolerating or accepting “others”. Verbal violence will result in normalizing violence in social relations in encountering “others’ and pave the way for other types of violence like elimination and rejection. Manuscript profile

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371 - Representing the Struggles of Motherland and Other-land in Persian Fictions about Immigration

Cultural clash and identity conflicts are amongst the main effects of immigration. Cultural differences between the two countries cause cultural conflicts. Immigration may cause cultural and identity differences between parents and children. Sociologists have discussed More

Cultural clash and identity conflicts are amongst the main effects of immigration. Cultural differences between the two countries cause cultural conflicts. Immigration may cause cultural and identity differences between parents and children. Sociologists have discussed their theories about the status of acculturation and the cultural gap of immigrants in the host society. Fiction provides a ground for representing the forms and consequences of various cultural conflicts of immigration. This paper, based on sociological theories on such concepts as integration, adaptation, assimilation, and separation, investigates the three stories of "Morgh-e Eshgh", "Bozorgrah" and "Che Kasi Bavar Mikonad, Rostam". In "Morgh-e Eshgh", the struggle between two generations leads to the endless resistance and confrontation between the first and second generation of immigrants which causes difficulties in their acculturation process. In "Bozorgrah", the immigrant who has been separated from the culture and identity of the motherland tries to join the host community by choosing assimilation and integration strategies; but the past doesn't leave him alone. He gets into a precarious and challenging situation regarding the two cultures where he must answer these questions: “does it worth to preserve the culture of the ancestors?" And “does it worth to maintain the relationships with other groups of immigrants?”. In the novel, "Che Kasi Bavar Mikonad Rostam", by choosing the assimilation strategy, the child does not follow her mother's behavior and shapes her behavior based on the values and norms of the host culture. The mother who is interested in the culture of the homeland without paying attention to the host society avoids interacting with the other-land or the other culture, and by choosing a separation strategy, raises the conflict between herself and her daughter. Manuscript profile

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372 - Analyzing the function of “Fictional Allegory” in the Plot of Short Stories
Leila Rezaei عباس جاهدجاه

Allegory is one of the rhetorical devices that has attracted a great deal of attention from critics for its semantic functions. Among different types of allegory, fictional allegory which has a narrative structure has had a wide application in classical and contemporary More

Allegory is one of the rhetorical devices that has attracted a great deal of attention from critics for its semantic functions. Among different types of allegory, fictional allegory which has a narrative structure has had a wide application in classical and contemporary Persian literature. Like poetry, contemporary story has benefited from semantic functions of allegory in many cases. Studying the fictional allegories used in modern short stories, illustrates that some authors have used this device not just for its semantic function, but also it in the structural part of the story. Aiming at studying this function, in this research three Persian short stories (“Mehdi”, “Amphibians”, “Fiction and Grief”) are analyzed based on the ideas of Brian Richardson about the structural effect of rhetorical devices in modern stories to show that in addition to its semantic function, fictional allegory has a role in the plot structure of modern short stories . Manuscript profile

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373 - A Hegelian Interpretation of the First Literary Manifests about Story and Novel in Iran (1871-1921)
faramarz khojasteh yaser farashahinejad majid puyan

Since the first comments of ‘Akhoond Zadeh’ up to the introduction of ‘Yeki Bood Yeki Nabood’ (once upon a time) by ‘Jamal Zadeh’, in a period of almost fifty years, we encounter with a few scattered speeches about story and novel, which has hardly gained any attention More

Since the first comments of ‘Akhoond Zadeh’ up to the introduction of ‘Yeki Bood Yeki Nabood’ (once upon a time) by ‘Jamal Zadeh’, in a period of almost fifty years, we encounter with a few scattered speeches about story and novel, which has hardly gained any attention by the researches so far. These scattered notes could be considered as the first literary manifests about story and novel. In these critiques and comments some topics could be considered as the common ideas of writers and critics of that era. Moralism, realism and the profitability of novel are the three common topics of all these few speeches. Historical conditions and social changes of the constitutional era, prepared a space which only the purposeful literature could have flourished in. The first novels and novel critiques in Iran were formed in these situations and the purposefulness of story and novel was prioritized inevitably. Therefore, this article tries to interpret and analyze the first critiques and comments about story and novel in Iran based on Hegel’s aesthetics. Hegel and Hegelians considered the literary content more important than the literary form and emphasized the purposefulness and profitability of the novel. In this research, it is shown that the first critiques in Iran have much in common with Hegelian aesthetics. Manuscript profile

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374 - Analyzing themes of Resistance in the Folk Literature of the Persian Speaking Countries
Reza Chehreghani

Although theorizing the resistance literature does not have much of a history and it does not go beyond the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, an overview of the literature of various nations shows that the themes of resistance have always been present in th More

Although theorizing the resistance literature does not have much of a history and it does not go beyond the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, an overview of the literature of various nations shows that the themes of resistance have always been present in the official and folk literature of many ethnicities and nations. Despite this historical background, so far, there has not been a comprehensive, serious, and independent study to examine the themes of resistance in the oral literature of Muslim nations and this issue has been neglected, even in recent years, when research on the resistance literature has flourished. In response to this, the present article has tried using a descriptive-analytic method to examine the issue of resistance in the literature of the three Persian-speaking countries of Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan - which have experienced authoritarian governments and many domestic and foreign wars. The results of this research show that in Persian language, poetry of resistance was born in the tradition of folk poetry and folk literature, which is consistent with the targets of the resistance poetry due to the wide range of audiences and influence over the masses. Manuscript profile

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375 - Genre Frequency in Iranian “Maktabkhaneh” Literature
saeme khorasani reza Haidari Nori

The folk literature is part of the culture of people that conveys their imagination, feelings, desires, and thoughts from one generation to another and represents the ethical and aesthetic criteria of a nation through different eras. In fact, it is difficult or impossib More

The folk literature is part of the culture of people that conveys their imagination, feelings, desires, and thoughts from one generation to another and represents the ethical and aesthetic criteria of a nation through different eras. In fact, it is difficult or impossible to understand and study the literary qualities of societies across history without understanding and examining their folk literature. Therefore, research on the rich treasures of Iranian folk and oral literature is of particular importance. This research aims at classifying the prominent works of Iranian folk literature into some limited specific groups according to the content and themes, and determining their genres. In order to determine the genre of Seventy Stories in "Iranian Maktabkhanei Literature" by Hassan Zolfaghari and Mahboubeh Heidari, each story has been examined in terms of three variables: content and theme, tone, and presentation. The results show that this kind of literature is mostly identifiable as belonging to didactic genre while the genres of epic and lyric have almost the same frequency. Also, the role of each sub-factor in making this genre effective is expressed separately.. Manuscript profile

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376 - A Comparative Study of Metrical Patterns of Contemporary Ghazals and Khanlari's Pattern of Persian Ghazal Meter
Mohammad

One of the main aspects of the development of contemporary Ghazal is the relative change in the prosodic circle and introducing new meters. However, researches are only focused on studying the new metrical patterns of some poets, and metrical patterns of contemporary Gh More

One of the main aspects of the development of contemporary Ghazal is the relative change in the prosodic circle and introducing new meters. However, researches are only focused on studying the new metrical patterns of some poets, and metrical patterns of contemporary Ghazal have not been analyzed. Adapting an analytic-comparative method, in this research, the meters of more than 2500 Ghazals of 10 prominent contemporary poets have been identified and then these meters have been compared with Khanlari’s pattern of Persian Ghazal meters. Moreover, poets’ tendencies regarding following the traditional metrical patterns and their innovations in employing new meters have been analyzed and compared. The results show that 13 among 20 major meters, proposed in Khanlari's pattern, are still considered the main Ghazal meters, and other meters are added to this pattern; however, the frequency of composing Ghazals based on Khanlari's pattern, is in general 15% less than the average in Persian Ghazals. In contemporary Ghazal, the frequency of the short meters is decreased, while the frequency of the medium, long and overlong meters are increased; however, medium meters are the most frequent in contemporary Ghazal. Among the contemporary poets, Behbahani and Monzavi are the most innovative and ingenious in employing Ghazal meters. Aref Qazvini, Rahi Mo'ayyeri, Shahriar and Mardani have shown the highest conformity with the traditional prosody while poets like Mohammad Ali Bahmani, Emad Khorasani, Farrokhi Yazdi and Ebtehaj are somewhere between the innovation and tradition. Manuscript profile

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377 - The Mythical Goddesses in Folktales
Sarah chalak

Some folktales have a mythic origin. In these tales, characters and events are based on a myth, and an ancient belief. One of these myths is "the goddesses". Their holiness, importance and their various characteristics have the capacity to create remarkable, variant the More

Some folktales have a mythic origin. In these tales, characters and events are based on a myth, and an ancient belief. One of these myths is "the goddesses". Their holiness, importance and their various characteristics have the capacity to create remarkable, variant themes in myths. In this article, the descriptive-analytic method is used as the research method. First, the mythological character of the goddess is introduced under these three titles: “The Mother Goddess”, “The Wife of Martyr” and “Anahita”. Then, their impacts on the folktales, and the way they are represented in these stories are investigated. In order to do so, “Qessehaye Amiyaneye Farsi” by Seyyed Abolghasem Enjavi Shirazi, and “Afsanehaye Azarbayjan” by Samad Behrangi have been examined. Manuscript profile

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378 - Techniques of Creating Fantasy in Stories of »Mohammad Reza Shams«
reza sadeghi shahpar zohre behnam kho

Fantasy has various types including fairy-tales, allegorical, realistic, philosophical and grotesque and so on. Fantasies have been classified from one perspective into general and modern and from another to worldly and supernatural. It can be said that what discriminat More

Fantasy has various types including fairy-tales, allegorical, realistic, philosophical and grotesque and so on. Fantasies have been classified from one perspective into general and modern and from another to worldly and supernatural. It can be said that what discriminates different types of fantasies from one another is the kind of imagination used in them. But what they have in common is the creation of an imaginative and fictional world. The creation of this imaginative and fictional world is done through the techniques that are not fixed and well-known in all fantasy works but can be understood through various studies. In this research, by studying four fictions of Mohammad Reza Shams, the authors have identified eleven techniques for creating fantasy, some of which are novel in comparison to previous studies like choosing the narrator and the pseudo-insane hero, anachronism, objectivization of allegories, curses, and prayers, using the archetypes and magical characters of ancient fictions, establishing a story based on proverbs and popular culture, and bringing back a decedent to life. Also, various types of fantasy, such as realistic, philosophical, fairy-like, allegorical, grotesque and fantasy of objects can be found in Shams's stories. Manuscript profile

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379 - Analysis on the Structure and Pattern of Drama in “Haft Lashkar” (Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists)
Atefe Nikkhoo Yadollah Jalali Pandari

Haft Lashkar, (/hæft læ∫kær/: The Seven Corps) is one of the instances of “Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists” during the Qajar dynasty which has been written by an anonymous rhapsodist in 1292 (Lunar Hijri) (1875 A.D). Haft Lashkar has originally been the name of one More

Haft Lashkar, (/hæft læ∫kær/: The Seven Corps) is one of the instances of “Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists” during the Qajar dynasty which has been written by an anonymous rhapsodist in 1292 (Lunar Hijri) (1875 A.D). Haft Lashkar has originally been the name of one of the famous rhapsodic battle- narratives which was chosen as the title of one of the scrolls of Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists due to its fame and prevalence. The narrative aspect of the text creates relation and connection between literature and drama. This type of storytelling that involves drama and playing the roles of different characters by the narrator, and imitating their manners and moves has led the storytelling towards a kind of dramatic narrative which is called “Dramatic Storytelling”. Meanwhile, although the rhapsodist has considered using the old narrations as a model, his subjective and structural manipulations add a dramatic feature to the text. Thus, because of the dramatic capacity of the scrolls, in this article the dramatic structure of the Comprehensive Scroll is studied. First, by defining the structure of dramatic play and identifying the differences between this structure and the narrative structure in this scroll, a specific model is introduced and explained. Eventually, applying Bart’s structural model of “episode” as involute events, the results of this research, has led us to the “narration-through-narration” event-oriented drama structure, which is different from the climatic drama in the Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists, which has been illustrated in a table and a drama- narrative graph. The dramatic basis of this kind of narration has been revealed through action enhancement as well as increasing interaction between especial roles in the main narration in the form of an event-oriented drama. some suspense features resulted from this type of drama structure are: Using convergent events and developing the depth of the drama, and audience’s focus on the state of the events during the drama instead of concentrating on its ending. . Manuscript profile

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380 - Studying the Syntactic Position of Complement Clauses in Persian Language Based On Dependency Grammar
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam Ali Mehrjoo

Complement Subordination is a process that the verb accepts a complement clause as one of its obligatory dependents, and its omission makes the sentence ungrammatical. Regarding the structure, the verbs which accept complements can be simple verbs (danestan, goftan), ve More

Complement Subordination is a process that the verb accepts a complement clause as one of its obligatory dependents, and its omission makes the sentence ungrammatical. Regarding the structure, the verbs which accept complements can be simple verbs (danestan, goftan), verbs with prefixes (vagozashtan), and compound verbs (ragham zadan, agah kardan).The corpus of this research includes one thousand sentences of contemporary Persian stories. Dependency grammar is one of the formalist theories of grammar that considers the relationship between a head and its dependents in analyzing the syntactic structures. Syntactic structures of Persian language show that some verbs have one complement clause, thereby having a compliment clause is one of the specific features of the verb of the main clause. The present study tries to give a detailed description of complement clauses in Persian. In order to do so, the process of subordination will be analyzed in complex sentences in which the complement is the subordinate clause and depends on the main clause. It could be said that complement clauses which are made by the inflectional forms of the verbs, are often placed in the syntactic position of obligatory dependents of the verbs (subject, object, prepositional object). Manuscript profile

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381 - Analysis of Rhetorical Fields in Saadi's Works and Their Generalization in Persian Language and Literature
farhad mohammadi

In order to understand the rhetoric of the Persian language and to discover its rules and principles, it is necessary to study and analyze its syntactic structures. By this manner, the order of syntactic structures in normal status can be recognized the changes that hap More

In order to understand the rhetoric of the Persian language and to discover its rules and principles, it is necessary to study and analyze its syntactic structures. By this manner, the order of syntactic structures in normal status can be recognized the changes that happen due to rhetorical purposes could be distinguished; because the syntax structures, which are the various orders of the components, are forming according to meaning and rhetorical purposes. Any kind of "change in the grammatical position of the components", "change in sentence form" and any "deletion or addition" in the word are the result of rhetorical purposes. This article focuses on Sa'di's work as a prominent example of Persian rhetoric, examining the most important fields of rhetoric through which the transfer of meaning and the induction of rhetorical goals take place. The purpose of this research is to identify the general fields of Persian language syntax in inducing rhetorical goals, each of which can include many instances. It also attempts to show what meanings and purposes are usually expressed with each of these capacities. The results show that "displacement of word components", "change in structure and formation of sentences” and "syntactic increase and decrease" are the main means used to express rhetorical purposes in Persian syntax. Manuscript profile

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382 - An Analytical Research on the Role of Nostalgic Motifs in Jalal Al-Ahmad`s Stories

This article aims at analyzing nostalgic themes in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s stories. These themes, at first glance, mostly explain the author’s special ideology regarding the society and culture. However, in its deep structure, it reflects the intellectual author’s disappointme More

This article aims at analyzing nostalgic themes in Jalal Al-Ahmad’s stories. These themes, at first glance, mostly explain the author’s special ideology regarding the society and culture. However, in its deep structure, it reflects the intellectual author’s disappointment who is not feeling contempt about his surrounding environment, and therefore there is a kind of deep sorrow in his stories which help us to know the author better in many ways.In this paper, the major focus is on the function of the themes conveying feelings like “homesickness”, “destruction of the homeland”, “loneliness” and “sorrow” which represent author’s nostalgic point of view regarding humans and society. It should be mentioned that these themes from a theoretical point of view can be considered concepts or conceptual motifs in literary works, so can be discussed as part of the content of the work. Therefore, in the theoretical part, these concepts are explained briefly in literary studies and in the applied part, based on the definitions introduced in theoretical part, the motifs in Al-Ahmad’s works are analyzed. Manuscript profile

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383 - Deviation from the Norm and Stylistic Defamiliarization in Qeysar Aminpour's Poems
Sayyed Mahdi Rahimi Zahra Dehghani

Defamiliarization, as the key element in literariness, has been used for analyzing poetry in formalist literary criticism. Later, it got the attention of other critics like Jakobson, Tinianov, and others. Defamiliarization and deviation from the norm are amongst the met More

Defamiliarization, as the key element in literariness, has been used for analyzing poetry in formalist literary criticism. Later, it got the attention of other critics like Jakobson, Tinianov, and others. Defamiliarization and deviation from the norm are amongst the methods used by Qeysar Aminpour in his poems. In this article, various types of deviation from the norm in Qeysar’s poems are studied using a descriptive-analytic method generally based on Linch’s theory. Here, the brief analysis of his poems shows that, using defamiliarization made Aminpour's poems richer from a stylistic linguistic, and aesthetic point of view, and it has also helped the message to be conveyed in a better way. Deviation from the norms is best represented in syntactic and semantic features. Manuscript profile

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384 - Human Life’s Sanctity in Mystical Interpretations of Quran Based on Ibn Arabi's Yunessieh Chapter and its Commentary of it by Imam Khomeini
mohammadreza movahedi

Is the existence and agency of human life in Islamic mysticism is a worthless shell? Does the belief in the Absolute Existence leave no room for the notion of human existence? Can the position of humanity be considered so high as if the human being is all of existence a More

Is the existence and agency of human life in Islamic mysticism is a worthless shell? Does the belief in the Absolute Existence leave no room for the notion of human existence? Can the position of humanity be considered so high as if the human being is all of existence and everything except him is the image and imagination that exists in the mirror of the human heart and mind? In mystical works, the curious researcher can search for signs of anti-humanism as well as humanim.The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate the status of mankind in the universe based on the Islamic mystical worldview. Therefore, this study tries to explain this position, according to the works of two Islamic scholars, Ibn Arabi and Imam Khomeini. The basis of this explanation is the topic of avoiding the destruction of the monument of humanity in the Yunessieh chapter of Fosus al-Hekam and a commentary of it by Imam Khomeini in his mystical works. It is clear from the statements of Ibn al-'Arabi and his commentators that all beings are sacred because they are the manifestation of God. So when we look at mankind, or even look at the world of plants and animals, we see them all in relation to the Creator, not as an independent entity. This view awakens one's conscience and cultivates love and affection for all beings. Manuscript profile

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385 - Analysis of "Adib Saber’s Murder" based on historical reports and documentation of his poems
ali mohammadi maryam hoseini entesar parastgari

The earliest accounts, historical and literary books that have spoken of poets and incidents of the period of Sanjar and Atsez Khwarazm-Shah and have been reminiscent of Adib Saber Termazi are mostly unanimous with the statement that Atsez, the second king of Khwarazm, More

