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Pazhūhish-i Źabān va Adabiyyāt-i Farsī
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Open Access Article
1 - Analysis of Types of Examples of Entry and Citation Methods in the Dictionary of BaharAjam
Abdollah Radmard saeid khosropourIssue 68 , Vol. 21 , Spring 2023One of the main features of dictionaries and encyclopedias is using example of entry and quotations to verify the meaning and the word usage or combining it by others. The dictionaries written in the subcontinent have considered these issues. BaharAjam is one of them MoreOne of the main features of dictionaries and encyclopedias is using example of entry and quotations to verify the meaning and the word usage or combining it by others. The dictionaries written in the subcontinent have considered these issues. BaharAjam is one of them containing 19729 entries, vocabularies, combinations, proverbs as well as plenty of poems ranging from Khorasani style to the Hindi one. In this research, this dictionary has been precisely studied and then the examples of each entry and the quotation methods have been mulled over. The examples of the entries in this dictionary have divided into three categories: poetry, prose, and example. The poetic predominance of Persian cultures up to the time of the writing of BaharAjamdictionary and the greater attention of Persian students of the sub-continent to the category of poetry has been the reason for the abundance of poetic examples. Prose examples also show the importance of the sources of such instances at the time of writing BaharAjam and the lexicographer's more attention towards not transcribing previous poetry dictionaries, although some examples indicate the educational aspect of this culture. In the second part, the twelve ways of quoting in BaharAjam dictionary are mentioned with examples. Moreover, these methods indicate the sensitivity of LaleTikchand to the materials of BaharAjam dictionary and to educate and reassure the users of this culture, who have mostly been Persian language educators. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Rhetorical Techniques of Persuasion in the Letters of Rashid Al-DinFadlullah (SavanehAl-Afkar-e Rashidi)
Tahereh IshanyIssue 68 , Vol. 21 , Spring 2023One of the subjects of semantic science is the examination of sentences from the perspective of secondary uses. The language user sometimes uses these secondary purposes of words by using rhetorical tricks to penetrate the audience in order to achieve certain goals. In MoreOne of the subjects of semantic science is the examination of sentences from the perspective of secondary uses. The language user sometimes uses these secondary purposes of words by using rhetorical tricks to penetrate the audience in order to achieve certain goals. In this essay, using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method, the letters of Rashid al-Din under the title “Savaneh Al-afkar-e Rashidi” are examined from this point of view. Therefore, the main question of this research is what rhetorical techniques Rashiduddin used to persuade the audience in order to achieve the main function of his letters, and which rhetorical techniques are the most used as stylistic indicators in Rashiduddin's letters, and its reason what could be?The obtained results indicate that Rashid al-Din used various persuasive processes to influence the audience and persuade him, and the most used rhetorical techniques that can be considered as his stylistic features based on the science of semantics; include: "respecting and honoring audience", "emphasizing words using synonyms" and "expressing feelings and emotions". The use of each of these rhetorical processes as Rashiduddin's most prominent persuasive tricks in his letters is, on the one hand, an emphasis on Rashiduddin's cultured personality, and on the other hand, it shows the choice of rhetorical methods in effective interpersonal communication, confirming his respect to the letter audience. At the same time, Rashiduddin brings the audience with his thoughts through the frequent use of "expression of feeling", he is placed in the horizontal axis with him, and he can align him with his opinion. Therefore, Rashiduddin can be seen as an orator who used various rhetorical persuasive methods to influence the audience and persuade him, which shows Rashiduddin's special persuasive communication ability and shows his oratorical knowledge, which has received less attention in literary research. Meanwhile, it was revealed that Rashiduddin used different persuasive methods according to the personality of each audience group. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Analyzing the Evolution of the Level of Politeness inThe Persian-Speaking Community of Iran (1350-1390) Based on the Corpus Analysis
Elham Izadi Mehrdad MeshkinfamIssue 68 , Vol. 21 , Spring 2023One of the socio-cognitive factors that is encoded in each language using different linguistic tools is the concept of politeness. Understanding and expressing the abstract concept of politeness is only possible through objective concepts; That is, the understanding of MoreOne of the socio-cognitive factors that is encoded in each language using different linguistic tools is the concept of politeness. Understanding and expressing the abstract concept of politeness is only possible through objective concepts; That is, the understanding of these abstract concepts is facilitated by expressing these concepts in an objective form. Since encoding the concept of politeness in language is a linguistic feature that shapes the surrounding environment and changes over time; In this research, we will express the concept of politeness in the Persian language objectively and concretely and we will try to answer the question that "does the Iranian Persian-speaking community use the