بررسی تطبیقی تجربه ی سفر به قنات در داستان «نفرین زمین» آل احمد و قطعه ادبی «کاریز» شریعتی
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات میانرشتهای ادبیات
1 - استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، پژوهشگاه علوم انساني و مطالعات اجتماعي جهاد دانشگاهي، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: قنات, کاریز, آلاحمد, شریعتی و توسعۀ آمرانه.,
چکیده مقاله :
اثر ادبی میتواند محیط شکلگیری تجربههایی شود که حضور فاعل انسانی را با ابعاد ذهنی و عملی و کنشگری بر بستر تحولات اجتماعی و تاریخی روایت میکند. «جلال آلاحمد» و «علی شریعتی»، دو روشنفکر ایرانی در سالهای 1330-1350 با آثار خویش، افزون بر گسترش نوعی تفکر انتقادی نسبت به فرایند مدرنیزاسیون و سیاستهای توسعه در آن دوره، شیوههایی را برای کنشگری فردی، اجتماعی و سیاسی آزمودند که میتواند برای امروز سودمند باشد. در این مقاله، تجربة این دو روشنفکر از مقولۀ قنات ایرانی در متن ادبی یعنی «نفرین زمین» و «کاریز» با رویکرد ترکیبی در فلسفه و ادبیات با هدف شناخت مقایسهای این دو تجربه، پژوهیده شده است. نتیجه این بررسی نشان میدهد که قنات در تجربه آلاحمد بهمثابه پدیدهای اجتماعی و در تجربه شریعتی به عنوان پدیدۀ وجودی و فردی، واجد جنبههایی ارزشمند از شناخت و عمل اجتماعی مترتب بر آن است.
A Comparative Study of the Experience of the journey to the Qanat in the fiction of "The Curse of the Earth" by Ale-Ahmad and the "Kareez" by Shariati
Seyed Reza Shakeri*
A literary work can become an environment for the formation of experiences that, in turn, narrate the presence of the human agent with mental and practical dimensions and activism in the context of social and historical developments. Jalal Ale-Ahmad and Ali Shariati, two Iranian intellectuals from 1951 to 1971, in addition to developing a kind of critical thinking about the modernization process and development policies of that period, tested methods for individual, social, and political activism that can be beneficial for today. In this article, the experience of these two intellectuals from the category of Iranian qanat in literary texts, namely, The Curse of the Earth and Kariz, has been studied with a combined approach of comparative philosophy and comparative literature with the aim of comparative understanding of these two experiences. The result of this study shows that in Ale-Ahmad's experience, the qanat is a social phenomenon, and in Shariati's experience, it is an existential and individual phenomenon with valuable aspects of social cognition and action.
Keywords: Qanat, Kariz, Ale-Ahmad, Shariati, Authoritative development.
Extended abstract
problem
Kariz or Qanat is a long-familiar structure in rural life in Iran, and has played a serious role in agriculture, water supply, and drinking in Iranian history. For Shariati, Kariz is a symbol of a journey within oneself and discovering the secrets of human existence and creation, which ultimately leads to fertility and prosperity, and for Ale-Ahmad, it is narrated as part of the natural life of the village, which is ultimately destroyed by social conflicts.
Theoretical Framework
In this article, with a comparative and combined approach drawn from philosophies and comparative literature, this common experience with two different meanings and aspects is analyzed and explained. The comparative approach in philosophy and literature has been popular since ancient times, and these two have grown and developed as specialized disciplines in the field of philosophy and in the history of modern scientific institutions. Comparative philosophy and literature never grow in a vacuum, but this research is formed in the interdisciplinarity connected with the truth of the literary text and the realities of existence. Between those two aspects, it is always and continuously. With this assumption, we are dealing with at least two or three cultural and intellectual traditions in one or two times in comparison.
Qanat as the center of the lived experience
For Shariati, Kariz is a symbol of a journey within oneself and discovering the secrets of human existence and creation, which ultimately is fertility and prosperity, and for Ale-Ahmad, it is narrated as a part of natural rural life that is ultimately destroyed by social contradictions. In this article, with a comparative and combined approach derived from philosophy and comparative literature, this common experience with two different meanings and aspects is analyzed and explained. This article aims to describe the format of a literary text with a phenomenon in rural life and the different experiences of the two.
Main Discussion
Both authors are aware of the cultural and social aspects of Kariz in Iran and refer to it in their various works. From examining the thoughts and aspects of the experience of both authors of Kariz, it is clear that their goal is a social matter, that is, awakening and awareness, which is achieved through two different methods and paths. For example, Shariati sees Kariz's experience as dredging and revitalizing the water path for growth and prosperity. The same revival that took place in the throne of religious enlightenment, and he follows in the works and thoughts of Seyyed Jamal and Iqbal Lahori, etc. For Ale-Ahmad, the Qanat is a social matter because it is intertwined with people's lives. Water has long been a cause of conflict and conflict in Iran for this reason. For Ale-Ahmad, the Qanat is something rooted in tradition and a powerful element of rural life in the face of machines and developers, eventually becoming its own opposite and bringing about social destruction and ruin.
Results
In Ale-Ahmad's view, and with emphasis on the book The Curse of the Earth, the qanat is closely observed in a social situation, combined with the spirit, economy, and life of the villagers, and in the form of participation and observation. In addition, Kariz is considered by Ale-Ahmad as an existential and individual matter on the margins of the social matter. Shariati can treat modernization in the Islamic world and Iran, and for joint participation and his own views, namely the works of Islamic revivalism, look at Kariz as a cultural, intellectual, and human resource that occurs over time and as a result of various factors, and its revival and revival requires measures and actions that first deal with principles and personalities.
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https:// stanford.edu/
* Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Institute of Humanities and Social Studies, in ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
sr.shakeri@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7464-9572
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