The earliest accounts, historical and literary books that have spoken of poets and incidents of the period of Sanjar and Atsez Khwarazm-Shah and have been reminiscent of Adib Saber Termazi are mostly unanimous with the statement that Atsez, the second king of Khwarazm, has sunk this great poet in Jaihoon (Amu Darya) river. Some contemporary researchers have hesitated to report the murder because he mentions aging in his poetry. The only reason for this skepticism is the poet's remarks about his old age in his poems and that reflects the fact that Saber was not murdered either by Khwarazm-Shah, or if he was, at least not in his youth and during the time he served the royal court. While, if anyone has read exactly or completely all of this great poet's body of works, there are signs of his old age telling us that Saber was not killed by Atsez Khwarazm-Shah and most likely died of natural causes in his old years. This article, based on the documented statements existed in Saber’s poems, and a brief look at the days of Adib Saber, i.e. the Seljuk period, and his patrons, proves the hypothesis that the issue of Adib Saber’s murder by Atsez Khwarazm-Shah is a historical misunderstanding. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

386 - From the Body Part Word “Face” to Conjunction
Sedigheh Poormaleki Mojtaba Monshizadeh Arsalan Golfam Ferdows Aghagolzadeh

Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical it More

Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical items are used to express abstract grammatical concepts such as tense, aspect, and mood. In all languages, body part words as a part of lexical sources are very frequent, and have a vast semantic network. The role of these free lexical items in the process of grammaticalization has been documented by various researchers, and it has been shown that some of the body part words have been changed into adposition by moving through the continuum of grammaticalization and after a change in their core meaning. This research tries to investigate the body part word "face" and the pattern of changes in this free lexical item in Persian language system within the framework of the grammaticalization process. To do so, the different simple, derived and derived compound forms of "face" in Anvari Allegory Dictionary(1383) and FarsNet have been studied to answer the following questions: 1)what is the continuum of the changes in body part word "face" in the process of grammaticalization, and 2) what are the semantic, morphosyntactic, and categorical outcomes of grammaticalization of this word? The results show that this word has undergone the grammaticalization process like other body part words and even progressed more. This word not only refers to "face" (core meaning), it has also undergone semantic generalization and hierarchical pejoration, and participated in new structures and functions. The ending point of changes of this face is its function as compound subordinate conjunction in conditional forms and contrastive expressions. This word has gone so beyond its core meaning as subordinate conjunction that no sign of the former core meaning as body part word "face" is available. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

387 - Studying the Trends in Fictions Written By Iranian Immigrants
Reza Shajari

In recent decades, Iranian immigration and in particular the migration of the writers and the publication of their works have created a special phenomenon. Literary texts created by those writers and poets who are living abroad have established certain tendencies, trend More

In recent decades, Iranian immigration and in particular the migration of the writers and the publication of their works have created a special phenomenon. Literary texts created by those writers and poets who are living abroad have established certain tendencies, trends and particular literary approaches outside the borders of the country. The collective body of literary works created abroad, have been named differently by different critic based on the characteristics and features that they have outlined. The authors’ issues, how they have left the country, how long they have been living abroad, and the content of their works are of great importance in defining and classifying these literary works. Furthermore, different trends can be identified in stories written abroad. In the present article, stories written by Iranian immigrants are analyzed as politics-oriented, identity-oriented, and women's stories. In the '60s up-to-the mid-'70s the politics-oriented stories are the most frequent ones. This trend is emerged by political groups and activists, and focuses on the revolution and the issues surrounding it. From the mid-70s onwards, the identity-oriented trend became the major one. In this trend, themes such as the differences between the motherland and the other-land, and the ways the immigrants encounter the new world are highlighted through the narratives about identity. Also, there were many immigrant female writers who narrated the lives and issues of female immigrants from a feminine perspective. In these stories, the ways in which women face the new world and the issues they encountered in Iran are amongst the main themes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

388 - The Equation and the Condition of Reductio Ad Absurdum

Equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum (reduction to absurdity) are among the most important and most frequent types of allegory in Hindi style. In Hindi style the poets have used these literary devices to make general and abstract concepts tangible and to i More

Equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum (reduction to absurdity) are among the most important and most frequent types of allegory in Hindi style. In Hindi style the poets have used these literary devices to make general and abstract concepts tangible and to induce their subjects to their audiences. In order to do so, the use of different forms of these literary devices has satisfied their linguistic needs in expressing the meaning intended. Using equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum reinforces the content of the discourse, and confirms a collective thought, and it contributes to the readers' understanding. In this research, various types of equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum have been studied, and their functions, content, and forms have been investigated. The research is based on the use of these literary devices in the prominent works in Hindi style through considering the views of the scholars and the author's personal perception of these literary devices. The results show that the equation and the condition of Reductio ad absurdum have been used in Hindi style to meet the need for uttering the experiences, thoughts, and mystical concepts in a meaningful way. Therefore, they can be regarded as prominent rhetorical features of the literary works in the Hindi era in Persian poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

389 - An Analysis of methods of effective writing in Maqalate- e Shams
Mahdi Mohabbati

Creative writing can be described as the access to the optimal function of the written language through the replacement of the elements of a sentence especially the verb and the coordination of language with mental and contextual realities. This approach is so popular a More

Creative writing can be described as the access to the optimal function of the written language through the replacement of the elements of a sentence especially the verb and the coordination of language with mental and contextual realities. This approach is so popular all around the world that there is even a discipline under the same title in some universities. On the other hand, there are some texts in Persian prose whose writers have achieved the creative writing through their linguistic competence, deep intelligence, and observing linguistic rules for creative writing. Maqalate- e Shams is one of such important resources. Meticulous application of sentence elements and moving them to different positions in the text, considering the frequency of such displacements, and using discourse strategies makes most of his book the excellent samples of Persian creative writing. The aim of this paper is to offer a definition of creative writing and illustrate rules and examples of such writing in Shams' articles, and reinforcing it his articles in Persian language and literature. Considering Shams's specific approach, it is realized that he has made Persian prose extremely powerful by using personification, visualization of the text, accordance of the textual reality with the contextual reality, excessive use of verbs, artistic playing with complements and dislocating sentence elements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

390 - The Ways of Persuasion in "Nafsat-al-Masdoor"
nasrin faghih zahra saberi

Nafsat-al-Masdoor by Zeidari Nasavy, has often been considered a text which narrates some parts of the historical reality of the Mongol invasion in an emotional way. However, in this paper, authors try to indicate that the author, Zeidari, distorted some facts about thi More

Nafsat-al-Masdoor by Zeidari Nasavy, has often been considered a text which narrates some parts of the historical reality of the Mongol invasion in an emotional way. However, in this paper, authors try to indicate that the author, Zeidari, distorted some facts about this historic event. This was made possible by the opportunity that was given to him because of his status in the royal court. When he became sure that it’s the end of the previous sovereigns, using experiences gained in writing Sire-Jalal-Aldin, and taking advantage of his position in the court, he wrote Nafsat-al-Masdoor as an evidence of his innocence of the charge of escaping from the Mongol invasion. Using textual evidence and close reading of the text, it has been found that Zeidari has purposefully changed the reality by taking advantage of the genre he has chosen for his narrative, namely "historical narration," and in this way, he has been able to conquer the minds of his readers. These strategies begin with the gathering of four elements of nature (water, wind, soil, and fire) and utilizing the structure of Qasida in prose and proceeding to verbiage and finally preventing the formation of dialogue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

391 - Investigating and analyzing the structure of the row and rhyme of Hafez's poetry From the perspective of relative frequency construction and syllable pattern
Mehrzad Mansouri

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.1.1

Extracting components to determine the author's personal style is one of the things that can show the author's style more accurately and better based on measurable parameters. One of these parameters is the study of the relative frequency of a particular structure. In t More

Extracting components to determine the author's personal style is one of the things that can show the author's style more accurately and better based on measurable parameters. One of these parameters is the study of the relative frequency of a particular structure. In this regard, the study of the syllabic structure of the row and rhyme can be effective. For this purpose, this research has tried to determine the frequency of construction and the syllabic pattern of rows and rhymes in Hafez's poems. The study also aims to examine the extent to which Hafez uses each of the syllable structures in the row and rhyme and the arrangement of these structures in each syllable pattern. This research shows that the ratio of syllable construction in Hafez's poetry is somewhat in harmony with the natural Persian language. In terms of syllable pattern, the poet has used a wide variety of patterns. In terms of frequency, the patterns used also have different frequencies. Although the poet has shown no interest in using open syllables in the one-syllable pattern, he has used this syllable well in multi-syllable patterns.This study shows that the poet has limitations in using some patterns, such as not using patterns that start with cvcc in two-syllable patterns. This study also shows that in the application of each of the constructions in total patterns, the construction of cv is superior to the constructions of cvc and cvcc. In terms of the average use of each of the three constructions in all row and rhyme syllables, cv syllables are in the first place and cvc and cvcc syllables are in the next positions, which in terms of both rank and relative frequency is accompanied by spoken and written language. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

392 - Investigating Phonetic Balance in Sultan Walad's Ghazals
zeynab tajik vahid alibaygi sarhali

The music of poetry is what makes the verse interesting. This factor is manifested in a unique way in Sultan Walad Ghazals, which is highly represented in the phonetic balance. The poet has increased the variety in rhythm using quantitative balance regarding metric feat More

The music of poetry is what makes the verse interesting. This factor is manifested in a unique way in Sultan Walad Ghazals, which is highly represented in the phonetic balance. The poet has increased the variety in rhythm using quantitative balance regarding metric features and using different meters. Sultan Walad has created special kind of rapture and fascination in his Ghazals using the cyclic meter in a way that cyclic meter is most frequent in the fast rhythms of this kind of poem. In the application of qualitative phonetic balance, he uses repetition, and by repeating different Persian vowels and consonants he has increased the aesthetic feature of his Ghazals. The long vowel /a/ is very frequent while /o/ is the least frequent vowel in his use of repetition. Sultan Walad has created rhythmic aspects in his poems by the application of vowel and consonant repetition while the most frequent repetition is in the initial consonant and the least frequent is the repetition of the initial vowel and consonant. The poet's use of repetition is more obvious in the rhyme. Therefore, it can be said that Sultan Walad has created a special kind of music in his Ghazals using different kinds of balance, regarding same sounds (including consonants), and same letters which can be studied from different aspects. An analytical-descriptive method is used in this research through which we have identified phonetic balance in Sultan Walad’s Ghazals, and in addition to analyzing each, we measured and showed the frequencies using charts and tables. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

393 - Analyzing Container Schema in the Representation of Water and Fire in Rumi’s Poems Based on Cognitive-Cultural Linguistics
d vaseqhi

The present paper aims at studying the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations in Rumi’s poems. In order to do so, the cultural linguistics theory adapted for identifying the cultural-metaphorical system of Persian language as well as the historica More

The present paper aims at studying the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations in Rumi’s poems. In order to do so, the cultural linguistics theory adapted for identifying the cultural-metaphorical system of Persian language as well as the historical and mythological model of "water and fire". Water and fire representations are quite frequent in the six chapters of Masnavi-e Ma’navi and in Divan-e Shams. Rumi has referred to the Classical elements in 1888 verses. He used water in 524 verses and fire in 574 verses. Water and fire as two opposing elements of the classical elements have two distinct characteristics in the natural world. But these two elements have supernatural features and depict a kind of long-standing contradiction of mind and love in literary concepts and metaphors, especially the mystical ones when occurred within one verse. The purpose of this study is to achieve an understanding of the cognition through the utilization of container schema of the words Del (heart), head, and eye. By investigating the functions of these schemata, a more accurate understanding of the individual and social characteristics of this poet would be obtained. The main achievements of this research are as follows: 1. In Persian literature, Del represents intuitive understanding, and the eye represents the apparent senses (five senses) and is the most frequent tool for the perception of reality. The frequency of Del schema in Rumi's poems compare to the eye schema somehow shows Rumi's intuitive personality. 2. Head in Persian is the container of concepts related to thought, but in the Rumi's poems, it is the container of the terms related to love. The concept of love as an entity in the head as the container has been expressed in different words in the poems of Rumi. Analyzing these words expresses passionate love and, to some extent, the love between friends in Rumi's emotional view. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

394 - Contemplation on the Concept of “Situation Requirement” and its Extension in Ma’ani
Ghqsem Bostani Kamele Boezar

This article will discuss the concept of “situation requirement” in Ma’ani, and explain its implications for classical and modern rhetoricians by analyzing the extent and limitations of the concept of situation in their ideas. This study aims to create a dialogue betwee More

This article will discuss the concept of “situation requirement” in Ma’ani, and explain its implications for classical and modern rhetoricians by analyzing the extent and limitations of the concept of situation in their ideas. This study aims to create a dialogue between linguistic thoughts of modern and classical rhetoricians by considering the metatextual elements in regard to the concept of situation. In doing so, this research asks: what are the elements of “situation” in Ma’ani? Is it possible to compare “situation requirement” to the pragmatic approaches in linguistics? The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and after expressing the views of the classical and modern rhetoricians about “situation requirement", it is concluded that the difference in their approach to the metatextual elements of speech is due to two reasons: considering the situation before speech and the rhetorical and aesthetic functions of situation in Ma’ani. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

395 - Analyzing Container Schema in the Representation of Water and Fire in Rumi’s Poems Based on Cognitive-Cultural Linguistics
fariba sadeghi roya sedigh ziabari reza kheirabadi

The present paper aims at studying the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations in Rumi’s poems. In order to do so, the cultural linguistics theory adapted for identifying the cultural-metaphorical system of Persian language as well as the historica More

The present paper aims at studying the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations in Rumi’s poems. In order to do so, the cultural linguistics theory adapted for identifying the cultural-metaphorical system of Persian language as well as the historical and mythological model of "water and fire". Water and fire representations are quite frequent in the six chapters of Masnavi-e Ma’navi and in Divan-e Shams. Rumi has referred to the Classical elements in 1888 verses. He used water in 524 verses and fire in 574 verses. Water and fire as two opposing elements of the classical elements have two distinct characteristics in the natural world. But these two elements have supernatural features and depict a kind of long-standing contradiction of mind and love in literary concepts and metaphors, especially the mystical ones when occurred within one verse. The purpose of this study is to achieve an understanding of the cognition through the utilization of container schema of the words Del (heart), head, and eye. By investigating the functions of these schemata, a more accurate understanding of the individual and social characteristics of this poet would be obtained. The main achievements of this research are as follows: 1. In Persian literature, Del represents intuitive understanding, and the eye represents the apparent senses (five senses) and is the most frequent tool for the perception of reality. The frequency of Del schema in Rumi's poems compare to the eye schema somehow shows Rumi's intuitive personality. 2. Head in Persian is the container of concepts related to thought, but in the Rumi's poems, it is the container of the terms related to love. The concept of love as an entity in the head as the container has been expressed in different words in the poems of Rumi. Analyzing these words expresses passionate love and, to some extent, the love between friends in Rumi's emotional view. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

396 - Representation of Religious Characteristics of the Islamic Revolution Discourse in Top War Novels
hashem sadeghi manouchehr akbari

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such More

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such issues as sacrifice and martyrdom, and the attitude of warriors towards such issues as represented in Persian prominent war novels have been analyzed. The results of the study revealed that the interdiscursivity of Persian war novels is composed of religious teachings and defense strategies. Furthermore, it was found that the Islamic Revolution discourse has articulated a religious semantic system based on Islamic ideological signifiers such as Jihad, sacrifice, martyrdom etc., and that it has consolidated the meaning of discursive signifiers by modeling the ‘eventof Ashoura’ , reference to the Quran, and utilising positive comments about martyrdom and consecration of that, thus facilitating the hegemonization of this discourse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

397 - Resurrection of Meaning in The Ghazal Of Orfi Shirazi Based on Leech’s Semantic Deviation
majid khosravi Mohammad Irani Gholamreza Salemiyan

10.29252/.17.53.1

The anomalies or deviation is one of the aspects of "resurrection of vocabulary" based on linguistics and it is one of the new literary criticism theories proposed within the framework of the Russian school of formalism. Orfi Shirazi, the Indian style poet, has created More

The anomalies or deviation is one of the aspects of "resurrection of vocabulary" based on linguistics and it is one of the new literary criticism theories proposed within the framework of the Russian school of formalism. Orfi Shirazi, the Indian style poet, has created the Ghazal language of this style beyond the norm of his time and he has been sometimes created an individual style and new norm in the language of the Ghazal.Therefore, the words have a variable resurrection in the imagery and semantic creation of the early Indian lyric style and Orfi Shirazi, as one of the early lyricists of Indian style, has created phenomena in a wide variety of ways in the imagination and he has challenged the mind of the audience in confronting the ups and downs of the Ghazal's image. This research was conducted with the aim of explaining the new techniques of imagination and semantics in Orfi Shirazi Ghazal with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on the semantic deviation of "Leech"and has shown he has created techniques of semantic deviation with rhetorical and meaningful images in Ghazal. Accordingly, explanation of the semantic deviation on the imagination of Orfi in the Ghazal and the explanation of how words are used in the structure of new images, is the main achievement of the research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

398 - Describing and Defining the Poetics of the short poem
Nafise Nasiri morteza rashidi alireza fouladi

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.2.2

Much of the classical and contemporary Persian poetry is composed of short poems such as couplet and quatrain. Also, contemporary poets have shown increasing interest in short poetry. Although researchers have attempted to identify the components of short poetry and to More

Much of the classical and contemporary Persian poetry is composed of short poems such as couplet and quatrain. Also, contemporary poets have shown increasing interest in short poetry. Although researchers have attempted to identify the components of short poetry and to this end have mentioned the brevitas features, the limited usage of the verb, the ending stroke, the image-orientation, the limited use of the rhyme, and naturalism; these features mostly refer to the description of the short poem, and no unanimous definition is available yet. For example, the outer limit is sometimes referred to as one page, sometimes up to seven rows and sometimes up to five portions. As for its internal and semantic limits, they enumerate the function of the fundamental scheme and effect of the moment. This article critically analyzes the descriptions and definitions of researchers on short poetry and attempts to provide a more accurate definition of the short poem using an analytical method. As a result, this article considers short poetry based on its fundamental technique, to be with limited lines or hemistiches, and finally, "independent monolithic limited poetry with a greater tendency for the discourse of wisedom." Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

399 - Analysis of the Reflection of Predictive Thoughts in Iranian legends
aliakbar ekhve asieh zabihnia omran fateme kouppa Ali pedram mirzaei

Forecast or Apocalypse is discovery, intuition and telling about future information, regardless of whether it will occur or not. Often, apocalyptic thoughts have emerged in Iranian myths and in popular beliefs because of the humans concern for the future and disposing o More

Forecast or Apocalypse is discovery, intuition and telling about future information, regardless of whether it will occur or not. Often, apocalyptic thoughts have emerged in Iranian myths and in popular beliefs because of the humans concern for the future and disposing of anxiety. The main motive for the emergence of these kinds of revelations, is the psychological pressures on humans; so that these thoughts play a role in promoting the future hope. In Iranian legends, various apocalyptic roles and numerous functions have been created due to the existence of the legend itself; most of these concepts are inextricably linked with the material and natural features of legend. The compatibility of natural states with their roles in popular belief is the main reason for these revelations.This research in a descriptive-analytical way, tries to answer the question: what is the most significant part of the revelations in Iranian legends? This study tries to answer the question in a descriptive - analytical way: what is the most important of all types of Revelation in Iranian legends? According to the research achievements, the most kind of revelation in iranian legends is related to “inspiration” and its least, the use of sleep language and dream as the most important manifestation of its expression. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