possibilities of expressing politeness more than before and as a result if these possibilities have increased in Farsi?" In other words, "Has the Persian-speaking society become more polite?" In fact, we want to know if the Iranian society has become more polite in the past five decades or not. In order to find the answer to this question, we have to examine the cognitive and mental representation of the concept of politeness in the Persian language in order to determine whether it has had a downward or upward trend. In order to investigate this issue, several different linguistic tools, including the frequency of occurrence of conceptual metaphors, permissible metaphors, idioms, euphemisms, and figures of speech. This study can show the changes of politeness over time and the possible reasons (social, political, and cultural reasons) of these changes in the Persian language in each decade. Based on this, the cognitive model of the Persian language can be presented from the point of view of politeness. The body examined in this research includes the following: speeches of political officials, movies, press texts (newspapers and magazines) and songs. The results of the research show that rudeness has been on the rise over the past 50 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Analyzing the Place of Nostalgia in Iranian Immigration Fiction with an Emphasis on Selected Female Authors (Akram Pedramnia, Nasim Wahabi, Fahima Farsai, Fariba Siddiquim)
Mehrzad Matbouei Nejad Ahmad Khatami Mandana MangeliIssue 68 , Vol. 21 , Spring 2023One of the most important manifestations of migration literature is the component of nostalgia. The basic issue of this research is to answer the question of how such a component is reflected in women's fiction. The number of female Iranian immigrant writers, as well as MoreOne of the most important manifestations of migration literature is the component of nostalgia. The basic issue of this research is to answer the question of how such a component is reflected in women's fiction. The number of female Iranian immigrant writers, as well as the fact that some of them have a style in immigration fiction, shows the importance and necessity of such a study. The purpose of this research is to investigate the place of the nostalgia component in the selected and prominent stories of immigrant women storytellers after the Islamic Revolution, using a descriptive-analytical method. The hypothesis of the research is that nostalgia is one of the most important and significant components of form and content in the investigated works. The results of the research show that nostalgia in the works of AkramPedramnia takes the audience to the atmosphere of the past with a detailed description of the past and this nostalgia reminds of a special person. Another technique that Pedramnia uses to create a sense of nostalgia is image. Nostalgia in Nasim Wahhabi's works is narrated from the aspect of a space - like the space of war. Nostalgia appears in FahimaFarsai's works in a disturbing way for the characters in the story. In the works of FaribaSediqim, nostalgia refers to situations that a person has experienced with his friends and relatives. Nostalgia for objects and places is not seen in Siddiquim's works. The important feature of the reflection of nostalgia in Siddiquim's works is that the nostalgic events are shown in a fluid form of the mind and the narrator talks about the past as if it is happening right now. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Analysis of the War in "Haras (The Pruning)" According to the Reception Theory
Nikou Ghassemi Esfahani Elmira DadvarIssue 68 , Vol. 21 , Spring 2023Reception theory, places a premium on and holds the role of reader in interpreting the text in high regard. Wolfgang Iser is one of the founders of this theory, which believes a text has two artistic and aesthetic poles and relegates the role of meaning creator to the r MoreReception theory, places a premium on and holds the role of reader in interpreting the text in high regard. Wolfgang Iser is one of the founders of this theory, which believes a text has two artistic and aesthetic poles and relegates the role of meaning creator to the reader. The texts classified as War literature have always had their audiences in the Persian contemporary literature. By having a critical approach to the Iran-Iraq war, different content and a new structure, "Haras (The Pruning)"of NasimMar’ashi, has managed to change the horizon of expectation of Iranian readers concerning War literature. In this paper, the two artistic and aesthetic poles of this novel will be analyzed based on Iser’s views on the reception theory and then we will refer to the elements that have influenced the interaction between readers and the text, leading to a new perception of war. Furthermore, this article attempts to analyze how this text has managed to satisfy the curiosity of contemporary readers by using modern and original elements. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Psychological Criticism of the Novel "BanouGavazn (Mrs. Deer)" by Maryam Hosseinian Based on the Concept of Psychological Fantasy
