Analyzing Ethic Values in Samak-e-Ayyar: a Semiotic Approach
Subject Areas : Research in Iranian classical literature
Effat Sarlak
1
,
Fatemeh Seyed Ebrahimi Nejad
2
*
,
HamidReza Shairi
3
,
Ali Karimi firoozjaee
4
1 - PhD Student in Linguistics, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor of English Language Teaching Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Professor of French Language Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: semantic sign, value system, ethics, action discourse, ayari.,
Abstract :
The present research has investigated the value system of Ethics in Samak-e-Ayyar using the analytical descriptive method and relying on the semiotics approach.The main problem of the research is: what mechanisms are used for the production of EthicValues in Ayyari discourse? How Ayyari has changed the boundaries between reality and idealism that leading to changing the normal and common values to idealistic and even mythical ones? The data have been selected purposefully and based on action discourses from Samak-e-Ayyar.The results indicated that Ayyari divides the social and cultural functions and even the usual value system into extra-value types such as collectivism, myth-centric, risk acceptability, adaptability, renewability, and other pioneering values in the lifestyle of actors.
Keywords: semiotic, value system, Ethic, action discourse, ayyari.
Introduction
The oldest and most valuable book in which the value system of Ayyari discourse can be searched is the story of Samak-e-Ayyar which has been written by Faramarz Ebn Arrajani. The word “Ayyari” is derived from the Persian word “yar” (korban, 2004: 170). Semantically, Ayyari refers to the brotherhood and friendship among them (means the Ayyar). Samak-e-Ayyar forms value spaces where values enter into challenges with each other, compete, prove, or disapprove of each other, and at the end, a more valuable space is formed. This new value space or value system belongs to the Ayyari discourse. The present research seeks to find the answer to this main question: How do Ayyari action discourses produce Ethic values through which they will be able to achieve their goals? finding an answer to this question, and the mechanisms used to form the Ethic value system by the Ayyar is the goal of the present research. The hypothesis of the present research is that the Ethic value system in Ayyari produces an ideal transactional morality system which is very important in this discourse.
Research Background
Ghobadi and Nouri (2007) believed that works such as Samak-e-Ayyar and Hossein Kurd Shabestari have been influenced by Shahnameh. Qanadzadeh (2007) believed that Heroic and Ayyari discourses can be found in the culture of Iranian even before Islam and up to now, they remained a social value in different periods in different forms. Panahi (2009) has concluded that the term chivalry is rooted in the Quran and Hadith and its most important components are not seeing fairness and forgiveness. Pushneh (2012) examines the value system in ethical discourse with a semiotic approach and in a descriptive-analytical way. This study shows that the flow of meaning-making or the formation of values is dynamic and in this way, the subject passes over ordinary human beings. Alavimoghadam and Jafarpour (2013) investigated the epic narratives of Ayyarin. They also studied the historical background of chivalry and Ayyari in Samak-e-Ayyar and Darabnameh and they concluded that Ayyari is a social and moral movement whose formation dates back to the pre-Islamic Period. After Islam, it took an Islamic color. Ayyari has transformed over time and has been supported by the people of Iran and the West. Bahamani (2017) investigated the narrative and semantic features of Ayyari in AbuMuslimname based on the semiotic approach. The results showed that Ayyar changes their actions for the benefit of another one based on his logical calculation. It should be noted that these actions are done voluntarily.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of the current study is semiotics, especially the value system from the semiotic point of view. Semiotics is a combination of semantics and semiology that integrates meaning and perception to produce meaning in different formats. In the semiology tradition of structuralism, the relationship between the signifier and the signified is studied without the presence of a human agent (Shairi and Vafai 2018).
Shairi and Seyedebrahimi (2021) believed that we should tend the title of the semiotics of value so that based on it, we would be able to explain the value-oriented aspects of the actions of the actors as well as their presences. Semiotics of the value teaches us that the universe needs care, therefore to realize such care it is necessary to be an interpreter and to participate in the creation of situations that open the way to interpret the world (Shairi and Seyedebrahimi2021: 194). They also believed that three kinds of value can be found in the discourse: Linguistic, Ethical, and Aesthetic.
From Saussure's point of view value is obtained by differentiation and meaning is a product that exists between words. Saussure divides the relationships and differences between the elements of a language into two areas: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Each of them creates a certain category of values based on Saussure (2001: 176-177).
Shairi (2011) believes that value can be considered as the smallest unit of meaning which is the product of the system of opposition. He considers effective factors such as dissymmetry, orientation, reversibility, and supplementary conditions for the formation of values.
Data Analysis
After analyzing the data, the following values were found in the Ayyari discourse. These features are shown in the table 1 below:
Table 1: Structural and semantic forms of Ethic values in Ayyari discourse
|
Semantic form |
Structural form |
The values produced by Samak |
|
Collectivism- respect for the others |
Partnership Additive |
we-centered instead of I-centered/ Reversibility |
|
Creating a new perspective-collective wisdom, Dedication, self-sacrifice for serving the society, and collectivism |
Inaugural Multifaceted (Chivalry such as-other courage, thought, empowerment) |
Generalizability value permeability value/ Risk-taking value/ pioneer value |
|
Expansion-supra ideational |
Multifaceted (Respect, greatness, thought) |
Myth-centered value |
|
Guarantee of action- Continuation of action |
Belief certainty birth |
Elevation- oriented/ oath to Superior force- centered (God)/ renewable value |
|
Achieving the goal and fixing the defect |
Thought-oriented |
Value of wisdom and prudence |
|
Righteousness- Alignment with thought and honesty |
The sameness of the power relationship/ Conformity of words and actions |
The value of justice, chivalry, honesty, and trustworthiness |
Conclusion
This research was looking for an answer to the question of which mechanisms are used to produce the Ethic value system in Ayyari discourse. For this purpose, after examining the active discourses of Samak-e-Ayyar it was shown that the value system in Ayyari first of all is something cultural that can be spread in society. Meta-values are formed by Ayyari discourse such as chivalry and gallantry. Ethics does not forget the cultural perspective and draws a vision for itself according to the cultural accumulations to lead to idealization. Risk-taking is among the value criteria in the discourse that Ethics produces in Ayyari. In the inner layers of the discourse, there are many social and cultural themes such as pioneering, risk-taking, trustworthiness, myth-centered, penetration and wisdom, merit of justice, and truthfulness.
Keywords: semantic sign, value system, Ethique, action discourse, ayyari.
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