400 - Introduction of Muhibullah Allahabadi’s “Sharh-e Fusus al-Hikam” and its abandoned Persian words
yaser hojjati najafabadi mehrdad chatraei Mahboubeh Khorasani

Sheikh Mohebullah Mobarez, Pir Al-Ahabadi, is one of the Indian mystics of the 11th century AH, who has been greatly influenced by mysticism and the theory of the unity of existence of Ibn Arabi, the great mystic of the sixth century AH. He has written detailed and co More

Sheikh Mohebullah Mobarez, Pir Al-Ahabadi, is one of the Indian mystics of the 11th century AH, who has been greatly influenced by mysticism and the theory of the unity of existence of Ibn Arabi, the great mystic of the sixth century AH. He has written detailed and comprehensive explanations of Ibn Arabi's book "Fusus al-Hikam" in Persian and Arabic. The description of his Persian Fusus al-Hikam is a valuable book in which a great effort has been made to solve the ambiguities and difficulties of Fusus al-Hikam. This book, which is a Manuscript, has not been scientifically adapted and corrected before and not printed. One of the characteristics of this work is usage of some abandoned compounds and words in the period of growth and promotion of Persian language in the subcontinent. In this research, while introducing Alahabadi and his works, the abandoned words and phrases used in this book have been considered in terms of roots and grammatical rules, and their importance has been explained by mentioning the instances. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

401 - Effective Factors in Formation of the Philosophical Formation of the Literary Genre in Romanticism
Hamid Forghani Ahmad

The genre theory or generic criticism is an important issues of literary theory that has been considered on literary studies since Aristotle. This is so considerable that much of the aesthetic principles of the great literary schools have been influenced by it, and the More

The genre theory or generic criticism is an important issues of literary theory that has been considered on literary studies since Aristotle. This is so considerable that much of the aesthetic principles of the great literary schools have been influenced by it, and the critics studying these movements have devoted part of their studies to the genre theory. Among literary schools, the contrast between the classicism and romanticism is very important in the generic theory. Previous studies addressing this have described classicism’s approach to the literary genres as technical and prescriptive and in contrast the romanticism's approaches as philosophical. However, philosophical components of the genre theory in romanticism have not been thoroughly explained. This research seeks to explain and analyze the components of this philosophical approach and the factors that influence its formation. In other words, what are the components of romanticism’s philosophical approach and what are the factors affecting that? This study shows that the classicism's approach to literary genres was questioned due to Kant's subjective philosophy and Herder's historical relativism and also the social, intellectual, and cultural changes of the Renaissance, such as the industrial revolution and humanism and factors such as historicism, consistent unity theory, attention to the poet's ingenuity in the creation of literary work, individualism, and subjective and phenomenological view led to the formation of a new genre theory in the school of Romanticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

402 - The Pattern of the History of Knowledge and the Resurrection of Meaning in Shahaboddin Yahya Sohrewardi's Thought
Zahra Mahouzi Ghobadi Ahmad Pakatchi maryam آخسسثهده

The history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future o More

The history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future of esoteric knowledge of Islam after the Prophet. As to the fate of divine knowledge on earth, this pattern defines three stages: the era of knowledge by presence, the era of assenting meaning to the word, and the period in which metaphor is converted to symbol. Sohrewardi refers to this historical pattern and completes it by presenting a certain definition of the Divine Hakim and his role in interpreting the mysteries of the mystics. By this action, he makes a commentary on the history of knowledge. The fourth stage that Sohrewardi adds to this historical pattern is the resurrection stage of meaning to its truth, and it can be defined only by reference to the totality of Sohrewardi's intellectual system. The present article attempts to extract this historical pattern from the Sufi texts and then explains Sohrewardi's role in completing it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

403 - A comparative critical analysis Rustam & Shaghad's story (Based on three editions of Shahnameh)
محمود حسن آبادی لیلا شیرازی

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.3.3

Shahnameh is one of the most valuable works in Iranian culture and has always been of interest to people from all walks of life. Many scribes and copywriters have reproduced it and this has produced many manuscripts.There have been many differences and discrepancies in More

Shahnameh is one of the most valuable works in Iranian culture and has always been of interest to people from all walks of life. Many scribes and copywriters have reproduced it and this has produced many manuscripts.There have been many differences and discrepancies in the writing of verses, interpretations and words between these manuscripts and, consequently, between the numerous editions of the Shahnameh. Minovy, Nooshin, Davies, Khatibi and Aidenlo have done some research on Shahnameh publications but no independent research has ever been conducted on the differences and discrepancies in those editions of the story of Rostam and Shoghad, which is one of the most important and prominent stories of Shahnameh. Regarding the importance of this issue, the authors of this paper, with the aim of examining the differences among the editions and manuscripts of Shahnameh in the story of ‘Rostam and Shoghad’, have focused on three editions of Shahnameh (I.e. the editions of Khaleghi, Moscow and Mohl) and by applying a comparative-analytical method, they have extracted, classified, analyzed and ultimately attempted to find the sources and causes of these differences and discrepancies.The results of this study indicate that the the main motivations to add verses (eleven verse) by the scribes have been the completion of the structure or characterization of the story, or to add to its semantic and emotional aspect. These additions can be identified mainly by the principle of "authenticity of the brief recording". Although there are various causes in phonetic and lexical interference, the main reason was to simplify the text and bring it to the audience's understanding. In any case, the main reason for all these interferences is the lack of copyright loyalty to the original text. It is worth noting that the results of this essay are restricted to this story and ought not to be generalized to every story of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

404 - The Hiatus between the Continuous Prefix / mi-/ and Present Stem in Standard Farsi: Generative Approach
shahin Amirjani Aliyeh Kord Zafaranlu kambuzia Arezu Najafian

10.29252/.17.53.23

It is important to analyze the lexicological-phonological processes of the present stem in order to evaluate the generative capacity of each phonological process. The present article aims to identify and describe the lexicological-phonological processes in simple verbs More

It is important to analyze the lexicological-phonological processes of the present stem in order to evaluate the generative capacity of each phonological process. The present article aims to identify and describe the lexicological-phonological processes in simple verbs with the initial vowel of standard Farsi after adding the continuous prefix / mi/. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, in the method of data collection, there are 50 verbs out of 323 verbal roots based on Tabataba'i (1997), Dehkhoda Dictionary (2011), and Sokhan Dictionary (2003) which begin with vowels. The data have been transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "I.P.A" and then analyzed in the framework of generative phonological theory. Results show that in written or formal Farsi, "Hamza" or the glottal stop [ʔ] is added to verbs that begin with vowel and for this reason, they begin with "A"; but after adding the continuous prefix / mi- /, "Hamza" is not inserted in the spoken or informal Farsi and instead, the front vowel shortening process, raising /i/ and gliding as short vowel sequence and gliding [-ej-] and then raising the front central vowel [e] before gliding [j] as vowel sequence and glide [-ij-] are observed. In such structures, in the informal speech, there is no "Hamza" or the glottal stop [ʔ] in the verb structure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

405 - A Critical Analysis of Women’s Role in Sindbad-Nameh
Shiva Kamali Asl Habibollah Abbasi effat neghabi esmat khoeini

Literature is a mirror that reflects the culture, and fictional texts are an appropriate ground upon which these cultural reflections in a variety of fields, including issues related to female status could be examined. In this research, two anecdotes were selected from More

Literature is a mirror that reflects the culture, and fictional texts are an appropriate ground upon which these cultural reflections in a variety of fields, including issues related to female status could be examined. In this research, two anecdotes were selected from Sindbad-Nameh to analyze the female role. Although the text of Sinbad-Nameh has been produced in a historical misogynistic context, there are many examples of the female power in it. This paper, with a descriptive-analytical approach, studies the text based on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method, at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, to analyze the mechanisms of the representations of the female power. As a result, it was concluded that the women in this work have an active and powerful presence and that their active role in shaping the anecdote process is evident. Also, despite the negative attitude towards women, the signs of their hidden power can be observed. In this work, Women use intangible means of power such as language, tact, intelligence and politics to achieve their goals and if the ways to gain the constructive and lofty goals are closed to them, that power is sometimes misused. Manuscript profile

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406 - Analysis of Asynartete capacities and ways of its creation in Persian poetry
یحیی عطائی

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.4.4

The "Asynartete" is literary device to read a poem in several meter. The author of this article tracks this issue in rhetorics and shows that it has been used frequently in Persian poetry since early Persian poetry up to now. Converting a hemistich’s meter is done in ei More

The "Asynartete" is literary device to read a poem in several meter. The author of this article tracks this issue in rhetorics and shows that it has been used frequently in Persian poetry since early Persian poetry up to now. Converting a hemistich’s meter is done in eight ways: Short and long vowel saturation and desaturation, retention and elimination of Hamzeh, intensification and reduction of consonant, making vowel and no vowel of consonant. In persian poems 26 meters create asynartete in 22 states. The most commonly used is converting the meter of “Fa’elaton Fa’elaton Fa’elon” to “Mofta’elon Mofta’elon Fa’elon” and vice versa. The most commonly used methods of conversion are the four methods of "vowel saturation/ desaturation" and "retention/ elimination of Hamzeh". Another finding of this essay, is that although asynartete is not named in Persian books on rhetorics, it has been used in Persian poetry since Rashid-al-din. Manuscript profile

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407 - Analyzing the approach of Meftah Al-Oloum commentators on the relation of 'Badi’' techniques and other categories of Eloquence (7th & 8th Century A.H.)
ruhollah hadi مصطفی جلیلی تقویان

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.5.5

Many contemporary rhetorical scholars believe that commentaries written on well-known rhetoric books -such as Miftah Al-Oloum, Talkhis Al-Miftah and so on- often involve repetitive and non-creative topics. While this opinion cannot be completely ruled out, careful exa More

Many contemporary rhetorical scholars believe that commentaries written on well-known rhetoric books -such as Miftah Al-Oloum, Talkhis Al-Miftah and so on- often involve repetitive and non-creative topics. While this opinion cannot be completely ruled out, careful examination shows that commentators have sometimes expressed new issues in their writings. These new issues are important from the perspective of rhetorical history. One of these topics is the link between 'Badi’' and other territories of rhetoric. It is natural for us today to regard the Islamic rhetoric as having three distinct territories, namely 'Ma’ni', 'Bayan' and 'Badi’' ', but in the seventh and eighth centuries this independence was by no means certain. In this paper, the views of Sakaki explainers on 'Badi’' status and its relation to other territories of rhetoric are analyzed. Among these explainers, four classes can be identified, each with a distinct idea. The ideas are as follows: 1. 'Badi’' is part of eloquence. 2. 'Badi’' is part of eloquence and rhetoric. 3. 'Badi’' is part of the science of 'Ma’ni' and 'Bayan'. 4. 'Badi’' is independent and there is no relation to other parts of rhetoric. This paper describes the views of these four classes and analyzes the reasons for this diversity. Manuscript profile

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408 - Discourse analysis committed and social literature Based on the ideas of Akhavān-Sāles
Maryam Musharraf kulthum Miriasl

Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in More

Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in contemporary literature which is analyzed in this paper, using Laclau and Mouffe’s method. Here, the formation of this discourse and Akhavān-Sālesʾs approach to it has been studied. It is shown in this paper that the relationship between literature and society causes Akhavān-Sāles as subject to be influenced by linguistic and non-linguistic discourse functions and the power behind the discourse. He consolidated his discourse system by creating deconstruction in rival discourses (Moje-no, Individual Romance, and Formalist Literature) and understanding the empty pointers of non-own discourses (literature's attention and commitment to people and society). In the semantic system of his own discourse, he considers society and its needs (as an independent variable) including art and literature (as a dependent variable) and by emphasizing the centeral pointer of one’s own discourse, he defines other floating pointers (such as art, artist, Ghazal, poem and poet). Using some strategies mentioned in this research, he seeks to strengthen his own discourse and weaken non- own discourses. Manuscript profile

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409 - Methodological analysis of the issue of literary influences in'Sokhan- va- Sokhanvarn' by Forouzanfar
Ahmad khatami Maryam Mosharraf-o-lmolk azam saadat

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.6.6

At the same time with Bakhtin's (1895-1975) drafting, in the early twentieth century, about "Logic of conversation” that provided the basis for the theory of Intertextuality in the 60s by Julia Christova(1941- ), Badiozzaman Forouzanfar(1899-1970) created a critical app More

At the same time with Bakhtin's (1895-1975) drafting, in the early twentieth century, about "Logic of conversation” that provided the basis for the theory of Intertextuality in the 60s by Julia Christova(1941- ), Badiozzaman Forouzanfar(1899-1970) created a critical approach in writing of Sokhan-O-Sokhanvaran (printed 1929-1933) that later Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob in his literary Criticism book referred to it as "Criticism of influence" (printed 1959). This study seeks to explain Forouzanfar's attempt in creating a coherent way of expressing the efficacy and influence in form and content in Persian poetry and to compare it with “criticism of influence”, introducing it as an independent critical approach. Forouzanfar, maneuvering on the old topic of plagiarism, changed it into an effective and practical tool to describe literary influences in the Persian poetry, and despite the distance from the theoretical origins of intertextuality, he applied similar concepts in analyzing literary relationships in poetry and determining the role and position of poets in the context of history. Manuscript profile

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410 - The function of headers of Florence's manuscripts in rewriting Shahnameh stories

Ancient literary stories must be told in a simple and fluent language in order to be compelling and comprehensible to today's audience. The process of narrating these tales in contemporary language should be in accordance with the principles that have two main axes: Fir More

Ancient literary stories must be told in a simple and fluent language in order to be compelling and comprehensible to today's audience. The process of narrating these tales in contemporary language should be in accordance with the principles that have two main axes: First, maintaining the structure of the story and the style of the author, and second, its conforming to the audience’s language and understanding. In this regard, rewriting and returning the stories of Shahnameh to prose, in addition to paying attention to the level of the audience, also requires knowledge about Ferdowsi's style and expression. On the other hand, attention should be paid to summarizing and simplifying stories. Each of the Shahnameh's rewrites has some degrees of summarizing and omitting story or artistic effects. But the omission of some sections damages the original structure of the story, does not reveal Ferdowsi's art in composing stories for the audience. There are several ways to convey these points and the story to the audience as completely as possible. Considering the linkage of the Shahnameh headers with the structure of the story, our suggestion in this article is to use this manuscripts of the Shahnameh based on their headings. As a notable example, we have used the Florence version, which is the oldest available version of the Shahnameh and while reviewing some of the problems in rewriting this work, we have provided solutions for more accurate rewriting. Manuscript profile

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411 - Ideational dual constructions of hope and hopelessnessin relation to social developments in the novel"Yekoliaa va tanhaayi-e ou"
nematollah hiranzade Shahnaz Arsh Akmal

Hope and hopelessness are the most important characteristics of humans, which are in close relationship with fortunes and misfortunes of life. There are numerous theories in different fields such as philosophy, ethics, psychology, social sciences, etc about this duo.H More

Hope and hopelessness are the most important characteristics of humans, which are in close relationship with fortunes and misfortunes of life. There are numerous theories in different fields such as philosophy, ethics, psychology, social sciences, etc about this duo.Hope and hopelessness are dialectical with each other and suffering as a representation of hopelessness is a background for the birth of hope.This dual has two individual and social dimensions that are directly related to each other.The individual is as a society; Thus, individual hope or hopelessness and even philosophical despair is often influenced by social status.Given the human is the main subject of the novel, the representation of hope or hopelessness in the novel can be investigated."Yekoliaa va tanhaayi-e ou" by Taghi Modarresi is one of the first allegorical novels after the 1953 coup d'état in Iran, which indirectly tries to represent the conditions of Iranian society.The present paper using descriptive-analytical method deals with the dual analysis of hope and hopelessness and its ideational constructions in this work; assuming that although the hopelessness of the novel is discourse, there is a kind of hope in it.Therefore, "Yekoliaa va tanhaayi-e ou" can be viewed from the hope’s perspective and not consider it as a mere reflection of despair and failure. Manuscript profile

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412 - Rightward Scramblingin Translation (From Persian Language to English langugae)
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam Vida Shaghaghi Mojtaba Monshizadeh Seyyed Hussein Piri

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents se More

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents seem essential to improve their translation accuracy and quality. Therefore, this study which is of descriptive-analytical and corpus based aims to investigate the impact of rightward scrambling on Persian clauses and analyze their English translated equivalents. To this end, 297 Persian rightward scrambled clauses out of 5247 clauses were collected and analyzed along with their English translated equivalents within Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014). The results show that rightward scrambling makes marked themes through rearrangements of themeta-functions. However, the translators have not paid enough attention to these clauses. In addition, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014) can be efficient means of evaluating the translation accuracy of these clauses into English. Manuscript profile

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413 - Bānu Gošasb, A Scythian heroine
marzie azimi Roozbeh zarrinkoob

Bānu Gošasb is a famous heroine who has always been considered because of her special personality.The question that arises is about the origin of such a character and such a heroine.This heroine always has been related to goddesses, while mythological, historical, and s More

Bānu Gošasb is a famous heroine who has always been considered because of her special personality.The question that arises is about the origin of such a character and such a heroine.This heroine always has been related to goddesses, while mythological, historical, and sociological origins have been supposed for her, and also, some researchers introduce her emanating either from matriarchal culture or patriarchal culture. In this essay, following the traces of her origin, we raise this question “Is Bānu Gošasb a Scythian heroine”?For this purpose, we refer to the Scythia of the Rostam family. Afterwards, we gather the features of Scythians, Sarmatians, and Scythians females;Because Bānu Gošasb is Rostam's daughter and if Rostam is from Scythian family, his daughter is also a Scythian lady.We examine the character of Bānu Gošasbin various texts and finally compare her characteristics with Scythian women. The result of this study shows that many characteristics of Bānu Gošasb and Scythian women are common and Bānu Gošasb is a Scythian heroine. Manuscript profile

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414 - A comparative analysis poetry and painting in Safavid era Based on theory of Henry Remak
Morad Esmaeeli

As an interdisciplinary study in comparative literature, this paper is to address the linkage between literature and painting in Safavid era. Integrating Remak’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept can be represented More

As an interdisciplinary study in comparative literature, this paper is to address the linkage between literature and painting in Safavid era. Integrating Remak’s theory of Comparative Literature and Art, this study is to disclose how the same concept can be represented in different forms in poetry and painting in that era. Findings show that poetries and paintings in the investigated era are not in the perpetuation of previously dominant styles. Rather, poetry and painting in this era has their own special paradigm. In fact, Safavid poets and painters enjoy a set of common principles which cannot be compared with the previous eras. Furthermore, secularism is one main presupposition which make the building blocks of thought and art in the era. Indeed, the poets and painters in the era have created their own work in various forms such as: realism, partialism (micro reading), entertainment-related reading, using surrounding elements, etc. which all are the main components of secularism. Manuscript profile

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415 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Samad Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale
alireza moghadam

“Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing disco More

“Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing discourses and the social structure that produces these discourses, offers a different conception of education and how discourses reflect the concepts of education.This research attempts to show how children's fictional literature influenced by the existing discourses and the social structure producing these discourses, affords a different conception of education and how discourses play a role in reflecting the concepts of education. In this study, an attempt was made to review, analyze and explain the story of Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale from Norman Fairclough’s approach. Our goal is to show what discourse or discourses the text is referring to by accurately analyzing the story and what relationship does this text establish between education and the social and political dimensions? Situational context reinforces the assumption of the author's ideological point of view. The result of this research, based on the analysis of critical discourse, is that Behrangi in this story has described and criticized four common contemporary discourses, namely authoritarianism, nationalism, religion and the Marxist left. The fourth discourse is Behrangi’s dominant and dependence discourse. In this work, Behrangi tries to make his discourse superior to other discourses by choosing specific words, characters, places, and metaphorical aspects.The themes of education in this story are often influenced by the left discourse and other common confrontational discourses and are formed in opposition to the discourse of the system of domination (the discourse of tyranny). Manuscript profile

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416 - Analysis of Iranian Family Evolutions in a selection of Persian Novels Based on Conflict theory
حمید رضایی Ebrahim zaheri

Changes and evolutions in society, especially the family, are studied and explained based on various theories, including the theory of conflict. According to this theory, there are different attitudes and interests in a society and also different groups, that by power, More

Changes and evolutions in society, especially the family, are studied and explained based on various theories, including the theory of conflict. According to this theory, there are different attitudes and interests in a society and also different groups, that by power, order is created between them and social stability is provided; but ultimately the unequal distribution of resources will lead to struggle and conflict between them. The present research aims to interpret and analyze the evolutions of Iranian family in novels « Talar-e Ayeneh (The Mirror Hall)» by Amir Hossein Cheheltan, «Samphony-e Mordegan (Symphony of the Dead)» by Abbas Maroufi, and «Nimey-e Ghayeb (The Absent Half)» by Hossein Sanapour based on the conflict theory and using descriptive-analytical method. This study seeks to answer the following questions: What factors have caused conflict in Iranian families during different periods? What were the benefits of the conflict? What resources have the dominated groups used to liberate themselves? And what changes has this conflict caused in the family? The results show that first conflict and tension are created in the upper families of the society,and then the middle families and afterwards lower families.; These contradictions are due to the familiarity with modernity, and in the beginning, the character of the father played the role of agency in this field. But in the following, other members of the family, especially the son character, and then, the daughter and wife have protested against the existing order. The father benefits from the existing order and other family members are dominated by him. He has resourses such as power and wealth at his disposal to continue his dominance and the subordinated group have used resources and capitals such as socio-economic and cultural capitals to emancipate themselves. The father character seeks to maintain his power and authority in the family, and other members of the family seek individuality and independence. The conflict resulting from this situation has led to changes and evulations in the values and norms of the family, especially with regard to marriage, education, and occupation, and a new order has been formed with the collapse of the previous order of the family. Manuscript profile

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417 - Investigating the Role of Conceptual Metaphors in the Evolution of literary styles (Relying on Body Metaphors in Farrokhi Sistani, Anvari, and Hafiz's poems)
Mohammad Taheri Masoumeh Archandani

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.1.2

The conceptual metaphor is the mind’s technique for conceptualizing affairs. The mind tries to conceive and contemplate some intangible affairs for itself with the help of this fundamental construct. Hence, it is expected that by changing it, we will also see a change i More

The conceptual metaphor is the mind’s technique for conceptualizing affairs. The mind tries to conceive and contemplate some intangible affairs for itself with the help of this fundamental construct. Hence, it is expected that by changing it, we will also see a change in thought-related macro-systems. Among these macrosystems are literary styles that have many factors involved in changing them. This article tries to answer the question of how the change of conceptual metaphors in time has an effect on the change of literary styles through analytical-descriptive method. To answer it, we trace the conceptual metaphors related to the body, which include the words "hand, eye, heart and head", in a selection of poems by Farrokhi Sistani, Anvari and Hafez. By analyzing the obtained information, we conclude that conceptual metaphors have undergone significant changes over time that are in line with the evolution of literary styles and are variables affecting the evolution of styles. Manuscript profile

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418 - The development of social identity in the story "Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj" Based on the general theory of verbal humor
Fatemeh Mozaffari Navid Firuzi

10.29252/.17.53.133

"Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj" is a Persian translation of the memoirs of Firoozeh Jazaieri Duma written based on her unique social experience as an Iranian immigrant living in the United States. The current paper aims to examine the components and mechanisms of the humor of More

"Atr-e Sonbol, Atr-e Kaj" is a Persian translation of the memoirs of Firoozeh Jazaieri Duma written based on her unique social experience as an Iranian immigrant living in the United States. The current paper aims to examine the components and mechanisms of the humor of mentioned story based on the "General Theory of Verbal Humor". In this method, the variables used to examine a funny narrative are divided into six categories: language, target, situation, narrative strategy, logical mechanism, and Script Opposition. In the present study, which is based on the target variable; It has been shown how Firoozeh, by targeting people outside the group and within the group, introduces appropriate and inappropriate social behaviors that she has encountered and achieves a new and selective identity; An identity that neither alienates her from her past values nor isolates her in the new culture. Her verbal humor can create a group bond between readers of different races, especially female audiences. In addition, in her funny narrative, "target" is higher than "Script Opposition " (variable of laughter). Manuscript profile

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419 - Appearance of Naturalistic Components In the Fiction works of the Sacred Defense (Case study: "Zemestan-e 62" (The winter 62) and "Safar be Geray-e 270 Darajeh" (Journey to 270 degrees))
Mahboubeh Banimahjour manouchehr akbari

Naturalism is a literary perspective that considers the behaviors, attitudes and thoughts of humans originated from inner instincts and natural urge. According to the theory of naturalists, all the facts and phenomena in nature are in the field of scientific knowledge a More

Naturalism is a literary perspective that considers the behaviors, attitudes and thoughts of humans originated from inner instincts and natural urge. According to the theory of naturalists, all the facts and phenomena in nature are in the field of scientific knowledge and can be justified by the laws of natural sciences.in the other words, naturalism is the formula for the application of modern science in literature.Naturalism emphasizes aspects of inheritance, environment, definitive fate, see life away from idealism and negating supernatural issues in literature,and in this way draws details which are generally ugly and disgusting. After the constitution, literary naturalism entered the field of Persian fiction through the translation of literary works and influenced writers such as SadeghChobak, SadeghHedayat, Ahmad Mahmoud, Mohammad Masoud, Ismail Fasih, etc.Examining the literary works of holy defense shows the existence of some prominent elements of naturalism such as objectivism, pessimism, black thinking, extensive description of war disasters, rare use of some unconventional expressions about warriors, attention to the science of physiology, and so on taht are seen in some of such works.This research has analyzed some of the characteristics of naturalism in the two novels "Zamestan 62" by Ismail Fasih and "Safar be Geray-e 270 Darajeh" by Ahmed Dehghan using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library sources.The result of the investigation based on the textual evidence shows that some naturalistic elements are prominent in these two works.It can be said that what distinguishes naturalistic works from other writings can be identified in these two novels. Manuscript profile

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420 - Feminine Roles in the Novels “Pirzad” and “Wolf” Based on Jung's Archetypal Theory
Maryam Ramin Nia Mona Ali madadi Maryam Bay

The critique of archetype, based on the theories of Carl Gustav Jung, explores archetypes in literary texts and explains their roles, functions, and transformations.Among the archetypes that Jung enumerates in his works, we can mention four female archetypes that appear More

The critique of archetype, based on the theories of Carl Gustav Jung, explores archetypes in literary texts and explains their roles, functions, and transformations.Among the archetypes that Jung enumerates in his works, we can mention four female archetypes that appear as feminine roles in their lives. These four roles are: the role of mother, wife, Madonna and the role of Amazon. These roles appear in relation to others, the environment and the culture that governs the living environment in women's behaviors. By examining the literary works of women, it is possible to see how and to what extent these roles are present. By studying the literary works of women, one can see how these roles are present. Western and Iranian female writers drawers these roles in different ways.In the present study, we, comparatively, analyze these feminine roles in the novels “Cheraghha Ra Man Khamoosh Mikonam (I turn off the lights)” and “Aadat Mikonim (We get used to)” by Zoya Pirzad and “Mrs. Dalloway” and “To the Lighthouse” by Virginia Woolf. The conclusion shows that the feminine roles based on Jung archetypes are not used in the same way in Pirzad and Wolf. As a Western novelist, Wolff deals with the roles of mother and wife in a more balanced way. She has applied much more Madonna's role for “The Lighthouse” but Amazon role in Mrs. Dalioway has drawn powerfully. Wolf's feminist approach has not been ineffective in addressing these issues. In Pirzad's works we see the role of the mother in a sacrificial approach and the role of wife in the conservative approach. She has a special place for the role of Madonna and has gradually incorporated the role of Amazon in the framework of traditional Eastern culture in a step-by-step and faint way in her works. Manuscript profile

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421 - The function of color as a symbol in mythologization and demythologization: a case-study of "Chaahaar Sandough", play written byBahramBeyzaie
ali yarahmadi زهرا سیدیزدی hamid jafari gharyeh ali

Myths reflect our ancestors' understanding of their surrounding phenomena. Many myths, in their evolution after re-reading and reproduction, have been usually compounded with the two main concepts of mythologizing and demythologizing. In Iran, one of the towering figure More

Myths reflect our ancestors' understanding of their surrounding phenomena. Many myths, in their evolution after re-reading and reproduction, have been usually compounded with the two main concepts of mythologizing and demythologizing. In Iran, one of the towering figures in this field is Bahram Beyzaie. One of his works is a play called "Chahar Sandough", in which he has constructed and addressed myths wich is not bound to any time or place. This study investigates the influence of the ancient myths of Iran as well as the role of Beyzai on the production of mythological elements with regard to the function of the color symbol in the text of the play. The research question deals with the role of the color symbol in the play "Chaahaar Sandough".The authors of this paper will also attempt to examine the manner of mythologization and demythologization in Beyzai’s text. The result of the research indicates that the Beyzai’s narrative, on the one hand, has a deep connection with the myths related to the geography of his place of residence, and and on the other hand, he tries to highlight the mythologization and demythologization in the play. Refusal to show the superiority of good over evil in the end of the play, the symbolic use of colors instead of the characters' names and the reversal of symbols, especially colors, are all signs of demythologization in "Chaahaar Sandough" play. In this play, like a myth, we face the story of creation. Of course, the story of creation that is confronted with changing. The devil (scarecrow) is created not by the will and power of God, but by imperfect beings (colors), as they themselves admit. This component is a sign of the Beyzai manipulation of myths. Manuscript profile

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422 - A comparative study of the concept of moderation inthe advices of the sixth "Dinkard" and in Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh
zahra delpazi Mohammad behnamfar MOHAMMAD REZA RASHED MOHASSEL

One of the basic concepts in Iranian thought is the principle of moderation in life affairs, which is clearly reflected in Pahlavi books and advice letters, especially in the sixth book of Dinkard, the most detailed advice letter in the Pahlavi language. In Ferdowsi's S More

One of the basic concepts in Iranian thought is the principle of moderation in life affairs, which is clearly reflected in Pahlavi books and advice letters, especially in the sixth book of Dinkard, the most detailed advice letter in the Pahlavi language. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which is considered as the summary of pre-Islamic Iranian culture, moderation is one of the basic principles that has been emphasized in various advices.In this article, we have tried to represent the similarities of these two books on moderation in a comparative way and with a content analysis approach. The results show that the concept of moderation in the Sixth Dinkard and Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh are very close to one another. In both books, thr extremes of excessiveness are examples of evil, and the good that lies between them is a symbol of moderation. On the other hand, goodness equals goodwill, good thinking and good speech; Three important principles of Zoroastrian thought that are directly related to reason and guide people to a rational life based on moderation.There is also a close link between moderation and justice that evokes the concept of "asha" in Zoroastrian thought.It is noteworthy that the concept of moderation in the sixth Dinkard is more consistent with the recommendations of the historical part of the Shahnameh, especially poems related to the reign of Khosrow Anoshirvan, and sometimes the recommendations are quite similar which could be the result of the direct influence of the sixth Dinkard on Shahnameh or due tocommon sources for the two books. Manuscript profile

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423 - A Study on How "Odors"are Descibed in Persian Written Texts
azam estaji

The present paper studies how odors are described in selected data from Persian written texts. For this purpose, instances of the use of the word "odor" and its dependents were extracted from two written corpus (including news and fiction texts, with about nine million More

The present paper studies how odors are described in selected data from Persian written texts. For this purpose, instances of the use of the word "odor" and its dependents were extracted from two written corpus (including news and fiction texts, with about nine million words) and were classified and described based on structural and semantic features. Examination of the data shows that odors in Persian are described more with Ezafet constructions than descriptive constructions (82% vs. 18%). Regarding the method of describing odors, it was also found that Persian speakers prefer to describe odors with reference to their origin rather than using adjectives. In addition, it was found that in Ezafet constructions where odor is described with an noun, odor finds metaphorical usage and is used figuratively to mean "effect and sign". Regarding the adjectives used to describe odors, it was found that on the one hand there are limited adjectives to describe odors and on the other hand these adjectives can be semantically divided into three categories: pleasant adjectives, unpleasant adjectives and adjectives that emphasize odor specificity. In addition, the comparison of the two data sets showed that in the data extracted from news texts, the ratio of metaphorical use of smell was higher and in the data extracted from fictional texts, the ratio of describing smell by referring to its origin was higher, this difference can be explained by the nature of the texts being analyzed. Manuscript profile

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424 - A Comparative Study and Analysis of the Antichrist in Persian Poetry and Islamic Traditions
Elham Nazary Esmail Tajbakhsh

The issue of the Antichrist has been mentioned in most religions and his sedition has been reminded to the prophets as first mentioned of him in the Epistle of John. According to John, the Antichrist is any one who has different opinions about the embodiment of Christ, More

The issue of the Antichrist has been mentioned in most religions and his sedition has been reminded to the prophets as first mentioned of him in the Epistle of John. According to John, the Antichrist is any one who has different opinions about the embodiment of Christ, and any spirit that denies the embodiment of Jesus is the Antichrist. But the background to the formation of the concept of the Antichrist can be found in the apocalyptic and revelationtic discussions of the early periods of Jewish history, especially in the book of Daniel. This issue has been mentioned in various forms in Islamic texts and some possibilities have been given about its origin. Some believe that he is a person and some believe that he is a type and a description.With the introduction of Quranic and Islamic themes in Persian literature, themes related to the Antichrist have also been used by poets and have been reflected in their poetry. The poets' intention in expressing these themes was not merely an allusion, but they used them to express their views in the form of similes, metaphors and symbols. Although the Antichrist is a hated figure and has not been widely reflected in Persian poetry; Nevertheless, this reflection is low, special and significant. In Persian poetry, "the person of the Antichrist" is predominant and poets do not pay attention to other possibilities given about him in Islamic texts. This article has examined the reflection of the Antichrist in two areas of Islamic texts and Persian poetry in separate sections and, in conclusion, has made a comparison between these two areas in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

425 - Analysis of Contradictions in Shams Tabrizi's Thought from a Psychological Perspective
مریم عاملی رضایی foad Moloudi

In the process of psychological development of any human subject and in order to his socialization, the mind has to learn the categorizations and classifications.Social subject learns to classify the objects, phenomena and concepts in the form of opposites and opposit More

In the process of psychological development of any human subject and in order to his socialization, the mind has to learn the categorizations and classifications.Social subject learns to classify the objects, phenomena and concepts in the form of opposites and opposite pairs, and this categorization is one of the necessary conditions for entering the social life and world of signs. The necessity of these categorizations necessitates the acceptance of structural rules; in other words, human being shall first give structure to the world for concept making, and giving structure is not possible except in the form of contrary couples.This point is one of the main foundations of structuralism and other similar items in the field of language, mind and social issues.But, if we study the psyche in an original and pre-cultural state, the contradictions indicate the decrease and simplification, and only shows the direction of libido power in socialization current. In other words, the psychic force in its pre-cultural state is a homogenous, unique and united issue experiencing the dissension during the socialization current.This desire to return to the world of unity has appeared in the intuitive thinking and in the epistemological system of our Muslim mystics in the form of the ideas of existential unity. The image of this unified world, in which most of the main contradictions are united in their infrastructure, in the form of a language that is the essence of contrasts, has caused some mystical texts get the paradoxical property and some considerable facilities made therein. In this regard, Shams Tabrizi's articles are one of the most prominent texts.In the present paper, based on the mentioned psychoanalytic concepts, we have shown that in the infrastructure of Shams's thought, the existing contradictions at the level of conscious and social matter are discarded and Shams views them as naturally harmonic affairs in a new epistemological approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

426 - The Prammaticalization of the Verb "goftan" In New Persian
Mehrdad Meshkinfam Elham Izadi

One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This pap More

One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This paper aims to investigate the pragmmaticalization of the verb "goftan" (i.e. sayying) in New Persian. In order to investigate more exactly, we have divided New Persian into two separate periods: Early New Persian and Modern Persian.In early New Persian, the verb "goftan" functioned as the main lexical verb in the meanings of "to say" and "to name”, expressed the concept of inductive modality and also participated in impersonal constructions.In Modern Persian, in addition to conserve previous functions, this linguistic element is evolved into a discourse marker through pragmmaticalization.In this new function, "goftan" also appears in two other forms as "migam" and "begu" and functions as initiating discourse, changing the topic, and referring to new information. The token frequency of "migam" is more than "begu".The research data has been extracted from the books written in Early New Persian language, internet, and TV movies.Because discourse markers are mostly found in the spoken variety, the TV movies have been chosen in order to investigate functions of the verb "goftan" as a discourse marker in Modern Persian. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

427 - Sociological analysis of Shamloo's and AbuMazi's poetry based on Henry Zalamansky's theory
marjan aliakbarzade zehtab Hossen Yazdani

Social developments have been reflected in Iranian and Lebanese literature since the beginning of the twentieth century in an especial way, and the poems of Ahmad Shamloo in contemporary Iranian literature and the poems of Abu Mazi in contemporary Lebanese literature ha More

Social developments have been reflected in Iranian and Lebanese literature since the beginning of the twentieth century in an especial way, and the poems of Ahmad Shamloo in contemporary Iranian literature and the poems of Abu Mazi in contemporary Lebanese literature have had special importance in terms of reflecting social developments.The present article aims to explain the reflections of social events in Shamloo and AbuMazi’s poetry based on the dominant content theory in Henri Zalamansky's sociology of literature with a descriptive-analytical approach based on the American School of Comparative Literature.The results of the research show that the contemporary social developments in Iran and Lebanon have a clear function in Shamloo and Abu Mazi's poetry and have created common themes in the poetry of these two Iranian and Lebanese poets.The two poets' response to the problems of their society - which, from Zalamansky's point of view, is reflected in various literary forms - is "the struggle for freedom". Shamloo depicts the struggle against the oppression of the Pahlavi regime and Abu Madi depicts the struggle against the oppression of the Ottoman empire.Concepts such as the hardships of immigration, patriotism, criticism of poverty and suffering of the people, complaining about the ruling tyranny, enlightenment and struggle against oppression, freedom-seeking and seeking justice are the social concepts of the poetry of these two poets. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