ayoob moradiIssue 68 , Vol. 21 , Spring 2023As the first psychologist to propose the idea of the unconscious, Sigmund Freud mentions a process called "fantasy" whose function is to resolve or moderate internal conflicts. Phantasies whose origin is the desires stored in the unconscious and their main function is t MoreAs the first psychologist to propose the idea of the unconscious, Sigmund Freud mentions a process called "fantasy" whose function is to resolve or moderate internal conflicts. Phantasies whose origin is the desires stored in the unconscious and their main function is to provide abstract conditions for the mental satisfaction of these desires and wishes. That is, a person who is unable to fulfill his desires in reality creates conditions to satisfy his desires during dreaming. The same trick that Tata, the main character of the novel "BanouGavazn(Mrs. Deer)" uses to vent her anger. The novel "Banou Gavazn (Mrs. Deer)" is one of the contemporary fiction works that attracted the attention of readers and critics after its publication. A narrative whose main axis is the fantasy of the main character in the mind and the effects of this type of fantasy in real life. Considering the success of this novel among the audience as well as the author's special view on the concept of psychological fantasy in the design of the narrative, in this article, through the analytical-descriptive method, an attempt will be made to investigate the origins of the tendency towards fantasy in the main character and the characteristics of this fantasy. The results show that the anger resulting from Tata's troubled past, along with the anger from the conditions of unwanted pregnancy, causes her to settle accounts with the culprits of her life conditions by using the symbolic characteristics of the deer such as anger, agility, cruelty and masculinity. A destructive anger that ultimately has negative effects on "Tata" herself. Manuscript profile
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Open Access Article
1 - mythical places in folktales
Sara ChalakIssue 60 , Vol. 19 , Spring 2021Mythical thought is a kind of worldview that has always saved his situation in humans mind. Mythical idea introduce itself by divide the phenomena of the world into sacred and unholy. Locality is an important mythical subject that differ from modern man’s thinking about MoreMythical thought is a kind of worldview that has always saved his situation in humans mind. Mythical idea introduce itself by divide the phenomena of the world into sacred and unholy. Locality is an important mythical subject that differ from modern man’s thinking about place. Mythical place differ from its surrounding because it is sacred. It may be an archetype like mount or fountain, or may be it has become sacred because of the unworldly object. It has influential power to characters.it can change characters. Folktale as an old type of oral literature contain the insight, philosophic thought and life style of past human being. One of the mythical subject in folktales is locality. This places cause of the relationship with the transcendental affairs, consider as a mythical place. Most of characters in folktale, change mentally by being there and their destiny change. In this article, we tried to use the theories of great mythologists such as Mircea Eliade and Ernest Cassirer to analyze e few sets of folktales. For this purpose, the places such as mount, fountain, sea, river, garden, well were investigated.and their mythical modality was examined. my research method in this article is descriptive and analithical. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Classification of the Kramat of Olia
Mohammad RoodgarIssue 60 , Vol. 19 , Spring 2021The main issue in all the Sufi tricks is Kramat. Kramat are unknown or less known phenomena that have hidden and supernatural causes. Neglecting the recognition, definition, classification and the mystical foundations of them, has led many to deny these facts. One of th MoreThe main issue in all the Sufi tricks is Kramat. Kramat are unknown or less known phenomena that have hidden and supernatural causes. Neglecting the recognition, definition, classification and the mystical foundations of them, has led many to deny these facts. One of the necessary preconditions for the recognition of Kramat is its various classification methods. The classification of a phenomenon that human beings can not understand the causes of its causes is a complicated subject that has been addressed by mystics, Sufis and scholars. However, it has not been reported in the mystical texts of the scientific and comprehensive classification of Kramat. Most of these texts are dedicated to enumeration of Kramat samples. Kramat Sometimes classified up against contrary to habits and sometimes among themselves. The present study is devoted to the classification of Kramat among themselves and studied in more than fifteen new and old classifications of different dignity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Analysis of the effect of short words of Nahj al-Balaghah in Persian literature (with emphasis on the wisdom of 142 Nahj al-Balaghah, citing verses of the Quran)
Fakhrieh Namazian Jalil Tajlil Ruqayyah SadraieIssue 60 , Vol. 19 , Spring 2021Roghaiyeh sadraie*** Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the reliable sources that can be cited, has been called "Akho Al-Quran" (brother of the Quran). This book has been compiled by Sayyid Razi from the poets and jurists of the fourth century. Many truths of the Holy Quran MoreRoghaiyeh sadraie*** Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the reliable sources that can be cited, has been called "Akho Al-Quran" (brother of the Quran). This book has been compiled by Sayyid Razi from the poets and jurists of the fourth century. Many truths of the Holy Quran have been described in this book.The present article uses the wisdom of 142 to examine the extent of the effect of short words of Nahj al-Balaghah in Persian literature and seeks to prove the deep and close relationship between the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah and the Holy Quran and the impact of these teachings on Persian literature.In this article, the answers to the following questions are analyzed by descriptive method and by following the content of one of the acronyms. Is the source of the wisdom of Nahj al-Balaghah the divine knowledge of the Holy Quran? To what extent has the moral and divine knowledge of Nahj al-Balaghah dominated the Iranian literature?Obviously, the works of Persian literature have been influenced in various ways, including adaptations, allusions, inspirations, etc. from the source of revelation and, consequently, from the words of the Amir al-Mo'menin. In this article, the wisdom No. 139 of Nahj al-Balaghah has been pondered and revised with regard to the roots of words and the Quranic sources and its effect on Persian literature has been discussed. Scholars believe that Nahj al-Balaghah is the interpretation of the Qur'an. The subject of this article is to find the divine sources of the words of the Amir al-Mo'menin, and to show its reflection in Iranian literary works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A study of the content and structure of interpretation in the spiritual Masnavi