428 - Representation of hegemony and anti-hegemony in thediscourse of Bahar's "Jomhoori"poem based on Antonio Gramsci's views
reza ghanbari abdolmaleki ailin firooziyan

Hegemony is generally defined as a kind of intellectual-cultural leadership that is applied to the majority of people by a dominant group. In the meantime, the anti-hegemonic groups have a kind of discourse that it conflicts with the accepted values of the government. I More

Hegemony is generally defined as a kind of intellectual-cultural leadership that is applied to the majority of people by a dominant group. In the meantime, the anti-hegemonic groups have a kind of discourse that it conflicts with the accepted values of the government. In order to advance goals, the dominant discourse tries to gain hegemony; and the marginal anti-hegemony groups also design some strategies to hegemonized their discourse. This study uses the content analysis method based on Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony in order to analyze the discourse of Malekalshara's Republic poem in which he produces both hegemony and anti-hegemony. In this poem which has two different meaning, Malekalshara apparently agrees with Reza Khan's Republican discourse, but in fact he challenges Reza Khan new political order through language strategies implicitly. The two different semantic faces of a text structure, leads to textual contradiction which is taken into the consideration in this poem. This article studies the hegemonic process of the republican system by approaching the bahar discourse and also examines Reza Khan's behaviors in cultural hegemonic processes in order to create a new political order. Our theoretical foundation for entering the channel of discussion, as stated earlier, is Antonio Gramsci's hegemony theory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

429 - The Mythical Foundation of the Conceptual Metaphor of Death in Rumi's Masnavi
Alireza Shabanlu

According to the Islamic mysticism, the death is the main path to the truth recognition and connection to it.Death frees the soul from the cage of the body and gives meaning to life and defines his/her purpose; Hence, death is the fruit of life.This kind of thought is a More

According to the Islamic mysticism, the death is the main path to the truth recognition and connection to it.Death frees the soul from the cage of the body and gives meaning to life and defines his/her purpose; Hence, death is the fruit of life.This kind of thought is also in some myths. Rumi is one of the mystics who has used mythological ideas in drawing the image of death.The current paper explored the death metaphors in Rumi's Masnavi using the conceptual metaphor method and theory to figure out the relationship between Rumi's thought about death and mythical ideas as well as the role of mythical beliefs in defining the path of mystical conduct.We found that Rumi, like most mystics, has recognized and dealt (especially the death of immortality) in the context of the "journey back and up to the Principle / God / Truth" and through this, has opened the path of mystical conduct and has introduced death as a method of the truth recognition and mysticism attainment with shown its key role in the process of receiving divine knowledge and mystical conduct.The basis of this metaphor is the principle of the duality of soul and body in the belief in the duality of the ancient Iranians, which spread in the region of West Asia and North Africa and southern Europe until it emerged from Plato's "The theory of Forms". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

430 - Analysis of the reflection of "Sheikh Sanaan"story in some selected Persian novels
sudabe farhadi mohsen hoseyni ali noori

The story of "Sheikh Sanaan" is the story of the love of an oldholy man and his surrender to a girl of another faiththat finally leades to him questioning his own faith.This story is reflected in a considerable number of Persian novels, sometimes in the form of recreati More

The story of "Sheikh Sanaan" is the story of the love of an oldholy man and his surrender to a girl of another faiththat finally leades to him questioning his own faith.This story is reflected in a considerable number of Persian novels, sometimes in the form of recreation and sometimes in the form of rewriting.The aim of the present study is to show,compare and analyze the rewrites and recreations of Sheikh Sanaan's mystical story in Persian novel, based on these for novels: "Yakoliaa va tanhaayi-e ou", "Savushoun", " Toubaa va manaay- e shab" and "Rood-e Raavi". This study shows that, like the story of Sheikh Sanaan, helplessness in love is evident in all four novels; but the characters’ reaction to the realization of their infatuation is different in each story.The exaltation of the old man's character also occurs through love in all four narratives.There are also differences in the fate of the female beloved after the occurrence of love. Except for" Yakoliaa va tanhaayi-e ou ", in the other three stories, the woman is also saved. In addition to the divine motive - to cause each of the characters to fall in love - other external and internal motives can be consideredfor the tendency of female characters to this process.In the novels "Yakoliaa va tanhaayi-e ou " and " Rood-e Raavi ", the woman is an evil element who deliberately puts herself in the path of an ascetic man, while in the other two novels, her lover has voluntarily set foot on the path of love. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

431 - From mind to lived experience; Comparative Analysis in the Early and Late Poetry of Qeysar Aminpour
seyedreza shakeri Mohammad kamalizadeh

From a philosophical and theoretical point of view, two intellectual approaches can be identified and analyzed in Qeysar Aminpour poetry; Early Poetry and Late Poetry.The aim of this research is to show the fulfillment of formation of these two types in relation to cont More

From a philosophical and theoretical point of view, two intellectual approaches can be identified and analyzed in Qeysar Aminpour poetry; Early Poetry and Late Poetry.The aim of this research is to show the fulfillment of formation of these two types in relation to contextual developments and to explain the differences between the two from the perspective of intellectual and spiritual evolution of the poet.In earlier poetry, the poet is influenced by intellectual, political, and environmental conditions, and the focus of poetry production and the poet's mind is mainly religious and revolutionary ideas and beliefs that produce poems with specific themes.In Aminpour's recent poetry, lived experience takes the place of the mind and poems are produced with the focus and content of human situations in life.The theoretical basis of this research is the concept of lived experience in Wilhelm Deltay's theory of humanities, which has been used by literary scholars to study the poems of many poets.The findings of this study show that Qeysar Aminpour is a poet influenced by the social, intellectual and political developments of his society and larger common human world, and goes through the evolutionary process in poetry and achieves a new language and world of poetry dimensions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

432 - The Study of VaqVaqSahab Based on General Theory of Verbal Humor (Investigating on Target, Script Opposition and Logical Mechanism)
Navid Firuzi Fatemeh Mozaffari

In this article, one of the most important works of humor in the history of Persian literature Hedayat’sVaqVaqSahab is reviewed and analyzed based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor. This work has special features in all six Knowledge Resources, but the focus of this More

In this article, one of the most important works of humor in the history of Persian literature Hedayat’sVaqVaqSahab is reviewed and analyzed based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor. This work has special features in all six Knowledge Resources, but the focus of this study has been on the three variables of Target (T), Script Opposition (SO), and Logical Mechanism (LM). VaqVaqSahab contains the traits of humorous narrative texts; both in the final part of the joke (punch lines) and within the body of the text (jab lines). Moreover, thereaders’ expectation of targeting at out-group and showing solidarity with in- group (a common tool for creating humor)is violated in VaqVaqSahab. Two SOs of tradition/ modernity and the appearance/ realityare added to previously introduced SOs in this theory. Exaggeration, meta-humor (self-reflection), proximity, consequences, false analogy and inversion are some of the widely used LMs in this work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

433 - Analysis of Women's Storytelling after the Islamic Revolution Based on the Cognitive Current
sepideh seyyed faraji Farhad Tahmasbi Ruqayyah Sadraie

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, women's storytelling has developed. Both the number of female writers has increased and the themes of the stories have become more diverse. The political and social atmosphere after the revolution has also provided the ground More

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, women's storytelling has developed. Both the number of female writers has increased and the themes of the stories have become more diverse. The political and social atmosphere after the revolution has also provided the ground for the expansion and diversity of women's storytelling. In most of what women have written, the focus of the story and characters is on the issue of women. Some women in their stories search for their feminine selves and reflect this identification from the perspective of female narratives; This section of women's works deals with female narratives that describe the female world (in terms of identity, emotion, gender, etc.). Some of the works of women reflect the political and social issues of the time. In these stories, the role of women in politics and society is generally shown, most of these stories refer to the role of women in the revolution and the war. Some female writers also write popular narratives of life and society for audiences that are generally female. A number of other women narrate the contrast between tradition and modernity, sometimes arguing for tradition and sometimes protesting against prevailing traditions and beliefs. This study has been done to identify and introduce the currents of women's storytelling in the post-revolutionary years. Therefore, based on a cognitive current model, this reserch categorizes and introduces several currents of women's storytelling. To separate and recognize the currents, three factors have been considered: first, the political and social context of the emergence of the current is introduced, then the focal points of the current are shown, and finally, the initiators and continuators of the current are discussed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

434 - Comparative Analysis of "Tiny Characters" in Folk Legends of Iran, Germany and Japan
minoo hamedanizadeh soheila farhangi

“Tiny characters” are among lovely and specific characters in world folk legends. They are very small children who have vegetable or human roots and are born into families that have longed for children, like “Nokhodi” in Iranian folklore legends. These characters can b More

“Tiny characters” are among lovely and specific characters in world folk legends. They are very small children who have vegetable or human roots and are born into families that have longed for children, like “Nokhodi” in Iranian folklore legends. These characters can be seen not only in the tales of our country but also in the legends of other nations and can be considered and studied. Thus, this research aims to study and analyze Tiny characters, comparing them and defining their characteristics.Here to achieve this goal, we used Iranians’ folk legends, gathered by Fazl-o-allah Mohtadi (Sobhi), such as “Nokhodoo”, “Jastik Nokhodi” and “Nokhodi and Deev”. Also German folk legends written by Grimm Brothers, such as “Tom thumb”, “Thumb and Thumbling”; and Japanese folk legends written by Shogo Hirata and Florence Sakade, such as “Peach boy, Little One-Inch, Little One-Inch ” are used.This research tries to show the similarities and differences of Tiny characters in the folk legends of Iran and the world with a descriptive-analytical method and with the approach of comparative literature. These similarities can be found in the vegetable origin of most of these characters and their ethical features such as confidence, responsibility, braveness, intelligence, justice seeking, fighting against oppression and so on. There are also small differences in the type of their birth, how to achieve the goals, etc., which can be considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

435 - Analysis of God's active image in agriculture from myth to mysticism
mozhgan zarrinfekr maryam salehinia

Images of God are the result of the efforts of the human mind to understand better the mysterious and sacred existence.One of the most prominent images of God in the infinite range of human imagination is the "God of the Farmer" from whom we can call God's action in agr More

Images of God are the result of the efforts of the human mind to understand better the mysterious and sacred existence.One of the most prominent images of God in the infinite range of human imagination is the "God of the Farmer" from whom we can call God's action in agriculture. This image, inside of the images of the realm of herbages makes the aspect of God's action in creation objective and tangible.God's activity in agriculture in texts that contain images for God, despite its dynamic presence, has undergone several changes. The present article has been reviewed this image in mythology, sacred texts and mysticism with a descriptive-analytical method and with the approach of metaphorical analysis. In mythology, the creation of God in the work of the goddess of fertility and the god of plant death is explained in the form of the rotation of seasons. In the sacred texts, this action is assigned to Ahuramazda, Yahweh, the God of the Father and Allah, in accordance with the context of each text, and in mysticism, this action is depicted in a diverse and comprehensive way with human focus.The results of the study showed; this image has passed a rotational journey from nature outside to nature within man and from objective nature to nature. In addition, the expansion of God's authority and dominion over the world and man is one of the things that can be seen in the transformation of this image. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

436 - Classification of the Kramat of Olia
Mohammad Roodgar

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.60.2.2

The main issue in all the Sufi tricks is Kramat. Kramat are unknown or less known phenomena that have hidden and supernatural causes. Neglecting the recognition, definition, classification and the mystical foundations of them, has led many to deny these facts. One of th More

The main issue in all the Sufi tricks is Kramat. Kramat are unknown or less known phenomena that have hidden and supernatural causes. Neglecting the recognition, definition, classification and the mystical foundations of them, has led many to deny these facts. One of the necessary preconditions for the recognition of Kramat is its various classification methods. The classification of a phenomenon that human beings can not understand the causes of its causes is a complicated subject that has been addressed by mystics, Sufis and scholars. However, it has not been reported in the mystical texts of the scientific and comprehensive classification of Kramat. Most of these texts are dedicated to enumeration of Kramat samples. Kramat Sometimes classified up against contrary to habits and sometimes among themselves. The present study is devoted to the classification of Kramat among themselves and studied in more than fifteen new and old classifications of different dignity. Manuscript profile

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437 - mythical places in folktales
Sara Chalak

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.60.3.3

Mythical thought is a kind of worldview that has always saved his situation in humans mind. Mythical idea introduce itself by divide the phenomena of the world into sacred and unholy. Locality is an important mythical subject that differ from modern man’s thinking about More

Mythical thought is a kind of worldview that has always saved his situation in humans mind. Mythical idea introduce itself by divide the phenomena of the world into sacred and unholy. Locality is an important mythical subject that differ from modern man’s thinking about place. Mythical place differ from its surrounding because it is sacred. It may be an archetype like mount or fountain, or may be it has become sacred because of the unworldly object. It has influential power to characters.it can change characters. Folktale as an old type of oral literature contain the insight, philosophic thought and life style of past human being. One of the mythical subject in folktales is locality. This places cause of the relationship with the transcendental affairs, consider as a mythical place. Most of characters in folktale, change mentally by being there and their destiny change. In this article, we tried to use the theories of great mythologists such as Mircea Eliade and Ernest Cassirer to analyze e few sets of folktales. For this purpose, the places such as mount, fountain, sea, river, garden, well were investigated.and their mythical modality was examined. my research method in this article is descriptive and analithical. . Manuscript profile

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438 - A Study of the Semantic Parallels of the Concept of Love throughout Persian Poetry using Qualitative Content Analysis
masoume mohammadi Asghar Daadbeh Hormoz Rahimhan

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.2.3

Love is one of the most prominent concepts in Persian poetry that contains broad conceptual capacities to indirectly influence the semantic structure of the constantly transformative grounds of thought and functions of poetry. This research aims to understand whether th More

Love is one of the most prominent concepts in Persian poetry that contains broad conceptual capacities to indirectly influence the semantic structure of the constantly transformative grounds of thought and functions of poetry. This research aims to understand whether through these transformations, the concept of love remains constant in the ever-changing semantic system or it undergoes dissociative fluctuations. Furthermore, this article tries to answer this question by approaching the poetry of different time-periods in their original form and focus on the interpretations that may arise from them. This matter gains further importance when we consider the decisive role that the concept of love plays in touching the reader’s emotions and its corresponding cultural influence throughout time. Hence, this research aims to arrive at the audience’s emotional involvement and the importance of cultural occasions by studying the concept of love in canonical works of poetry extending to different time-periods. Since the cultural occasions must correspond to their semantic parallels of the concept of love, we seek to extract these parallel meanings from the concealed concepts of Persian poetry. To arrive at these hidden components of poetry, this article views the Qualitative Content Analysis method in direct contact with thought centered content analysis. Therefore, two extensive stylistic schools of ancient and contemporary Persian poetry are studied to illustrate the semantic process that the concept of love undergoes and the scope contains some of the most important approaches of Qualitative Content Analysis such as: concealed and apparent meaning, semantic units, interpretive units, regional contents, theme and motif. This research concludes that through this process, the original semantic structure of this concept has been kept by remaining in close contact with its fundamental parallel meanings. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

439 - Discursive function of "Zindiq": Pahlavi literature and Arabic and Persian Texts of
Alireza Heydari Mojtaba Monshizadeh Faezeh Farazandehpour

In this article, using the approaches related to "critical discourse analysis" (CDA), the function of the word "Zindiq" (heretic) over time has been studied.Apparently, this word was used for the first time in Sassanid Pahlavi literature in the inscriptions of Cartier ( More

In this article, using the approaches related to "critical discourse analysis" (CDA), the function of the word "Zindiq" (heretic) over time has been studied.Apparently, this word was used for the first time in Sassanid Pahlavi literature in the inscriptions of Cartier (Zoroastrian dogmatic priest) about the Manicheans who were oppressed and killed by this person.The word "Zindiq" was then used in Pahlavi, Arabic, and Persian literature to drive out and suppress ideological dissent.According to Foucault's classification of "exclusion" methods (in 1970), presumably, the derivation of "zand" to the Avestan root of zan- (to know) in "Zindiq" had been hidden by Zoroastrian priests in Sassanid period.In this study, it becomes clear that according to Fairclough (1995)'s three-layered model in discourse analysis and "intertextuality", relying on the texts of a period, the discourse function of words such as "Zindiq" is not understood or it is hardly possible to understand the discursive functions of this word in the texts of one area.It will also become clear that over time, Zandik's rejection of the discourse will expand, and that the leaders of any discourse, along with their followers, will often expel their opponents on Zandik charges in order to gain hegemony over their ideology.According to Laclau and Mouffe's (1985) theory of discourse, from during the juridical discourse of Sasanian period and later on, the new meanings were added to this word (Zindiq) by different "elements". Consequently, the function and meaning of "Zindiq" changed from “interpreter of Avesta” to innovator (heretic), sinister, magician, etc.Thus, the implications of lexical jurisprudence are useless without CDA for understanding the meaning and function of "Zindiq". Manuscript profile

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440 - Critical reading of Dolatabadi's "Bani-Adam" collection based on Theo Van Leeuwen 's social semiotics approach
مریم ممی زاده Bizhan zahirinav shokrollah pouralkhas امین نواختی مقدّم

The Bani-Adam collection includes six stories from "The Lives of Contemporary Humans". The actions of the characters are a reflection of the author's social and political atmosphere.In this paper, this collection of stories has been examined from the perspective of Van More

The Bani-Adam collection includes six stories from "The Lives of Contemporary Humans". The actions of the characters are a reflection of the author's social and political atmosphere.In this paper, this collection of stories has been examined from the perspective of Van Livon's principles of social semiotics to determine what tacticsDolatabadi - in the action of the actors -uses to represent the social and political harms in society.To achieve this goal, the stories were studied in a descriptive-analytical method based on the principles of Van Leeuwen 's social semiotics.The findings show that the narrative form of the story, in the imaginary and surreal atmosphere, includes social and political harms.The separation of the framing of stories in the infrastructure reveals the opposition between tradition and modernity, right and wrong, selfishness and otherness.The personal and impersonal authority in the lower layers of the stories speaks of the domination of the individual over the individual and the state over the people.The absence of female, lack of her naming and denial indicate the ignoring of women in the patriarchal society of Iran at that time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

441 - Recognizing mystical and demonic states according to "Teresaof Avila" and "JalālaldīnRūmī"
Bakhshali Ghanbari

Human inner can have three states; psychological, mystical and satanic states. Cognition of these states, especially mystical and satanic states has been one of the important topics of mystical epistemology, and the mystics themselves have been awared in this matter. Te More