Maryam Nafeli Shahrestani hosein aghahoseiniIssue 60 , Vol. 19 , Spring 2021Interpretation means returning something to its original state, the background of which is to be found in Greek hermeneutics. Hermeneutics is the theory of the act of understanding in its relation to the interpretation of texts. Mystics have paid much attention to the MoreInterpretation means returning something to its original state, the background of which is to be found in Greek hermeneutics. Hermeneutics is the theory of the act of understanding in its relation to the interpretation of texts. Mystics have paid much attention to the interpretation and content of the Qur'an. Rumi has also used interpretation in Masnavi.He looked at interpretation very broadly and did not consider interpretation specific to the Qur'an; For this reason, he has used interpretation on various topics. The research method in this article is descriptive and its purpose is to study the types of interpretations in the three books of Masnavi in terms of content and structure. The interpretations used in the three books of Masnavi based on the subject are: interpretation of Quranic verses and hadiths, interpretation of the stories of the prophets, interpretation of mystical, religious and jurisprudential, moral and philosophical issues.By examining the three books of Masnavi Manavi, 136 interpretations were extracted on these subjects, most of which consistes of interpretations of Quranic verses. Rumi has used various tricks to express interpretation; Interpretation from the language of the characters of the story, interpretation in the form of similes and metaphors, allegorical interpretation and causal interpretation are among them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The"Avaze koshtegan"(The song of the slain), from the view of the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School, with Emphasis on the Theories of Herbert Marcuse Critique of Modern Society in the Novel of the
Mahnaz Fooladi maryam hoseiniIssue 60 , Vol. 19 , Spring 2021Reza Barahani, a contemporary writer, has criticized the socio-political and cultural structure of the society of his time in his numerous novels. In this article, an attempt has been made to critique and analyze one of these novels, The"Avaze koshtegan"(The song MoreReza Barahani, a contemporary writer, has criticized the socio-political and cultural structure of the society of his time in his numerous novels. In this article, an attempt has been made to critique and analyze one of these novels, The"Avaze koshtegan"(The song of the slain), from the view of the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School, with Emphasis on the Theories of Herbert Marcuse (1879-1979). The German philosopher and sociologist Marcuse is known as the spiritual father of the protest movements of the 1960s. In the novel "Avaze koshtegan"(The song of the slain), Baraheni describes the cultural struggle of the academic and intellectual strata, as well as the tools of" the ruling system in suppressing and dominating the people, questions the existing order and tries to improve the situation of his society.The achivement of the research is that Baraheni in his critique of the society of his time in three section of repressive tolerance, alternative society and culture industry has criticized the socio-political and cultural society and has tried to change the situation of his society with the tools of art and pen. Move towards the ideal utopian society of the Frankfurt Theorists Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A Critical Review and Analysis of the Narrative Technique in a Story of the Golestan of Saadi
mostafa gorjiIssue 38 , Vol. 13 , Autumn 2015One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest th MoreOne of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest the value of the previous works, but also helps today’s writers in achieving the effective narrative techniques. Discovering the deeper layers of the Golestan of Saadi demands deep thinking, and through reviewing and reinterpreting it, new literary potentials can be found. This research aims at a critical study and analysis of narrative discourse and the structure of narration in the story about a young boxer in the third chapter of Golestan. It shows how much Saadi has been successful in induction of his beliefs through finding the proper forms related to them and based on the assimilation of form and content, he creates a piece of work which has different dimensions of a literary work all together, a work which satisfies the audience through different eras. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Pattern of the History of Knowledge and the Resurrection of Meaning in Shahaboddin Yahya Sohrewardi's Thought
Zahra Mahouzi Ghobadi Pakatchi maryam آخسسثهدهIssue 51 , Vol. 16 , Winter 2019The history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future o MoreThe history of knowledge that is considered by Sohrewardi in Hikmat-Al-Ishraq follows a pattern that has been formulated before him in the Sufi texts. This historical pattern which is based on a hadith attributed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) foretells the future of esoteric knowledge of Islam after the Prophet. As to the fate of divine knowledge on earth, this pattern defines three stages: the era of knowledge by presence, the era of assenting meaning to the word, and the period in which metaphor is converted to symbol. Sohrewardi refers to this historical pattern and completes it by presenting a certain definition of the Divine Hakim and his role in interpreting the mysteries of the mystics. By this action, he makes a commentary on the history of knowledge. The fourth stage that Sohrewardi adds to this historical pattern is the resurrection stage of meaning to its truth, and it can be defined only by reference to the totality of Sohrewardi's intellectual system. The present article attempts to extract this historical pattern from the Sufi texts and then explains Sohrewardi's role in completing it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Reviewing and Criticism of Research Articles on Literature in 1380 (2000) Decade
عبدالله راز ahmad raziIssue 32 , Vol. 12 , Spring 2014Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there MorePublishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there were no due attention to their assessment and criticism. This article, with a descriptive-analytic method, assesses those kinds of research articles published from 1381/2001 to 1390/2011. The research expresses advantages and disadvantages of these articles and presents a picture of the status of scientific article writing in domain of literary studies. In so doing, 345 articles were selected as examples and most important subjects under focus of authors were identified and were classified in frame of text-based, context-based, author-based, reader-based, and different articles. Moreover, patterns of cooperation between authors, and quality and quantity of used resources in these articles were presented in different charts and tables. As this issue is so important and to assess the accuracy of obtained results from main sample size, another set of 345 articles were exactly reviewed in two groups of “evidence 1” and “evidence 2”. This review shows that although articles have various subjects, apply different kinds of resources, consider some interdisciplinary approaches particularly in second half of this decade relative accuracy in composing coherent articles, specialty of some journals related to literature and considerable increase of university instructors and students cooperation in publishing articles, there are lots of deficiencies in these articles, like methodology, dominance of descriptive approach, repeated contents, lack of critical view, high frequency of education-based articles, and spread of quantitative and formal criteria and so on… Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Brevity and Deletion in Contemporary Poetry (Focusing on Nima Yushij, Ahmad Shamlu, Mahdi Akhavan Sales, Sohrab Sepehri, and Yad-al Allah Ro’yaei)
لیلا کردبچهIssue 34 , Vol. 12 , Autumn 2014Brevity means decorating speech from additional comments and unnecessary elements, so that the most content may be stated by the lowest number of words; this method, which is also used in old literature but its special consideration is one the most significant successes MoreBrevity means decorating speech from additional comments and unnecessary elements, so that the most content may be stated by the lowest number of words; this method, which is also used in old literature but its special consideration is one the most significant successes of Contemporary Poetry, changed the syntactical structures in addition to speech briefing. The focus of some contemporary poets to some of these methods is practically an approach toward old linguistic structures, but some others can be regarded as the linguistic achievements of Contemporary Literature. The article reviews the methods of achieving Brevity in two main groups of brevity and deletion methods in poems of a group of contemporary poets and compares them with deletion and brevity methods in Old Classic Literature; we aimed to show the effect of Old Classic Literature linguistic structures on some part of brevity structures and the degree of innovation in some deletion methods of Contemporary Poem, in addition to identifying these methods in Contemporary Poem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Stylistics of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Novel - ‘Jay-e Khali-ye Solouch’
ميلاد شمعيIssue 13 , Vol. 7 , Spring 2009Style is a writer’s or a poet’s specific way of expressing their intended concepts in literary works. Style has been defined in various ways. Today, it refers to the methods that are used to analytical study of literature by using linguistic devices. It also studies the MoreStyle is a writer’s or a poet’s specific way of expressing their intended concepts in literary works. Style has been defined in various ways. Today, it refers to the methods that are used to analytical study of literature by using linguistic devices. It also studies the point of view, linguistic features, the ways of characterization and formation of the theme. The main characteristics of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s works, especially his novel ‘Jay-e Khali-ye Solouch’ is giving importance to the language, and the poetic structure of the text. For instance, employing the region & ethnic-specific words and expressions in this novel reveals the main feature of his archaic language adapted from the works such as Tarikh-e Beihaqi. The authors of the present article attempt to explore the stylistic features of the novel ‘Jay-e Khali-ye Solouch’, studying its linguistic and poetic structures, including lexemes, imagery, variations among the sentences, rhythm, repetition, cohesion, emphasis, and so on. Manuscript profile