Human inner can have three states; psychological, mystical and satanic states. Cognition of these states, especially mystical and satanic states has been one of the important topics of mystical epistemology, and the mystics themselves have been awared in this matter. Teresaof Avila (1515-1582 AD) and JalālaldīnRūmī (604-672 AH) have more or less dealt with this matter in their works. Extracting and comparing the opinions of these two mystics can help more in recognition of the true and false mystical states.The study of this issue showed that both mystics consider the God as the main source of the true mystical state and the devil and the illusion of man as the source of false stateandemerge the consolations to human beings can be given withthemysticalstates; which are also divided into two categories: mystical and satanic. Apparently Teresa and Rumi both believe that genuine status can be realize to the future, but the false states remain in the realm of mental or expressive matters. Teresa's speeches are more precise and slight than Rumi in this feild.Both mystics suggest personal testing in some cases to distinguish true states from false states; That is, until the person himself hasn’t spent through such states, he can not recognize other cases.In this feild, Rumi mentions the authenticity recognition of a mystical state through another mystical state, which is similar to Teresa’s idea. According to both mystics, real statefrees the human from the captivity of the world, whereas the false statecaptureshuman into the world and carnal desires. Enjoying the criterions of the lack clarity of inductions, false, (locution) and their similarity to the dream, the availability of false state and far from the availability of mystical states and the possibility of verifying them in prayer and supplication can help in recognizing these states. Unexpected, the non-attribution of pure states to oneself and turning one's attention to God, reinforcing morality and religiosity are the indicators of mystical states. Manuscript profile

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442 - Poetry analysis of "Simorgh" and "Phoenix" in the transition from Epic and mysticism in modern Persian poetry based on the poem "Phoenix" by Nima Youshij
sara hosseini rahman zabihi alireza shohani

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.3.4

Simorgh and Phoenix, as mythical creatures, have different visual effects and images in every literary genres. The claim that this study seeks to prove is that these birds have many existential characteristics that any literary genre, according to its context, pays atte More

Simorgh and Phoenix, as mythical creatures, have different visual effects and images in every literary genres. The claim that this study seeks to prove is that these birds have many existential characteristics that any literary genre, according to its context, pays attention to, and this point is quite obvious in the transition of classical poetry to the New-Persian one. Accordingly, in order to prove this claim, the similarities and existential differences between Simorgh and Phoenix in the prominent examples of epic, mystical and modern poetry are examined, and the differences between Nima's view from this perspective is studied and analyzed as well. The present study aims to answer two fundamental questions: What changes are occurred in the image clusters of Simorgh and Phoenix in the transition from epic and mysticism to modern Persian poetry? To what extent does the poetic image of Phoenix in Nima's poem "Phoenix" represent a new look that he sought to design and expand in modern Persian poetry from the pictorial poetics point of view? The results of this study represent that Nima uses Phoenix in a symbolic structure via utilizing the familiarity of the Iranian human mind with the images of Simorgh and Phoenix. Furthermore, this time he employs the phoenix in a symbolic structure, overcoming the objectivist aspect of his poetry and presents his socio-political thought, while the aspect of the poem always prevailed in the symbolic poems before him. In addition to presenting the complete and, of course, short narration of this poem, the findings shows Nima's new attempt to replace "the image instead of the specification", thanks to the coherence of the poetic images. Manuscript profile

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443 - Eponym (Nambakhsh): Eponym (Nambakhsh): A kind of rhetoric in Persian language
hosein ghorbanpoor elmira taslimi

The eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it More

The eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it is mostly used in common language; and contrary to metaphor, which requires a symmetrical understanding, eponym is rooted in the unconscious group of a particular people or culture.In fact, eponyms are stereotyped metaphors which understanding them depends on cultural similarity. Such words have been widely used in language; but in Persian, so far no research has been done on this genre. This research seeks to introduce eponym as a genre and also to classify such nouns based on their semantic domain and type of its usage.The method of this research has been qualitative and its data has been done based on descriptive-analytical method and using library study tools. The result of this division is putting eponyms in eight different groups: religious and non-religious, animals and people, positive and negative, politics and place. On the other hand, they have been put in six categories: names of persons, animals, place, accessories related to religious and mythical elders, and in the meanings of virtual worlds and adjective. The most frequent eponyms in Persian are special nouns that have become adjectives such as Iblis and the Antichrist. Some eponyms are animals that have become adjectivessuch as carnivores and hyenas. Some place names have also become adjectives; like Sahrayeh Karbala & Resurrection. Manuscript profile

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444 - Stylistic Study and Analysis of Black Humor in Short Stories by Bahram Sadeghi
nayereh shateri mahboobeh khorasani morteza rashidi

Black humor is a form of comedy that seeks to show suffering and boredom, anonymity and emptiness, worriment and death anxiety, and fear and loneliness of contemporary man through satire. Bahram Sadeghi is one of the novelists who carefully and delicately used the abili More

Black humor is a form of comedy that seeks to show suffering and boredom, anonymity and emptiness, worriment and death anxiety, and fear and loneliness of contemporary man through satire. Bahram Sadeghi is one of the novelists who carefully and delicately used the ability and capacity of black humor and has used this literary device in his short stories, which were mainly written between 1965 and 1962 and published in the collection of stories "Sangar va Ghoghomehaye Khali (its translation in English:Trench and EmptyThermoses)". The main question of the research is what are the stylistic features of black humor in Bahram Sadeghi's short stories and what methods has the author used to include black humor in the stories and what goals has he pursued? In response, it should be said that Sadeghi has highlighted black humor in his stories by using contradiction, miniaturization, magnification, Gothic atmosphere and deviation from the subject. He has sought to indirectly reflect the issues of his time, to reveal the reality of life by criticizing obsessive disorders, political conflicts and cultural petrifications and to represent his perception of life experience. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

445 - Categorization of beauty levels in Hafez's poetry; From "Hosn" to "Aan" in the hermeneutic way of the text (classical)
Gholamreza Maroof Mostafa Kazemi Azghadi paevane alipour shirazi Mohammad reihani

Beauties in Hafez's poetry are classified and have degrees. In order to explain the degrees of beauty in Hafez's ghazal, the upcoming research tries to find out the degrees of beauty and the relationships between them, and also, based on classical hermeneutics and "Sc More

Beauties in Hafez's poetry are classified and have degrees. In order to explain the degrees of beauty in Hafez's ghazal, the upcoming research tries to find out the degrees of beauty and the relationships between them, and also, based on classical hermeneutics and "Schleiermacher" style, to interpret the text of Hafez's ghazal technically and grammatically. First, for technical interpretation, it reveals the lexical and idiomatic meanings of the words "Hosn" and "Aan" in the opinions of Muslim thinkers and in specific time-space conditions.Then, for the grammatical interpretation, it explains the semantic features of words similar to beauty, the words associated with and its complementary terms, and on the basis of the frequency of these terms, it starts a quantitative and qualitative interpretation at the same time.Based on the lexical frequency and examples of beauty, it is concluded that "Hosn"(beauty) as a concept that is measured using "Opinion Science", is the first and simplest concept of beauty in Hafez's Ghazal, that is separated in two ways: "God-given beauty" and "Beauty depending on ornaments". "God-given beauty" has the levels of "kindness", "elegance" and "Aan". in fact, "kindness" is higher than "beauty" and it is a quality that has been added to "Hosn"."Elegance" is a quality that can be understood but cannot be described, and finally "Aan" is a mysterious and indescribable quality in the beloved that not everyone can understand and recognize.In the aesthetic system of Hafez's mind, "Aan" is in the center of his attention as "Prototype" and is a criterion for rejecting or accepting other aesthetic attributes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

446 - Analysis of index novels of the Pahlavi era with an approach to the signs of decline and social corruption
kamran parsinejad Shahnaz Sedaghatzadegan Parvaneh Danesh

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.4.5

Fiction" like other disciplines of social sciences is organically linked to society and of course "sociology".One of the most important issues in fiction is the description of society, the reflection of social conditions and harms. The present study, which is in the cat More

Fiction" like other disciplines of social sciences is organically linked to society and of course "sociology".One of the most important issues in fiction is the description of society, the reflection of social conditions and harms. The present study, which is in the category of "sociology in literature", has been conducted to analyze and explain the category of "social decline and corruption" in the Pahlavi era. The most significant social corruption in the Pahlavi period was the phenomenon of prostitution, which is still one of the biggest social issues in Iran.One of the prominent characters and brigades in the novels of that time were "prostitutes". The living conditions, sufferings, beliefs and causes of their prostitution in the context of the novels of the time were shown greatly bold at that time. In fact, the writers of that time had devoted all their efforts to describing the prevailing socio-political conditions and social corruption. At the same time, they have tried to establish an emotional connection between the audience and the prostitutes. In this study, the most significant novels that were created in the first and second Pahlavi period in connection with social decline and corruption have been analyzed from a literary and sociological point of view. The population studied in this research are the types of corrupt people in the society who are the main cause of prostitution and social corruption. In this regard, seven prominent and influential novels created in the Pahlavi period have been studied in order to access the social facts of the period in question, the situation of corrupt people to be carefully and meticulously analyzed literary and sociological. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

447 - A study of the content and structure of interpretation in the spiritual Masnavi
Maryam Nafeli Shahrestani hosein aghahoseini

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.60.4.4

Interpretation means returning something to its original state, the background of which is to be found in Greek hermeneutics. Hermeneutics is the theory of the act of understanding in its relation to the interpretation of texts. Mystics have paid much attention to the More

Interpretation means returning something to its original state, the background of which is to be found in Greek hermeneutics. Hermeneutics is the theory of the act of understanding in its relation to the interpretation of texts. Mystics have paid much attention to the interpretation and content of the Qur'an. Rumi has also used interpretation in Masnavi.He looked at interpretation very broadly and did not consider interpretation specific to the Qur'an; For this reason, he has used interpretation on various topics. The research method in this article is descriptive and its purpose is to study the types of interpretations in the three books of Masnavi in terms of content and structure. The interpretations used in the three books of Masnavi based on the subject are: interpretation of Quranic verses and hadiths, interpretation of the stories of the prophets, interpretation of mystical, religious and jurisprudential, moral and philosophical issues.By examining the three books of Masnavi Manavi, 136 interpretations were extracted on these subjects, most of which consistes of interpretations of Quranic verses. Rumi has used various tricks to express interpretation; Interpretation from the language of the characters of the story, interpretation in the form of similes and metaphors, allegorical interpretation and causal interpretation are among them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

448 - Survey of stylistic and rhetorical features of the folk tale "Madhumalat" based on an unknown version
tahere mousavi Ziba Ghalavandi

An Important part of oral literature is devoted to folk tales. The only copy of "The Story of Madhumalat" under number 803 is kept in the manuscript collection of India Office, London. According to the in-text evidence and stylistics of the version, this story was writt More

An Important part of oral literature is devoted to folk tales. The only copy of "The Story of Madhumalat" under number 803 is kept in the manuscript collection of India Office, London. According to the in-text evidence and stylistics of the version, this story was written in the Safavieh era and in the Gurkanian court.This charming story - which is a beautiful example of sub-continental Persian prose - narrates the fate of Manohar, the prince of Kankar city, who falls in love with Madhumalat, the prince of Mahars city. He through the mediation of fairies, and also, alot of hardships, finally marry Madhumalat. Although Madhumalt's story is a folk romance, its prose is full of rhetorical subtleties.The present research, using the descriptive-analytical method, has surveyed this manuscript to explain and analyze its stylistic, literary and rhetorical features.The musical prose of the story along with the use of delicate literary techniques have added to the linguistic charms of this work. The intellectual and cultural atmosphere of the land of India as well as the indigenous and climatic elements of this land are clearly reflected in this story.Through this research, and during the introduction of this unique manuscript, the key role of the Persian language and literature in the Indian subcontinent during the Timurid and Safavid periods becomes more apparent. Manuscript profile

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449 - Analysis of the effect of short words of Nahj al-Balaghah in Persian literature (with emphasis on the wisdom of 142 Nahj al-Balaghah, citing verses of the Quran)
Fakhrieh Namazian Jalil Tajlil Ruqayyah Sadraie

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.60.6.6

Roghaiyeh sadraie*** Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the reliable sources that can be cited, has been called "Akho Al-Quran" (brother of the Quran). This book has been compiled by Sayyid Razi from the poets and jurists of the fourth century. Many truths of the Holy Quran More

Roghaiyeh sadraie*** Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the reliable sources that can be cited, has been called "Akho Al-Quran" (brother of the Quran). This book has been compiled by Sayyid Razi from the poets and jurists of the fourth century. Many truths of the Holy Quran have been described in this book.The present article uses the wisdom of 142 to examine the extent of the effect of short words of Nahj al-Balaghah in Persian literature and seeks to prove the deep and close relationship between the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah and the Holy Quran and the impact of these teachings on Persian literature.In this article, the answers to the following questions are analyzed by descriptive method and by following the content of one of the acronyms. Is the source of the wisdom of Nahj al-Balaghah the divine knowledge of the Holy Quran? To what extent has the moral and divine knowledge of Nahj al-Balaghah dominated the Iranian literature?Obviously, the works of Persian literature have been influenced in various ways, including adaptations, allusions, inspirations, etc. from the source of revelation and, consequently, from the words of the Amir al-Mo'menin. In this article, the wisdom No. 139 of Nahj al-Balaghah has been pondered and revised with regard to the roots of words and the Quranic sources and its effect on Persian literature has been discussed. Scholars believe that Nahj al-Balaghah is the interpretation of the Qur'an. The subject of this article is to find the divine sources of the words of the Amir al-Mo'menin, and to show its reflection in Iranian literary works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

450 - Investigating the evolution of modern humanism of female characters in Persian novels
Parivash Mirzaeyan jahangir safari Narges Bagheri

Modernity and modern humanism have played an essential role in the growth of Iranian women's minds. One of the sources which reflect the changes and developments of modernity and modern humanism is Persian novels. This article based on Anthony Giddens' viewpoint inv More

Modernity and modern humanism have played an essential role in the growth of Iranian women's minds. One of the sources which reflect the changes and developments of modernity and modern humanism is Persian novels. This article based on Anthony Giddens' viewpoint investigates the effects of modernity on Iranian women by reviewing selected Persian novels which were published in this three periods of time: from 1300 to 1320, from 1320 to 1345 , and from 1345 to 1357 . The research demonstrates that generally in the first period, the evolution caused by the prevalence of modern humanism has not been able to liberate women thinking from traditional perspectives. In the second period, growing the popularity of modernity elements has provided a variety of human interests and desires for women. Although increasing feminist ideas shows the prevalence of modern rationalism in this period, behavioral contradictions between women reveals the superficiality of the viewpoint among them. Overindulgence in following instinctive desires in the third period indicates a jump in humanistic thinking. During this period, the passivity caused by fatalism has also been criticized by the authors. Manuscript profile

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451 - Analysis of the discourses Letters issued by Amir Massoud in the first volume of Beyhaqi's history (Based on Searle's theory of speech)
Tahereh Ishany Nahid Mehrafruz

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.61.2.4

The value of Beihaqi's History as a literary and historical text is not overlooked by anyone. In this work, "Letters" are of special interest and analyzing them from different angles and with interdisciplinary approaches can open up new horizons. Since Amir Massoud has More

The value of Beihaqi's History as a literary and historical text is not overlooked by anyone. In this work, "Letters" are of special interest and analyzing them from different angles and with interdisciplinary approaches can open up new horizons. Since Amir Massoud has written letters to people with different positions, analyzing these letters in a scientific way, in addition to revealing some of its hidden angles, how the owners of power exploited the possibilities; it shows the language of domination and political goals. The "Speech Action" theory is one of the theories that can be used to analyze any type of text. This theory, first introduced by Austin and then completed by Searle, emphasizes the functional features of the spoken word tongues. Therefore, in the forthcoming study, the letters of the Amir Massoud Issue, which are listed in the first volume of the Behaqi History Book, are descriptively analyzed based on the Searl classification, first separately, then comparative, and eventually the overall form of speech performance is analyzed. According to the results of the research, the frequency of declarative actions, in addition to informing and describing the thoughts of Amir Massoud and attempting to confirm the truth of his speech show his desires and intentions. Also, the frequency of other actions and the causes and purpose of using them are shown in this article. There has also been a great deal of application of persuasive action within the context of this desire and effort, and a significant percentage of emotional action has been used as the third repetitive action in the letter to Ghadkhani due to a causal link with Ghadkhani, which expresses the Sultan's emotional spirit towards his relatives and relatives. . The low usage of accruals also reflects the king's spirit and character, which is not bound by commitment and assurance, although somewhere, Amir Masoud has given assurances of the data in cases where he has mentioned his positive qualities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

452 - Some Arabic-Quranic Loanwords in Middle Persian
Yadollah Mansouri

20.1001.1.17351030.1401.20.67.1.2

Regarding Arabic loanwords in Farsi, the dominant view is that the arrival of Arabic words in the Islamic period, that is, after Islam came to Iran, was mostly in Persian in the sixth and seventh centuries and their presence in Persian texts is strong and intensified. I More

Regarding Arabic loanwords in Farsi, the dominant view is that the arrival of Arabic words in the Islamic period, that is, after Islam came to Iran, was mostly in Persian in the sixth and seventh centuries and their presence in Persian texts is strong and intensified. In this research, we are trying to show, as far as the documents are available, that the introduction of Arabic words into Persian language happened a long time ago,And this cultural-linguistic exchange has probably taken place since the time when Iranians and Arabs have been in contact with each other, that is, since the Achaemenid period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

453 - Analysis of conceptual elements of art in the poems of poets of the sixth century AH
Morteza Heidari

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.5.6

In this research the author has elicited the marked semantic features / components of art concept in the poetry of 6th century with using the principles of conceptual semantics. With a critical and editorial look at the structures identified for conceptual semantics, h More

In this research the author has elicited the marked semantic features / components of art concept in the poetry of 6th century with using the principles of conceptual semantics. With a critical and editorial look at the structures identified for conceptual semantics, he has reviewed these structures and their application in the field of linguistic and literary research. After classification of semantic features in relevant fields with every feature, fifteen various semantic fields acquired for art concept in the poems of 6th century poets. These semantic fields in order of extenting their domains are: literary language, practical wisdom, eulogy, aesthetics, craft, morality and habitude, social criticism, war, anthropology, zoology, religion, cosmology, ecology, mysticism and love. In literary language field, the diverse ontological phenomenon have been the materials for the poetical imagery with figurative devices, i.e. simile and implicit metaphor. In the semantic realm of praise, the art of the praiseworthy feature, incapable, has been reported against him. The components obtained in the field of aesthetics show that the poetry of the sixth century was the basis of the discourse of aesthetics. The semantic field of industry has been obtained from various techniques and professions. Individual and social characteristics are grouped in the semantic domain of morality and temperament. Non gratification of poets in 6th century from their art has conceptualized the semantic field of social criticism. Also warfare and the quality of martial instrumen are also marked for the concept of art. Art has also been enumerated in the field of anthropology of human habits and, nevertheless, has been considered as a feature of various animals. Theism, religion and requisite for earmarking the religion also conceptualized for art. Finally, art has been reported as a feature of the universe and cosmic objects and has been conceptualized with singular semantic features of ecology, mysticism and love. The research findings show that art has a very comprehensive concept in the framework of the mentioned studies and is contrary to the conventional notions of today. The research findings prove that art in the studied framework has a most comprehensive and despite to usual assumptions concept. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

454 - Discourse analysis of Persian language and literature education based on semantics, in order to Expand Cultural Diplomacy (case study: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Georgia)
soheila Rezaie Mehr Abbas Ali Vafaei davood sparham gholamreza mastaliparsa

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra- More

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization. Manuscript profile

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455 - A Study of Mystical Epistemology in the Poems and Prose of Abd-Al Rahman Jami
raheleh mirakhorli ghodratollah Khayatian Azim Hamzeian

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.62.2.6

In Islamic mysticism, there are scattered discussions of epistemological issues. The distinguishing feature of Islamic mysticism from other mystical branches is the high and stable position of knowledge in it. Jami (d. 898 AH) has also dealt with the issue of knowledge More

In Islamic mysticism, there are scattered discussions of epistemological issues. The distinguishing feature of Islamic mysticism from other mystical branches is the high and stable position of knowledge in it. Jami (d. 898 AH) has also dealt with the issue of knowledge and related issues. The main question is what issues has he raised about this science and to what extent? This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way in his works and the results show that knowledge is a gift from God and the basis and the results of his journey depend on knowing Hagh, so that the one who attains the true knowledge has reached the level of annihilation and survival of God. He has made important discussions about the degrees of knowledge and the place of the senses, intellect, heart,unveiling and finding. According to him, the level of human knowledge is to the extent that with the manifestation of truth, he can become aware of his proven condition. Manuscript profile

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456 - Peace-sodality Iranians in the story of Fereydoun (One of Ferdowsi's Intellectual Features of his Epic)
mohammad reza Keyvanfar Parvaneh A’del Zadeh kamran pashaei fahkri

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.6.7

This article seeks to examine how the Iranian heroes think about peace in Fereydoun story. In this story, several peaceful methods are discussed. The wide distribution of wealth among the needy by Faraanak, the division of the world into three parts and pluralism in the More

This article seeks to examine how the Iranian heroes think about peace in Fereydoun story. In this story, several peaceful methods are discussed. The wide distribution of wealth among the needy by Faraanak, the division of the world into three parts and pluralism in the method of governance, and the avoidance of individuality in the division of the world, which is the work of Fereydoun, Emphasis on dialogue in resolving conflicts among heroes and relying on finding a solution to peace and absolute rejection of violence, avoiding the use of military force to resolve disputes, not belonging to the world and avoiding stubbornness and struggle to stay in the power that is the characteristic of Iraj in front of his brothers, paying special attention to justice, and avoiding oppression and tyranny in Fereydoun's actions and speech. What Fereydoun has benefited from, as well as the actions of the words and thoughts of the Iranian heroes in Fereydoun's story, are in line with today's peaceful views. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

457 - A Comparative Study of Bouransasani’s Monarchy in The Ferdowsi’s Shahname and Historical Sources (in a Critical Review of a Challenging Verse)
Akram Joudi Nemati

Bouran became as the ruler of Sassanid Empire just before downfall of the empire and she was praised in Shahnameh; however, at the beginning of Bouran’s reign, Ferdowsi quotes: “there was a girl named Bouran/ things do not go well, when a woman becomes king”. This verse More

Bouran became as the ruler of Sassanid Empire just before downfall of the empire and she was praised in Shahnameh; however, at the beginning of Bouran’s reign, Ferdowsi quotes: “there was a girl named Bouran/ things do not go well, when a woman becomes king”. This verse has an obvious contradiction with next verses and and according to this verse, it seems that the decay of empire at that time was a result of her reign. In order to answer to the question of "which of the two contradictions is true" and "what could be the cause of the mentioned contradiction", the article author has compared the Shahnameh's claim about Bouran's statecraft with historical sources. Research data show that there’s no report of inefficiency in Bouran’s governance, and all historians, in more detail than Ferdowsi, have reported her governing as good. So, why did Ferdowsi compose such a poem? The author, by proposing related hypotheses, concludes that this verse is not related to how Bouran governs, but it has been due to Ferdowsi's commitment to the presuppositions that were formed in related to the religious beliefs in his time. Tracing the presuppositions leads us to a hadith of the Prophet (PBUH): "A nation that leaves its affairs to a woman will never be successful.” The hadith documents do not confirm its validity, and its not even mentioned about in early Shiite sources; But its socio-cultural shadow has led to the presumption that if a woman becomes monarch, the country will be ruined. So, the poet has remained in contradiction between those historical facts and this social presupposition, and the result has been a contradiction in composing the story of Bouran. However, the Shahnameh as a whole, does not confirm the society negative view to the women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

458 - Contemporaneity of old poems in the novel "Jazire-ye Sargardani and Sareban-e Sargardan" (Island of Wandering and Wandering camel-driver) of Simin Daneshvar
asena abdali Jahangir safari ebrahim zaheri abdevand

Contemporaneity is concerned with the application of the literature of earlier eras in contemporary literature and the harmonization of this type of literature with the spirits and minds of today's human beings This plays an important role in the creation of literary wo More

Contemporaneity is concerned with the application of the literature of earlier eras in contemporary literature and the harmonization of this type of literature with the spirits and minds of today's human beings This plays an important role in the creation of literary works, their enrichment and the connection between culture in different periods. SiminDaneshvar is one of the storytellers who has used this method in creating her stories. In the novels"Jazire-ye Sargardani andSareban-e Sargardan" (Island of Wandering and Wandering camel-driver), the poems of various poets such as Hafez, Moulavi, Saadi and Khayyam have been contemporaryized.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of these poems and the way of their contemporaryization in the novel based on the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that Daneshvar has used Hafez's poetry more in the mentioned novel and in the new reading of old poems and harmonizing them with the atmosphere of today's Iranian society, she has given them more meaning and social-political meaning. Also, these poems have become part of the structure of his novel and have a very important role in the characterization, showing the type of thoughts and mental dependencies of the characters in the novel, plot design, strengthening the themes, describing the place, the verisimilitude and connections between Iran's cultural and social past and its present time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

459 - Anti-pride in self-admiring poets (Khaghani Shervani, Orfi Shirazi, Taleb Amoli)
Gholamreza Kafi

Anti-pride or avoidance of pride is the newly found theme in this article which is the result of the accuracy and attention in Khaghani Shervani, Orfi Shirazi and Taleb Amoli’s poetry who benefited from the proudness in their poetry. By anti-pride, it means that the More

Anti-pride or avoidance of pride is the newly found theme in this article which is the result of the accuracy and attention in Khaghani Shervani, Orfi Shirazi and Taleb Amoli’s poetry who benefited from the proudness in their poetry. By anti-pride, it means that the proud and self-admiring poets leaves this technique in some cases and vice versa, speak with humility and modesty or speak of their problems with a broken heart and mental tiredness. This article indicates that changes of the sociopolitical, cognitive and age changes led to this avoidance of the proudness. In this article, along with implying three mentioned poets’ life and the reason for their self-admiration, three situations which led to their anti-pride would be analyzed based on different evidence obtained from their poetry. Lack of obtaining the positions and internal poets’ revolutions along with their aging moved them from proudness to the modesty gradually. Also, its most frequency is seen in Khaqani's poetry, then Taleb Amoli's, and after that, in Orfi's poetry. Manuscript profile

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460 - Agency and Passivity of women in the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab"
زينب صابرپور

In the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab", the confrontation of tradition and modernity in the contemporary history of Iran in relation to the status of women is in the focus.In this paper, the female characters of this novel,especially the novel’s heroine, Toubaa, have be More

In the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab", the confrontation of tradition and modernity in the contemporary history of Iran in relation to the status of women is in the focus.In this paper, the female characters of this novel,especially the novel’s heroine, Toubaa, have been analyzed from the perspective of agency or passivity in relation with tradition andit has been shown that the desire for women autonomy and activism is suppressed through the processes of education and punishment.This paper is in the field of critical discourse analysis and its theoretical framework has been driven from Simone de Beauvoir’s views on femininity in her book, "The Second Sex", and the textual analysis has been done based on systemic-functional linguistics.The achievements of this research show that in this novel the contrasting pair of agency and passivity is represented in relation to the duality of tradition and modernity,and the process that Beauvoir calls "learned passivity" is institutionalized in the existence of women from childhood by the agents of tradition, in various social institutions, the most important of which is the family.Also, textual analysis indicates that this passivity has been best reflected in the language of the text. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

461 - An Inquiry into the Methods of Arranging Poetry Collections
sorayya Eslamikho Mohammad hakimazar asghar rezapoorian

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.61.4.6

Copying, collecting and compiling poems of poets in previous centuries was done in several ways. Sometimes the poet wrote his poem in his notebook during his life and over time, and after his death, that notebook remained the same. Sometimes the poet himself would colle More

Copying, collecting and compiling poems of poets in previous centuries was done in several ways. Sometimes the poet wrote his poem in his notebook during his life and over time, and after his death, that notebook remained the same. Sometimes the poet himself would collect his poetry collection and arrange it according to his own taste. Sometimes his friends and supporters compiled his poetry collection after his death, and sometimes in later centuries his poetry collection was compiled by a scribe according to himself taste. In each of these methods, the order of the poems (especially the sonnets) has been specific. In this research, we intend to deal with the methods of arranging poems in the books of poets and see which method is more logical, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each method.The results of this study show that the alphabetical order of the poetry collections is by no means based on stylistic studies and research related to the evolution of Iranian thought and art, and the best method is the way in which poetry books are compiled today. Manuscript profile

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462 - Examining the meaning of imperative propositions in Hafez's lyric poems and their relationship with Hafez's personal style
asghar shahbazi

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.61.5.7

Examining the meaning of imperative propositions is one of the topics related to rhetoric (semantics). As a result of this study, it is possible to follow the orientation of poets' thoughts and interests on various topics; Because usually the initial interpretation of More

Examining the meaning of imperative propositions is one of the topics related to rhetoric (semantics). As a result of this study, it is possible to follow the orientation of poets' thoughts and interests on various topics; Because usually the initial interpretation of imperative propositions is imperative and order, while poets consider different meanings and intentions of imperative propositions, and this issue is more important in Hafez's poems due to the analytical-inferential structure of imperative sentences; A topic that unfortunately has not been well explored. Therefore, in this article, Hafez's imperative propositions in the first 250 lyric poems of Hafez's Divan have been studied by content analysis method (descriptive-analytical approach) and finally it has been determined that in the first 250 lyric poems of Hafez Divan (equivalent to 2098 bits), in 724 verses,there are imperative sentences (554 beits have a positive imperative and 170 beits have a negative imperative) and Hafez is a great imperativeer from this point of view.Of these, the frequency of imperative sentences with the meanings of desire and guidance is high, and perhaps this is one of the reasons for Fortune telling with Divan Hafez.In more than 35% of these poems, the construction of compound imperative sentence-analytic / inferential sentences is used, in such a way that the reader, after reading those imperative sentences, is mentally convinced and forgets the bitterness of the advice. In this article, Hafez's imperative sentences are also examined based on the type of speaker, audience and demand, and in all cases, an attempt is made to find a connection between Hafez's personal style and its results. Manuscript profile

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463 - Feasibility study of using the hand movement language signs of the kermanians in visual and performing arts
Zahra Mousavi Khameneh Mozhgan Dorrani

Gestures, instead of words, convey part of the message to the audience. In Iran, "Kermanis" widely use hand language absence of semiotic knowledge of hand language disrupts the visual and theatrical communication function The present analytical-descriptive research has More

Gestures, instead of words, convey part of the message to the audience. In Iran, "Kermanis" widely use hand language absence of semiotic knowledge of hand language disrupts the visual and theatrical communication function The present analytical-descriptive research has been compiled with the aim of explaining this type of signs in Kerman culture and answers to this question that what is the relation between conversational language and gestures of hand. And how they can play an effective role in art.This research, relying on the concept of inter-sign translation, clarifies that the repetition of signs in Kerman has become a concept in both positive-everyday and negative ways and it can be used through narratives in visual and performing arts for better communication with the audience. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

464 - The boredom and gestures of the modern subject in the poetry Introduction and analysis of the manuscript of Rawdat al-Mulûk
ardeshir aleali Ahmad hasani hormozabadi ranjbar aliasqar HALABI

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.62.5.9

Rawdat al- Mulûk is a book belonging to the ninth century AH by an unknown author; it is a literary book on practical wisdom. The book, like most of other books on ethics written after Khajeh Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, is basically an imitation or adaptation of the Nasirean More

Rawdat al- Mulûk is a book belonging to the ninth century AH by an unknown author; it is a literary book on practical wisdom. The book, like most of other books on ethics written after Khajeh Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, is basically an imitation or adaptation of the Nasirean Ethics. The Shi’aauthor of the book knew literature and Arabic, and was interested in technical prose, and he intended to compile a book on ethics. Although, comparing other similar works, this book cannot be considered as prominent and distinguished, in writing this book, he has done his best and usedhis good taste. The book was written in the late Timuridera. Even though, authoring the books on ethics by Shi’a writers of that time has not been unprecedented, it can be considered one of the first, or perhaps the first known examples of the books on ethicswritten in literary form by Shi’a authors and presented to a Shia court. The book has been hidden for a long time since its completion, and the only well-known surviving manuscript of it was transcribed 160 years ago. Since for carrying out research in disciplines such as ethics and literature, we are required to review and critique all the old surviving works of these disciplines, the book needed to be critically edited. Considering that there is only a single edition of this manuscript, this was done by a scientific deductive method and using known sources of the text. Manuscript profile

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465 - Study and analysis of memoirs in the works of Jalal Al-Ahmad
Nasser Nikobakht Niloufar Ansari

Memoir research is one of the reliable sources of research and investigation in historiography, and it is also a tool for transmitting experiences, customs, religious and national rituals of societies to future generations.On the other hand, it expresses individual, eth More

Memoir research is one of the reliable sources of research and investigation in historiography, and it is also a tool for transmitting experiences, customs, religious and national rituals of societies to future generations.On the other hand, it expresses individual, ethnic, and national emotions and feelings against incidents and events. Jalal Al-Ahmed is one of the writers whose vast volume of writing is in the field of memoirs.The works of this author in many ways, including social, political and historical, are indicative of his ups and downs life. This article tries to survey the memory and types of memoirs in the works of Jalal Al-Ahmed with a descriptive-analytical method.The results of the research indicate that most of the stories of Jalal Al-Ahmad are related to the description of the author's life and personal memories. For this reason, his works can be classified as memoirs.In most cases, these stories do not proceed with a specific story coherence; Because the author sometimes interrupts the course of the story and interferes in its process with his comments; It is as if Jalal's realism has made him sometimes cross the boundaries of fantasy and enter the real world.Among Jalal Al-Ahmad's works, his travelogues and letters have a prominent place. His views in his travelogues and letters, in addition to revealing part of the author's private and family life, also give us the opportunity to take a fresh look at the political, cultural and social events of the author's era. Manuscript profile

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466 - The Configuration of Time and Narration in Asfar-e-kateban by Aboutorab Khosravi
parvin salajegheh

Thinking about the issue of "time" and trying to make tangible the type of its passage on man, has always been the attention of scientists of various sciences, especially, thinkers in the field of humanities. However, showing the passage of this concept, especially in t More

Thinking about the issue of "time" and trying to make tangible the type of its passage on man, has always been the attention of scientists of various sciences, especially, thinkers in the field of humanities. However, showing the passage of this concept, especially in the field of understanding it in the cycle of seasons and the transition of life from youth to old age, gives a sort of understanding of the presence and impact of time on phenomena, but more than anything, its traces can be found in works of art and literature, especially in stories and novels, which depict events with the help of narration. In this regard, this article is an attempt to investigate, analyze and track the way time works in the novel "Asfar Kateban", written by Abu Torab Khosravi. By using special narrative techniques and using the discourse of history, narrative and literature, this work has succeeded in displaying a special type of structuring of time in a kind of transhistorical discourse. This article is done in two parts. The theoretical part was written based on the theories of time from scientists in this field, and the second part has analyzed the type of function of time in this novel, considering the theoretical issues. The results obtained in this study indicate the type of function of time, history and narrative in a transhistorical discourse in this novel. Manuscript profile

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467 - Dragon killing Zāl
saeid shahrouei ebrahim mohammadi Sayyed Mahdi Rahimi

20.1001.1.17351030.1400.19.62.6.0

Zāl is always distinct from Sām and Rostam regarding his special heroic actions. He killing dragons and brings wealth to Irānshahr from a different and new narrative point of storytelling. The degradation of Zāl in the world champion’s battle had been discussed and is p More

Zāl is always distinct from Sām and Rostam regarding his special heroic actions. He killing dragons and brings wealth to Irānshahr from a different and new narrative point of storytelling. The degradation of Zāl in the world champion’s battle had been discussed and is pointed out that Zāl in the process of turning myth to epics, the underlying structure related to the act of dragon slaying, or his primary archetype in battles with femiciding dragons, about the alliance with Rōdābeh, daughter of Mehrāb a descendant of dragons, who has a symbol of fertility in his domain, becomes the reason for redemption of Rōdābeh and also the birth of a power like Rostam, so that with the world championship being transferred to Rostam, he becomes the guardian of Iranshahr against the attacks of Afrāsiāb, who is descent of dragons. Purism demonstrates that, there are signs of, Mehr-Izad myth in Mehrab’s character. Manuscript profile

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468 - Two Interpretations of a Poem Entitled “Kakki”
Fatemeh Rakei

NimaYoushij’s emphasis on employing expansive and multifarious symbols in his poems, especially unique symbols and idiosyncratic ones from his mother tongue grants a special succulence and freshness to the third period of his poetic life which starts with “Khab-e Zemest More

NimaYoushij’s emphasis on employing expansive and multifarious symbols in his poems, especially unique symbols and idiosyncratic ones from his mother tongue grants a special succulence and freshness to the third period of his poetic life which starts with “Khab-e Zemestani” (literally Hibernation) from 1951 on. These types of poems, due to suffocating political conditions, mostly possess social and political messages that Nima has composed them symbolically. To me, it is possible to attain those messages or at least to touch the conceptions at the time of composing these poems through employing Friedrich Schleiermacher’s hermeneutical method. On the other hand, Nima as a symbolist poet insists on composing poems in a misty ambience through giving multifarious meanings to his poems and believes that ambiguity is one of the specifications of any poem; for this very reason, one of an interpreter’s duties is to discern the different meanings of Nima’s symbolic poems. According to different meanings for the word “Kakki” from various glossaries and the viewpoints of natives of Mazandaran, interviewed, as well as some words of this poem like “parivar” (literally fairy like), feminine nature to the poem is induced. In this article, a different interpretation for “Kakki” rather than its first common interpretation is presented. Manuscript profile

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469 - Analysis of the fictional poem "From Gang to Kremlin" composed by contemporary Tajik poet, Mirza Tursunzadeh
Marjan Ali AkbarzadehZohtab

The present article aims to explain the socio-political view of Mirza Torsonzadeh (1911-1977) - a contemporary Tajik poet - and examines his fictional poem "From Gang to Kremlin "(1966-1970) with a content approach. Also, with a descriptive-analytical method, it analyze More

The present article aims to explain the socio-political view of Mirza Torsonzadeh (1911-1977) - a contemporary Tajik poet - and examines his fictional poem "From Gang to Kremlin "(1966-1970) with a content approach. Also, with a descriptive-analytical method, it analyzes the ultimate goal of the poet and its narrative course for the audience.The result of the research shows that Tursonzadeh, nicknamed "Tajikistan's national hero", whose image can still be seen on the common paper money of this country, created this work, like his other works, based on the school of socialist realism and in praise of the ruling system of the Soviet Union. In this 436-couplet poem, he repeats the name of Lenin (1870-1924) 28 times with fascination, while the name "Pratap", the main hero of the story, intends to travel from the Ganges River to the Kremlin to liberate India, has been used only 17 times. The story seems to be an excuse to praise Lenin, which is published in his centenary celebration, finally. Therefore, although the poet wrote it during the period of Khrushchev's (1894-1971) softness, the title "LENIN NAMEH" (For Lenin) is more worthy of the story than its current title.Regardless of some defects of weight and rhyme, this poem is written with imagery and imagination, and the poet's idealistic goal is "Alliance of the East against the West", which is represented in this poem in the form of the aim of "Pratap's travel". Manuscript profile

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470 - Sociological Analysis of the Story of "Sheikh Sanan's Story" in Mantagh al Tair (Based on Theory "Stigma" by Irving Goffman)
Mohammad Khosravishakib

The story of "Sheikh Sanan" is one of the beautiful narrations in Persian literature. The application of new theories causes the mentioned anecdote to show sociological and psychological suggestions beyond its mystical text and context. Using approaches related to More

The story of "Sheikh Sanan" is one of the beautiful narrations in Persian literature. The application of new theories causes the mentioned anecdote to show sociological and psychological suggestions beyond its mystical text and context. Using approaches related to social psychology, in addition to taking the text out of the traditional limitations, an expounding and interpretativecapability is provided to estimate the story of "Sheikh Sanan" according to Irving Goffman's " stigma" theory. In the present article, an endeavor is made to scrutinize the "story of Sheikh Sanan" by means of qualitative description and analysis. The premise is that there are variables such as "play pattern", "pattern of individual and collective kinship", "social exclusion and isolation", "loss of common identity", "learning", "knowledge and insiders", "Revelation", "habitual", "recovery of lost identity", "defense and psychological mechanisms", etc. in the mentioned narrative, has caused criticism and analysis as well as the results of applying Goffman's "stigma" theory, be believable and convincing.The presupposition is that the lack of balance between the individual "self" and the social "self" has caused the "stigma" of Sheikh Sanan. Manuscript profile

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471 - Anecdotes of dignities; From dignity-building to anti-dignity (Sources of elders' dignity up to the 9th lunar century)
Mohammad Roodgar

The main theme of most of Sufi's anecdotes is the virtues of elders. This means a huge amount of tazkira and mystical manaqibnameh and some other Sufi texts, all of which can be included under the title "Anecdotes of Dignities". Dignities anecdotes have always been the More

The main theme of most of Sufi's anecdotes is the virtues of elders. This means a huge amount of tazkira and mystical manaqibnameh and some other Sufi texts, all of which can be included under the title "Anecdotes of Dignities". Dignities anecdotes have always been the stage of rejection and acceptance by different groups of its audience. Some people who believe in dignity have not only accepted these anecdotes, but have tried to forge several dignities in the same format for the sheikhs of Sufi. On the other hand, some deniers and those who don't believe in dignity not only are not satisfied with not accepting and denying from the heart, but also they have led the work to anti-dignity. Some contemporary researchers have also come out against dignity, or have questioned the realism of such anecdotes, or have set limits for it, for reasons such as the creation of dignity. In the midst of these dignifications and anti-dignity, how can we scientifically recognize the dignity of Owlia as a mystical phenomenon? In this article, after examining the motivation of dignitaries and denying dignitaries, it is clear in descriptive and analytical manner that supporters and opponents of dignity do not prevent us from not recognizing the dignities of the saints as mystical realities. The importance of the subject lies in the believability and realism of anecdotes of dignities, which include a large volume of literary and mystical heritage. Manuscript profile

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472 - Investigating the origins and ways to overcome dignity anxiety In the novel "Ketab-e Kham (Book of Bending)" by Alireza Seif al-Dini
ayoob moradi Ali Jamshidi

The need to be seen, affirmed, and recognized as successful human are emerging needs that have emerged as a result of material and technological advances in the modern age. Needs that, if left unmet, can lead to destructive anxiety. Contemporary philosopher Alain de Bot More

The need to be seen, affirmed, and recognized as successful human are emerging needs that have emerged as a result of material and technological advances in the modern age. Needs that, if left unmet, can lead to destructive anxiety. Contemporary philosopher Alain de Botton categorizes these anxieties as "dignity anxiety" and describes the causes and ways to deal with them. The idea put forward by Alain de Botton, was soon noticed by the authors, and numerous works in various artistic formats were created on this subject. Alireza Seif al-Dini's novel "Ketab-e Kham (Book of Bending)" is one of these works in which the author deals with the tumultuous life of a man who steps on his ideals in order to overcome the anxiety of dignity and to be recognized as a powerful husband and father. The present study, which has been written with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to analyze the regressive process of his life while describing the backgrounds of the mentioned anxiety in the main character of the story. The results show that factors such as the importance of well-being and material development, changing the criteria for valuing poverty and wealth and the effectiveness of the offspring, along with fear of looking weak by the spouse and fear of not fulfilling paternal duties properly, cause anxiety in the person. The anxiety that the mentioned character seeks a way out of by paying attention to philosophy, art, the religious doctrine of death and the bohemian lifestyle. Manuscript profile

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473 - A LOOK at the manifestations of “disintegration”as one of the post-modern components in the novel “Mummy ” (MOOMIYAYEY)
razie fani Ali Taslimi Mahmoud Ranjbar

This study examines “disintegration” as one of the types of tricks and arrangements that are manifested in short storied and postmodernists novels. “Mummy ” (MOOMIYAYEY)is one of Mojabi’spostmodern works that has a special place in terms of language, expression, str More

This study examines “disintegration” as one of the types of tricks and arrangements that are manifested in short storied and postmodernists novels. “Mummy ” (MOOMIYAYEY)is one of Mojabi’spostmodern works that has a special place in terms of language, expression, structure and images. In this research relying on Derrida’s views and with a descriptive-analytical approach to analyzing the structure and qualitative content of “Mummy” (MOOMIYAYEY) and reflecting tricks the rupture is addressed in it in order to reveal further the unique dynamics and specific style of mojabi. The result of the research shows that Mojabi, in the role of a master artist, has broken the normal construction of words and created a seemingly disjointed, plural and at the same time artistic structure. By using various techniques of disintegration, he has created new, but not far-fetched, meaning ؛in such a way that the reader has the opportunity to participate in determining these meanings. The use of complex and confusing language, the arrangement of words without logical and content communication in dreamy and deconstructive formats are a featurehighlights of this effect. Manuscript profile

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474 - Rakhsh: horse entrusted from Garshasp to Rostam
saeid shahrouei ebrahim mohammadi Sayyed Mahdi Rahimi

In this article, by analyzing the text and using a comparative method, the similarities between Rostam and Gershasep are examined from the point of view of the physical characteristics of the horses of those two. After receiving the title of world heroism, Rostam stands More

In this article, by analyzing the text and using a comparative method, the similarities between Rostam and Gershasep are examined from the point of view of the physical characteristics of the horses of those two. After receiving the title of world heroism, Rostam stands against Afrasiab who has sent a large army to invade Iran. But in order to stand against the Turanians and set foot on the battlefield, he wants two things from Zal: one is a mace and the other is a horse. First, Zāl gives the mace of Garshasp- his great grandfather-to Rostam and then, by gathering many herds of horses, provides the conditions for Rostam to choose a suitable horse. Rostam chooses a slim waist horse from various horses. Regarding to the meaning of Garshasp's name and also attending to many similarities between him and Rostam, such as: being born from mother's side, being similar in dealing with fire, falling into a holl, a similar battle with Akvān and Gandarva, etc. it is hypothesized that Garshasp, who means the owner of a thin horse, in addition to his mace, gives his slender horse to Rostam as well. So, Rakhsh can be a reflection of the part "Kres" or "Kresh" in the name "Garshasp" which means lean horse. Manuscript profile

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475 - Comparison of the Aspects of the Reification in the Novels of The Handmaid's Tale and House of Edriss
Behzad Pourgharib

House of Edriss is the story of the wandering women in the circle of human disasters. Women in the two structural power disciplines and in the two seemingly old and new worlds cannot have any role other than a victim. In this novel, women such as Roxana and Rahilla are More

House of Edriss is the story of the wandering women in the circle of human disasters. Women in the two structural power disciplines and in the two seemingly old and new worlds cannot have any role other than a victim. In this novel, women such as Roxana and Rahilla are considered to be desirable merely because of their beautiful appearance and other women have become obsessed with their traditional life style. In the new communist discipline, these women change their identities to ideologically imprisoned workers. In the novel, one revolution can transform each society; the house of the traditional aristocrats is seized. But women do not get free. Even women like Shaukat, who are at high levels of power, have to deny their femininity, and this is the culmination of women's hostile sexism and self-objecting. On the other hand, Margaret Atwood’s Handmaid's Tale is the story of handmaids who live in a fantasy country called Gilead, where women do not have the right to read. Women's worth is only about their fertility. The novel, based on the characteristics of defining the identity of individuals through social foundations, which leads to self-centeredness, is an analytical work based on the loss of women's identity in the capitalist system. The analysis of the two aforementioned stories is not based on the female object-oriented approach that the women in the traditional life have neither rights nor human identities, nor have the political trends of the left and the right of the modern world. Manuscript profile

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476 - Mythological analysis and investigation of the origin of the story of Siavash and Kay Khosrow in Shahnameh based on familiarization ritual
aliakbar kamalinahad meysam rustaei

20.1001.1.17351030.1401.20.67.2.3

One of the aspects of analysis in Shahnameh stories is the ability to interpret their myths. Among the stories of Shahnameh, Siavash's story is one of the examples that is appropriate to its previous and subsequent narrations in terms of narration and the connection of More

One of the aspects of analysis in Shahnameh stories is the ability to interpret their myths. Among the stories of Shahnameh, Siavash's story is one of the examples that is appropriate to its previous and subsequent narrations in terms of narration and the connection of vertical and horizontal axes of the story. In this article, Siavash's story has been mythologically analyzed with a combined view and based on structuralist, mythological, and receiving theory approaches. The basis of this analysis is the ritual of familiarity and by using the view of Iliad, we have opened the ritual of entering the narration of Siavash. In this representation, the story from Siavash's birth to the end of Kaykhosrow's acting is considered as a unit and the actions of these two characters are considered to complement each other. According to the research findings, Siavash's rise and fall and then his sinking in Turan Zamin's graveyard is like sinking a seed in the soil; It is as if the story remains unfinished in this part, so much so that on the other hand, with the emergence of Kaykhosrow away from the eyes of Aghiar and his boasting in the same land of Turan, the story leads to self-sufficiency. Symbolic signs and evidence in the text of this story unit, such as: mountain, midwife, crossing the water, symbolic animal, test, etc., strengthen the concept of familiarity in it. Manuscript profile

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477 - Identity thinking in the works of Ebrahim Yunsi, Relying on Persian language and strengthening Iranian identity
Mehdi Saeedi Seyedeh Narges Rezaie

identities and Iranian identity has been on the border between alignment, contradiction, conflict and rupture. Political and social narratives of the issue of Iranian identity and its elements are effective in weakening or strengthening this relationship. Among the t More

identities and Iranian identity has been on the border between alignment, contradiction, conflict and rupture. Political and social narratives of the issue of Iranian identity and its elements are effective in weakening or strengthening this relationship. Among the three nationalistic, modern, postmodern and historical narratives, it is the only historical narrative that pays attention to the maximum consolidation and unity of Iran and Iranians by avoiding excess and exaggeration in explaining the problem. Ebrahim Yunsi, a political activist, translator and writer of Iranian Kurdish descent, is the author of several works in Persian. Some of what he translated is about Kurdish cultural and political history and contemporary political events. In the introduction or footnote of most of the translations, he pays attention to the relationship between Kurds and Iran, and in a way of Focusing on identity between Kurds and Iran, he establishes an aligned and consistent relationship. Also, in his works, he criticizes the opinion of writers who have highlighted some of the elements of ethnic identity in order to weaken Iranian identity, or who believe in the distinction and separation between ethnic identity and Iranian identity. He is especially aware of the role and function of the Kurdish language and the Persian language. Therefore, in spite of his primary political affiliation or contrary to what some political parties think, he believes that there is an equal relationship between the Kurdish language and the Persian language. Therefore, he uses the Persian language to write and tries to increase the richness of the Persian language and its lexical and cultural treasure in his works by using a lot of words and what is Kurdish knowledge and language. In this article, by analyzing the introductions of the translations and paying attention to the linguistic issues of the stories, this aspect of the identity in opinion of Ebrahim Yunsi has been discussed. Manuscript profile

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478 - Comparison of Khamriyat of Abu Nuwas and Saqi-Nameh of PartoviShirazi (From the Soil to the Sky)
marjan aliakbarzade zehtab Farzad Farzi

Saqi-nameh and khamriya-saraei are one of the most pleasant lyrical types of poetry. Many poets and mystics have written their poems based on themes and concepts of Khamr poetry. The comparative study of the themes of the poems of Abu Nuwas (133 AH-196) and Hakim Partov More

Saqi-nameh and khamriya-saraei are one of the most pleasant lyrical types of poetry. Many poets and mystics have written their poems based on themes and concepts of Khamr poetry. The comparative study of the themes of the poems of Abu Nuwas (133 AH-196) and Hakim Partovi (870 AH-941) is the main issue of this article. This research, with descriptive-analytical method and relying on library texts, seeks to answer the question that what are the differences and similarities of the poetic themes in Abu Nuwas'sKhmeryat and Hakim Partovi'sSaqi-Nameh? The results of the research show that both of these works are similar in terms of descriptions, similes, use of musical instruments and tunes, as well as tavern vocabulary, and the difference that can be seen in these two is that wine, tavern instruments ,Saqi and PirMikdeh in Abu Nuwas'sKhamriat had an outward aspect, but in Saqi Nama Partovi, it is beyond the outward meaning and expresses a kind of philosophical and mystical thought. The concept of wine and wine drinking in Abu Nuwas's wine has the aspect of pleasure-seeking, and in Partovi'sSaqi-nameh, it has the aspect of mystical drunkenness and reaching closeness to God. He somehow tries to reflect high mystical thoughts in his poems by using seemingly infamous Khmer words. Manuscript profile

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479 - Analysis of Types of Examples of Entry and Citation Methods in the Dictionary of BaharAjam
Abdollah Radmard saeid khosropour

20.1001.1.17351030.1402.21.68.4.4

One of the main features of dictionaries and encyclopedias is using example of entry and quotations to verify the meaning and the word usage or combining it by others. The dictionaries written in the subcontinent have considered these issues. BaharAjam is one of them More

One of the main features of dictionaries and encyclopedias is using example of entry and quotations to verify the meaning and the word usage or combining it by others. The dictionaries written in the subcontinent have considered these issues. BaharAjam is one of them containing 19729 entries, vocabularies, combinations, proverbs as well as plenty of poems ranging from Khorasani style to the Hindi one. In this research, this dictionary has been precisely studied and then the examples of each entry and the quotation methods have been mulled over. The examples of the entries in this dictionary have divided into three categories: poetry, prose, and example. The poetic predominance of Persian cultures up to the time of the writing of BaharAjamdictionary and the greater attention of Persian students of the sub-continent to the category of poetry has been the reason for the abundance of poetic examples. Prose examples also show the importance of the sources of such instances at the time of writing BaharAjam and the lexicographer's more attention towards not transcribing previous poetry dictionaries, although some examples indicate the educational aspect of this culture. In the second part, the twelve ways of quoting in BaharAjam dictionary are mentioned with examples. Moreover, these methods indicate the sensitivity of LaleTikchand to the materials of BaharAjam dictionary and to educate and reassure the users of this culture, who have mostly been Persian language educators. Manuscript profile

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480 - Rhetorical Techniques of Persuasion in the Letters of Rashid Al-DinFadlullah (SavanehAl-Afkar-e Rashidi)
Tahereh Ishany

20.1001.1.17351030.1402.21.68.5.5

One of the subjects of semantic science is the examination of sentences from the perspective of secondary uses. The language user sometimes uses these secondary purposes of words by using rhetorical tricks to penetrate the audience in order to achieve certain goals. In More

One of the subjects of semantic science is the examination of sentences from the perspective of secondary uses. The language user sometimes uses these secondary purposes of words by using rhetorical tricks to penetrate the audience in order to achieve certain goals. In this essay, using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method, the letters of Rashid al-Din under the title “Savaneh Al-afkar-e Rashidi” are examined from this point of view. Therefore, the main question of this research is what rhetorical techniques Rashiduddin used to persuade the audience in order to achieve the main function of his letters, and which rhetorical techniques are the most used as stylistic indicators in Rashiduddin's letters, and its reason what could be?The obtained results indicate that Rashid al-Din used various persuasive processes to influence the audience and persuade him, and the most used rhetorical techniques that can be considered as his stylistic features based on the science of semantics; include: "respecting and honoring audience", "emphasizing words using synonyms" and "expressing feelings and emotions". The use of each of these rhetorical processes as Rashiduddin's most prominent persuasive tricks in his letters is, on the one hand, an emphasis on Rashiduddin's cultured personality, and on the other hand, it shows the choice of rhetorical methods in effective interpersonal communication, confirming his respect to the letter audience. At the same time, Rashiduddin brings the audience with his thoughts through the frequent use of "expression of feeling", he is placed in the horizontal axis with him, and he can align him with his opinion. Therefore, Rashiduddin can be seen as an orator who used various rhetorical persuasive methods to influence the audience and persuade him, which shows Rashiduddin's special persuasive communication ability and shows his oratorical knowledge, which has received less attention in literary research. Meanwhile, it was revealed that Rashiduddin used different persuasive methods according to the personality of each audience group. Manuscript profile

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481 - The effects of defamiliarization in Abhar al-Asheqin with the approach of adding rules and rules of straw
Manzar Soltani Azar Firouzi Rad

Part of the mysticism of the 6th century is the result of the thoughts of "Ruzbehan Baghli". In the book "Abhar al-Asheqin", Roozbahan Baghli has mixed dynamic thought with creativity with poetic expression in the form of prose and intertwined the boundaries between p More

Part of the mysticism of the 6th century is the result of the thoughts of "Ruzbehan Baghli". In the book "Abhar al-Asheqin", Roozbahan Baghli has mixed dynamic thought with creativity with poetic expression in the form of prose and intertwined the boundaries between prose poetry and poetic prose. In the study of the language of "Abhar al-Asheqin" in this research, defamiliarization components were identified in his prose with an emphasis on the opinions of "leach".For this purpose, descriptive-analytical method and library resources have been used. In this book, Rozbahan's language has a special system, and the methods of defamiliarization, rule-making, and linguistic rule-enhancing, influenced by Rozbahan's mystical experiences, are well expressed. Grammarization through the process of verbal repetition is in the form of a balance resulting from lexical repetition, and among these, there is more incomplete phonetic repetition than complete phonetic repetition in the form of parallel (parallel and opposite) and congruent words. As a factor in creating defamiliarization in the form of personalization, simile, and metaphor, defamiliarization is the most frequent form of fantasy in "Abhar al-Asheqin" and the combinations of words that are mixed in an artistic and innovative way defamiliarize the language. The succession of additions and the use of verses and hadiths and contrasts are also among his tricks in this work. Manuscript profile

List of articles (by subject) Research in Iranian classical literature